以gfp为报告基因的肺炎链球菌启动子诱捕文库的构建与分析

首先构建一个以gfp(green fluorescence protein)为报告基因的自杀质粒pEVP3-SDGFP,将肺炎链球菌基因组DNA的随机酶切片段(200bp～800 bp)克隆到该质粒gfp基因上游的多克隆位点,得到约58000个含有肺炎链球茵基因组DNA随机酶切片段的重组子,提取质粒即为质粒库,该库大约覆盖肺炎链球菌基因组全长的5倍,插入率达到90%以上,且有较强的随机性,质量较高.将该质粒库转化入肺炎链球菌TIGR4菌株,带有随机片段的报告质粒通过同源重组的方式将gfp基因融合于细菌染色体上该随机片段之后,利用质粒的抗生素抗性基因筛选出重组菌株,从而构建出相应的菌株库,共获得包含约500000个肺炎链球菌转化子的菌株库,经体内、外实验表明,其包含插入了S.pn体内、外表达基因片段的细菌,可以报告特定条件下的基因表达,并可通过流式细胞仪识别、分选.该文库的构建为进一步利用差异荧光诱导技术筛选肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因奠定了基础.     

运用酶切自连法分析鉴定肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因

肺炎链球菌是严重侵袭性感染和上呼吸道感染最重要的条件致病菌之一,分析鉴定体内诱导基因序列变得尤为重要。本研究利用酶切自连法成功从129个体内诱导表达的肺炎链球菌中获得13个融合重组自杀质粒,通过与肺炎链球菌株TIGR4基因组序列的同源性比对,共得到10个不同的体内诱导基因,其中8个是从血液中筛选出的,另2个为从肺组织中筛选出;通过分析得到18个开放阅读框,其中大部分为已知功能基因,参与细菌多种生命活动,有2个为未知功能基因,编码假想蛋白。可见,酶切自连法可有效用于筛选基因的分析鉴定。     

体内诱导抗原技术筛选病原菌体内诱导抗原的研究进展

体内诱导基因是病原菌在宿主体内能够表达而体外培养时却不能表达的功能基因,其对病原体在宿主体内的生存和致病具有重要意义。体内诱导抗原技术(in vivo induced antigen technology, IVIAT)已广泛应用于筛选病原体体内诱导基因,相较于其他用于筛选体内诱导基因的技术,IVIAT具有无需动物模型、检测病原菌在不同感染阶段产生的抗原等独特优势。IVIAT鉴定出的体内诱导抗原对病原体在宿主中的毒力、代谢及存活具有重要意义。现就IVIAT的原理、IVIAT筛选出的人类疾病相关病原菌的体内诱导抗原及其功能研究等作一概述。     

comE基因缺陷影响肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因的表达

【目的】筛选受comE调控的肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae,S.pn)体内诱导基因。【方法】通过插入失活构建基因comE缺陷的S.pn菌株,与野生菌株分别腹腔注射BALB/c小鼠,经过体内诱导后取小鼠血,分离细菌提取RNA,用RT-PCR法检测13个体内诱导基因mRNA水平差异。【结果】将RT-PCR结果通过Quantity-one灰度分析,进行配对t检验,显示8个体内诱导基因在缺陷菌株和野生菌株中mRNA表达水平具有统计学差异(P0.05),其中spd-0300、spd-0414、spd-0622、spd-1663、spd-1719、spd-0235、spd-0873受转化上调,spd-1672受转化下调。【结论】筛选出受转化调控的体内诱导基因spd-0300、spd-0414、spd-0622、spd-1663、spd-1719、spd-0235、spd-0873、spd-1672,它们可能参与生长调节、温度感应、糖脂代谢等环节,表明细菌转化可通过调节某些体内诱导基因的表达来增强细菌的毒力。     

核酸疫苗--一种新型疫苗

核酸疫苗是指将含有编码某种抗原蛋白基因序列的质粒载体作为疫苗,直接导入动物细胞内,从而通过宿主细胞的转录系统合成抗原蛋白,诱导宿主产生对该抗原蛋白的免疫应答,达到免疫的目的.核酸疫苗又称为基因疫苗或裸DNA疫苗,这种免疫称为核酸免疫、基因免疫、DNA介导的免疫以及遗传免疫等.     

