Deep dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum – A case report

A case of deep dermatophytosis in the gluteal region in a male patient successfully treated with terbinafine is described with its clinical, mycological and histopathological features. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In Vitro Activity of Antifungal Drugs Against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes spp. by E-Test Method and Non-supplemented Mueller–Hinton Agar Plates

Mycopathologia - Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes spp. are two of the most frequently isolated dermatophytes causing dermatophytosis worldwide. Since the incidence of resistance...     

Untersuchungen über die Membran-Proteine bei Rhodospirillum rubrum

Zusammenfassung Membranen aus aeroben Dunkelkulturen von Rhodospirillum rubrum und Thylakoide wurden nach Behandlung mit Phenol-Harnstoff-Eisessig (2:1,2:1, w/w/v) in ihre Proteinbausteine zerlegt und durch Gelelektrophorese in Polyacrylamid getrennt. Die Muster der Proteinkomponenten beider Membransysteme unterschieden sich nur geringfügig. Eine dem mitochondrialen Struktur-protein entsprechende Fraktion wurde aus Thylakoiden isoliert. Nach Aufspaltung dieser Fraktion mit Phenol-Harnstoff-Eisessig und anschließender Elektrophorese konnten verschiedene Proteine in ihr festgestelt werden. Diese Proteine waren sämtlich in 8 M Harnstoff löslich. Die Folgerungen aus diesen Ergebnissen für den Membranaufbau bei Rhodospirillum rubrum werden diskutiert.

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Investigations on membrane proteins in Rhodospirillum rubrum

Summary Membrane fractions from aerobically dark-grown Rhodospirillum rubrum and chromatophores (=thylakoids) were split into their protein subunits by phenol-urea-acetic acid (2:1.2:1, w/w/v) and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The spectra of the proteins of both types of membranes differed only slightly. A fraction was isolated from chromatophores (=thylakoids) by the methods for the homogeneous mitochondrial structural protein. When this fraction was split by phenol-urea-acetic acid and separated by gel electrophoresis several proteins could be identified. All of these proteins were soluble in 8 M urea. The consequences of these findings are discussed with respect to the composition of membranes in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

     

M?ssbauer studies of cytochrome c' from Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Cytochrome c' from Rhodospirillum rubrum has been investigated in the ferric form with M?ssbauer and EPR spectroscopy. In the pH range from 6 to 9.5, three species are observed which belong to two pH-dependent equilibria with pK values near 6 and 8.5. The pK = 6 transition is resolved only with high-field M?ssbauer spectroscopy. For the three species we have determined the zero-field splitting parameters and the hyperfine coupling constants. The data were fitted to a spin Hamiltonian which takes into account a weak mixing of excited S = 3/2 states into the sextet ground manifold. The low temperature spectra clearly show that the quadruple coupling constant deltaEQ is positive for ferricytochrome c' and thus in accord with all other high-spin ferric heme proteins.     

Der Einfluß der Kulturbedingungen auf den ATP-ADP-und AMP-Spiegel bei Rhodospirillum rubrum

Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis der Adenin-Nucleotide in Zellen von Rhodospirillum rubrum änderte sich stark mit den Kultur-und Wachstumsbedingungen.Aerob wachsende Dunkelkulturen und anaerobe, ruhende Lichtkulturen unterschieden sich nur geringfügig in den Pool-Größen von ATP, ADP und AMP.Wurde die ATP-Bildung gehemmt oder fiel der ATP-Spiegel durch hohe Syntheseleistungen der Zelle, so erhöhte sich anaerob im Licht oder im Dunkeln der AMP-Spiegel viel stärker als der ADP-Spiegel, in aerober Dunkelkultur dagegen nahmen ADP und AMP gleichmäßiger zu.In aerober Lichtkultur konnte der relative ATP-Gehalt höher sein als in aerober Dunkel-oder anaerober Lichtkultur. Es wird Pyruvat angereichert.Antimycin A (40 g/ml) bewirkte in aerober Lichtkultur eine Abnahme des ATP-Pools.Der spezifische Adenin-Nucleotid-Gehalt pro Milligramm Protein betrug: 5,5–6,2 nMol ATP; 1,5–3,4 nMol ADP; 1,0–1,8 nMol AMP in aerober Dunkelkultur; 1,0–3,9 nMol ATP; 2,6–4,0 nMol ADP; 2,5–5,4 nMol AMP in anaerober Dunkelkultur und 4,5–6,5 nMol ATP; 1,6–3,3 nMol ADP; 1,0–3,3 nMol AMP in anaerober Lichtkultur.Einen besonders niedrigen Quotienten für ATP/AMP in den Zellen wurde unter Kulturbedingungen erhalten, bei denen die Syntheserate des Bacteriochlorophylls größer als die Wachstumsrate war.Es wird diskutiert, ob die Adenin-Nucleotide einen Einfluß auf die Regulation der Morphogenese bei R. rubrum haben.

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The influence of cultural conditions on the ATP-, ADP- and AMP-pool of Rhodospirillum rubrum

Summary The ratio of adenine nucleotides in the cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum varies considerably depending upon the cultural and growth conditions.There was no significant difference in the pool size of ATP, ADP and AMP comparing growing cells, which were cultivated aerobically in the dark, and cells, which were cultivated anaerobically in the light without substrate.When the synthesis of ATP was inhibited or the ATP pool was lowered by high synthetic activity of the cells, the level of AMP was increased more drastically than that of ADP. This was true under anaerobic conditions in the light as well as in the dark. Under the same conditions in aerobically grown dark cultures, ADP and AMP increased to nearly the same extent.In aerobic light cultures the relative content of ATP can be higher than in aerobic dark cultures or in anaerobic light cultures. In the former pyruvate accumulated.With antimycin A (40 g/ml) the ATP pool decreased in aerobic light cultures.The specific content of adenine nucleotides per mg protein was: 5.5–6.2 nMol ATP; 1.5–3.4 nMol ADP; 1.0–1.8 nMol AMP in cells cultivated aerobically in the dark; 1.0–3.9 nMol ATP; 2.6–4.0 nMol ADP; 2.5–5.4 nMol AMP in cells cultivated anaerobically in the dark and 4.5–6.5 nMol ATP; 1.6–3.3 nMol ADP; 1.0–3.3 nMol AMP in cells cultivated anaerobically in the light.An especially low ATP/AMP ratio was found when the culture conditions were such that the rate of synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll was higher than the growth rate.The influence of the adenine nucleotides on the regulation of morphogenesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum has been discussed.

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Abkürzungen: ATP=Adenosintriphosphat, ADP=Adenosindiphosphat, AMP=Adenosinmonophosphat, BChl.=Bacteriochlorophyll, 2,4-DNP=2,4-Dinitrophenol, NADH=reduziertes Nicotinamid-Adenin-Dinucleotid, Tris=Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan, ÄDTA=Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure, Dinatriumsalz.     

Blooms of Mesodinium rubrum in Southampton Water--do they shape mesozooplankton distribution?

Blooms of the red-tide ciliate Mesodinium rubrum occur everyyear in Southampton Water from late May to August, peaking inabundance in July. During blooms, M.rubrum concentrates in subsurfacelayers during the day and and also undergoes diurnal verticalmigration; this results in supersaturation in the near-surfacewater and significant deoxygenation at lower depths. Duringthe period of M.rubrum bloom, the mesozooplankton communityof Southampton Water is typically dominated by nauplius larvaeand calanoid copepods. The true nature of M.rubrum's impacton mesozooplankton and fish communities is equivocal, with contrastingreports of either bloom-associated avoidance or mortality byzooplankton or fish, or both, or alternatively grazing by micro-and mesoplankton on M.rubrum. A temporal sequence of zooplanktonhauls conducted between mid-May and early August indicated thatvertical profiles of mesozooplankton composition and abundancetypically exhibited lower near-surface densities, with numbersincreasing significantly below 3 m. During blooms, this patternoccurred both inside and outside patches, and therefore thereduced near-surface zooplankton numbers are considered to becaused primarily by turbulent mixing rather than by the associatedoxygen supersaturation induced by M.rubrum. Equally, no clearpattern of mesozooplankton density differences was observedat lower depths, associated with the low concentrations of oxygencaused by M.rubrum respiration. The results of the samplingprogramme undertaken show that M.rubrum does not significantlyexclude zooplankton from the vicinity of patches, nor is thereany associated substantial increase in zooplankton numbers.It is concluded that M.rubrum blooms have no immediate significantimpact on the broad structure of the mesozooplankton communitywithin Southampton Water.     

Fettsäuregehalte in Lichtkulturen von Rhodospirillum rubrum während der Thylakoidmorphogenese

Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Ausbildung des intracytoplasmatischen Membransystems und dem Gehalt der Zellen an Fettsäuren und Lipid-Phosphor wird an Rhodospirillum rubrum untersucht. Trotz Steigerung des Membrangehaltes nach der Überführung aerober thylakoidfreier Dunkelzellen in anaerobe Lichtbedingungen bleibt der Gehalt an Fettsäuren und Lipid-Phosphor pro Gesamtzellprotein unverändert. Das gleiche Resultat ergibt sich, wenn eine Steigerung des Thylakoidgehaltes im System anaerob Normallicht (4000 Lux) anaerob Schwachlicht (400 Lux) hervorgerufen wird. Dieses Resultat eines konstanten Fettsäurespiegels wird nicht durch eine Änderung des Bezugsystems Protein erzielt. Der Quotient Proteingehalt pro Volumen dichtgepackter Bakterien bleibt während der Membransynthese konstant. Aus Licht- und Dunkelzellen werden eine Rohmembranund eine Rohzellwandfraktion angereichert. Die Wandfraktion aus aeroben Dunkelzellen enthält einen höheren Anteil der Gesamtfettsäuren der Zelle als die Wandfraktion aus anaeroben Lichtzellen. (2-¹⁴C)-Acetat wird von wachsenden Zellen unter Normallichtbedingungen (4000 Lux) in hoher Rate eingebaut. Nach der Umschaltung auf Schwachlicht (400 Lux) wird diese Aufnahme zugleich mit dem Wachstum gestoppt. Werden aerobe Dunkelzellen in semiaerobe Lichtbedingungen über-führt, wird der Gehalt an Fettsäuren und Lipid-Phosphor um 70% erhöht. Die Ergebnisse werden im Rahmen der Hypothese diskutiert, daß ein großer Teil der Zellfettsäuren in der Wand lokalisiert ist und daß dieser Anteil koordiniert mit dem Membrangehalt verändert werden kann.

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Contents of fatty acids in light cultures of Rhodospirillun rubrum during the synthesis of thylakoids

Summary The correlation between the formation of the intracytoplasmic membrane system and the content of fatty acids and lipid phosphorus in cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum is investigated. After induction of thylakoid synthesis by transferring aerobic dark grown cells into anaerobic light conditions, the content of fatty acids and lipid phosphorus per protein of the cells remains unchanged. The same result is found if the increase of thylakoid content is induced by lowering the light intensity from moderate (4000 lux) to low (400 lux) light intensity under anaerobic conditions. The constant level of lipids during the morphogenesis of thylakoids is not conditioned by a change of the protein content of the cells. The ratio protein to volume unit of wet packed bacteria is not changed during the synthesis of thylakoids. Crude cell wall and membrane fractions are isolated from light and dark grown cells. The wall fraction from dark aerobic grown cells contains more fatty acids than that of anaerobic light grown cells. Label from (2-¹⁴C)-acetate is rapidly incorporated by growing cells cultivated under moderate light intensity. After transfer to low light conditions acetate incorporation and growth stop immediately. If aerobic dark grown cells are transferred to semiaerobic light conditions the content of fatty acids and lipid phosphorus in the cells is increased by 70%. The results are discussed from the view that a great part of the fatty acids of the cells is localized in the cell wall and that this amount can be altered in coordination with the membrane content of the cells.