替代失活法构建变形链球菌LuxS基因缺陷株

目的 LuxS基因是变形链球菌生物膜早期形成过程中的关键基因,构建该基因的缺陷菌。方法采用长臂同源多聚酶链反应（LFH-PCR）方法构建含红霉素耐药基因片段的LuxS基因上、下游同源序列的连接片段,转化到变形链球菌中,在红霉素的平板上筛选缺陷菌株,并采用PCR鉴定。结果对变形链球菌LuxS基因缺陷菌株进行PCR和DNA序列测定分析证实构建成功。结论成功构建出变形链球菌LuxS基因的缺陷菌株,为后期针对变形链球菌LuxS基因的相关研究奠定基础。     

肺炎链球菌疫苗的研究进展

肺炎链球菌疫苗研制对于肺炎链球菌感染的防治具有重要意义。常见的荚膜多糖疫苗存在很大缺陷,需要更为有效的疫苗来替代。本文综述肺炎链球菌疫苗研制中的一些进展,包括结合疫苗的研制、几种公认的蛋白疫苗因子的研究进展和新的蛋白疫苗因子的筛选。同时还介绍肺炎链球菌疫苗研制过程中的一些新思路（联合疫苗、活疫苗、DNA疫苗）,它们是对肺炎链球菌疫苗研制方法的丰富。     

体内诱生抗原鉴定技术

体外不表达而只在体内才表达的基因称为体内诱导基因。研究表明,体内诱导基因涉及病原菌在体内的生存和致病过程,因此有重要意义。最近提出的体内诱生抗原鉴定技术(invivo-inducedantigentechnology,IVIAT)就是用于筛选病原菌体内诱导基因的一种方法。该方法不使用动物模型,而是采用经病原菌体外表达抗原吸收处理的病人血清来检测病原菌的表达文库,从而筛选体内诱导基因;方法简便、快速。这些筛选得到的体内诱导基因有助于病原菌致病机制的研究,同时也能够为抗菌药物、诊断试剂及疫苗设计等研究提供潜在靶标。     

LSPA1早期基因gp22细菌双杂交诱饵载体与筛选文库的建立

构建细菌双杂交系统中的诱饵载体p KT25-gp22和甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌基因文库以便后续的筛选实验。PCR扩增获得gp22基因,插入p KT25构成诱饵质粒p KT25-gp22。提取甲型副伤寒沙门氏菌基因组DNA,经Sau3AⅠ部分酶切后连接到p UT18C质粒的Bam HⅠ位点,获得基因组DNA表达文库。用化转的方法将诱饵质粒与p UT18C共转入BTH101,检测诱饵质粒自激活作用,并检测诱饵蛋白对宿主菌的毒性。将文库质粒电转至JM109感受态,PCR鉴定文库的多样性。诱饵载体p KT25-gp22无自激活报告基因的能力且对细菌的生长无毒性。所构建的副甲基因组文库覆盖基因组达8倍,满足文库筛选需要。成功构建细菌双杂交系统中诱饵载体p KT25-gp22,筛选文库质量良好,可应用于细菌双杂交实验。     

长臂同源多聚酶链反应法构建变形链球菌comD基因同源重组DNA片段

目的构建变形链球菌UAl59密度感应相关的comD基因同源重组DNA片段,为利用同源重组原理构建基因功能丧失菌株做准备。方法通过NCBI基因数据库获取变形链球菌的DNA序列,利用聚合酶链反应技术分别扩增变形链球菌UA159comD基因上、下游片段及抗红霉素基因片段,再通过长臂同源多聚酶链反应将这3个片段连接起来,形成同源重组DNA片段。结果经过PCR反应和琼脂电泳分析,得到了一个碱基数为3个单片段总和的连接片段,测序结果显示连接片段为预期的comD同源重组片段。结论成功构建了变形链球菌UA159comD基因同源重组DNA片段,可直接用于细菌转化构建comD基因缺陷菌株。     

Differential fluorescence induction reveals Streptococcus pneumoniae loci regulated by competence stimulatory peptide

Differential fluorescence induction (DFI) in Streptococcus pneumoniae was used as a method for the discovery of genes activated in specific growth environments. Competence stimulatory peptide (CSP) was used as the model inducing system to identify differentially expressed genes. To identify CSP-induced promoters, a plasmid library was constructed by inserting random pieces of S. pneumoniae chromosomal DNA upstream of the promoterless gfpmut2 gene in an Escherichia coli/S. pneumoniae shuttle vector. S. pneumoniae carrying the library were induced with CSP and enriched for green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing bacteria using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A total of 886 fluorescent clones was screened, and 12 differentially activated promoter elements were identified. Sequence analysis of these clones revealed that three were associated with novel competence loci, one of which we show is essential for DNA uptake, and six are known CSP-inducible promoters. We also explored whether competence proteins have a role in virulence and found that mutations in three CSP-inducible genes resulted in attenuated virulence phenotypes in either of two murine infection models. These results demonstrate the utility of DFI as a method for identifying differentially expressed genes in S. pneumoniae and the potential utility of applying DFI to other Gram-positive bacteria.     

Characterization of the Type 8 Capsular Gene Cluster of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The complete nucleotide sequence of the capsular gene cluster (cap8) responsible for the biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 8 has been determined. The cap8 gene cluster, located between the genes dexB and aliA, is composed of 12 open reading frames. A 14.7-kb DNA fragment embracing the cap8 genes was sufficient to transform an unencapsulated type 3 S. pneumoniae strain to a strain with the type 8 capsule. A possible scenario for the evolution of pneumococcal types 2 and 8 is outlined.     

Development of a DNA microarray to identify the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes contained in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and closely related serotypes

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major worldwide human pathogen. This investigation has developed a reliable and accurate DNA microarray method for inter-species differentiation of S. pneumoniae and intra-species differentiation of the 23 groups of S. pneumoniae including serotypes represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine and the other 20 closely related serotypes. In addition to 16S rDNA probes, serotype- or serogroup-specific probes targeting the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) genes, wzy or capA were generated. We adopted a two-step multiplex PCR to improve the sensitivity of detection to a level of 10(5) cfu/ml in pure culture or 50 ng DNA. A total of 169 isolates (from China, Australia, Canada and New Zealand) including 147 belonging to 23-valent vaccine and closely related serotypes of S. pneumoniae, 11 belonging to other serotypes and 11 of different species commonly isolated from respiratory tract were tested to verify the method. The DNA microarray method developed provides a sensitive means to rapidly identify the members of the most common S. pneumoniae serotypes in patients and to monitor their distribution in different patient groups and geographic locations. Such information is needed for disease surveillance and to monitor vaccine efficacy.     

Induction of Th1 type response by DNA vaccinations with N, M, and E genes against SARS-CoV in mice

Vaccination against the SARS-CoV infection is an attractive means to control the spread of viruses in public. In this study, we employed a DNA vaccine technology with the levamisole, our newly discovered chemical adjuvant, to generate Th1 type of response. To avoid the enhancement antibody issue, genes encoding the nucleocapsid, membrane, and envelope protein of SARS-CoV were cloned and their expressions in mammalian cells were determined. After the intramuscular introduction into animals, we observed that the constructs of the E, M, and N genes could induce high levels of specific antibodies, T cell proliferations, IFN-gamma, DTH responses, and in vivo cytotoxic T cells activities specifically against SARS-CoV antigens. The highest immune responses were generated by the construct encoding the nucleocapsid protein. The results suggest that the N, M, and E genes could be used as the targets to prevent SARS-CoV infection in the DNA vaccine development.     

2型猪链球菌疫苗候选分子的研究进展

猪链球菌是一种全球性严重人兽共患病病原体,因为缺乏有效疫苗,使感染难以控制。目前疫苗研究主要集中在血清2型,因其流行范围最广。猪链球菌疫苗研究的方法包括构建基因表达文库、免疫蛋白质组学方法、反向疫苗学方法和其它传统方法。本文对目前为止所识别和评价的猪链球菌2型疫苗候选分子进行综述,包括全菌疫苗、英膜多糖、蛋白抗原。其中很多疫苗候选分子对小鼠或者猪有保护效果,而要获得针对更多血清型的通用疫苗则需要更多努力。