     

Untersuchungen zur Substruktur der “Chromatophoren” von Rhodospirillum rubrum und Rhodospirillum molischianum

Summary Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections reveals that in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum molischianum Giesberger numerous discrete discs, the chromatophores, are developed. The chromatophores are 300 m in diameter and have a thickness of 70 to 80 m. In their substructure they show piled-up plates, the lamellae. The dense plates are about 45 Å thick with less dense interspaces of 50 Å. The small vesicular chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum Esmarch are surrounded by membranes and have a diameter of about 70 m. The chromatophores of both species are arranged at the periphery of the cell. A definition of the two strains on the fundamentals of morphological features is given. The absorption-spectra of the pigment extracts exhibit characteristic differences.     

Maplexins, new α-glucosidase inhibitors from red maple (Acer rubrum) stems

Thirteen gallic acid derivatives including five new gallotannins, named maplexins A-E, were isolated from red maple (Acer rubrum) stems. The compounds were identified by spectral analyses. The maplexins varied in number and location of galloyl groups attached to 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol. The isolates were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Maplexin E, the first compound identified with three galloyl groups linked to three different positions of 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol, was 20 fold more potent than the α-glucosidase inhibitory drug, Acarbose (IC(50)=8 vs 160 μM). Structure-activity related studies suggested that both number and position of galloyls attached to 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol were important for α-glucosidase inhibition.     

Bacteriochlorophyllgehalt und Proteinmuster der Thylakoide von Rhodospirillum rubrum während der Morphogenese des Photosynthese-Apparates

Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem spezifischen Bacteriochlorophyllgehalt der Zellen und der Thylakoidmorphogenese wird an Rhodospirillum rubrum untersucht. Bei der Induktion des Photosynthese-Apparates wird zunächst Bacteriochlorophyll synthetisiert, obgleich noch keine Thylakoide gebildet werden (1. Phase). Werden Thylakoide ausgebildet, so steigt der spezifische Bacteriochlorophyllgehalt der Thylakoide in Abhängigkeit vom spezifischen Bacteriochlorophyllgehalt der Zellen an, bis ein Wert von 12–13 g Bacteriochlorophyll je mg Zellprotein erreicht ist (2. Phase). Während der Wert für die Zellen darüber hinaus weiter erhöht werden kann, bleibt der Wert der Thylakoide konstant bei 100 g Bacteriochlorophyll je mg Thylakoid-Protein (3. Phase). Isolierte Thylakoide aus Zellen mit niedrigem Bacteriochlorophyllgehalt besitzen geringere Durchmesser als Thylakoide aus Zellen mit höheren Werten. Auch hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung der Thylakoide in Abhängigkeit von den steigenden Bacteriochlorophyllgehalten bei induzierten Zellen konnten Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Ähnlich wie die spezifischen Bacteriochlorophyllgehalte der Thylakoide, nähern sich die verschiedenen Proteinbausteine der Thylakoide einem festen Verhältnis zueinander, das sich oberhalb von 10–14 g Bacteriochlorophyll je mg Zellprotein nicht mehr ändert. Mit Zunahme des Bacteriochlorophyllgehaltes der Zellen steigt der Gehalt an thylakoidspezifischen Proteinen in den Membranen an und der Anteil der für die Cytoplasmamembran spezifischen Komponenten nimmt ab.

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The bacteriochlorophyll content and protein composition of chromatophores (=thylakoids) of Rhodospirillum rubrum during morphogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus

Summary The correlation between the specific bacteriochlorophyll content of whole cells and the morphogenesis of chromatophores was investigated in Rhodospirillum rubrum. During the first phase after induction of the photosynthetic apparatus bacteriochlorophyll is synthesized without formation of chromatophores. In a second phase chromatophores increases in a linear correlation to the specific bacterichlorophyll content of the cells. In a third phase, when the specific bacteriochlorophyll content of the cells has reached 12–13 g/mg protein, the specific bacteriochlorophyll content of the chromatophores remains constant (100 g/mg protein). Isolated chromatophores from the second phase have smaller diameters, than chromatophores from the third phase. The composition of the protein compounds of isolated chromatophores changes during the development of the chromatophores in a similar fashion as the specific bacteriochlorophyll content of chromatophores does change. With increasing bacteriochlorophyll content of the cells the chromatophore specific proteins in the membranes increase whereas proteins specific for the cytoplasmic membrane decrease until both reach a constant level.

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Verwendete Abkürzungen BChl. Bacteriochlorophyll     

Einfluß der Reservestoffe auf die Bacteriochlorophyllbildung in anaeroben Dunkel- und Lichtkulturen von Rhodospirillum rubrum

Zusammenfassung Heterotroph aerob im Dunkeln angezogene Kulturen von Rhodospirillum rubrum beginnen sofort nach Umstellung auf Anaerobiose mit der Bacteriochlorophyllbildung.Die Höhe der B.-Chlorophyllbildung ist von der Menge der Reservesubstanzen abhängig.Der B.-Chlorophyllzuwachs ist unabhängig von der Art der Reservesubstanz. Kohlenhydrate (Polysaccharide) sowie Kohlenhydrate und Poly--hydroxybuttersäure bedingen fast den gleichen B.-Chlorophyllzuwachs.Die Rate der B.-Chlorophyllbildung ist in anaerober Dunkelkultur nahezu konstant.Die B.-Chlorophyllbildung wird auch in anaeroben Lichtkulturen gefördert, wenn die ruhenden Zellen vorher Reservesubstanzen gespeichert haben.In den ersten 1–2 Std hat das Licht unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen keinen Einfluß auf die B.-Chlorophyllbildung.Nach 1–2 Std setzt eine beschleunigte B.-Chlorophyllbildung ein, die mit dem Wirksamwerden des Systems der Photophosphorylierung zusammenhängt.Kohlenhydrate und Poly--hydroxybuttersäure werden auch anaerob im Licht nach Beginn der Photosynthese bis zu 6 Std abgebaut.

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Summary If dark-aerobically (chemoorganotrophically) grown Rhodospirillum rubrum is transferred to anaerobic light or dark conditions, the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll starts immediately.The amount of produced bacteriochlorophyll and the duration of production are related to the amount of storage material, but independent from the kind of reserve material.Carbohydrates and carbohydrates plus -polyhydroxybutyric acid give the same yield of bacteriochlorophyll.The rate of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis in anaerobic dark cultures is nearly constant, and the time course of synthesis is linear.During the first 100 min of anaerobic incubation no influence of light is observable. The curve of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis is bent on after two hours incubation in light, but take a straight course in dark cultures.The increase of the rate of biosynthesis in light is caused by the start of photophosphorylation during this time.

     

Über den Tentakelapparat der Edelkoralle (Corallium rubrum L.) und seine Funktion beim Beutefangverhalten

Zusammenfassung Die Tentakel der Edelkoralle vermögen sich an den Spitzen bis über die dreifache Länge der Normtentakel fadenartig zu verlängern (Fadententakel). Diese Tentakelfäden wickeln sich bei Berührung eines Nahrungsobjekts korkzieherartig auf und nähern dieses durch Kontraktion der Mundöffnung.Damit koordiniert führen die zugehörigen Basalabschnitte (Normtentakel) durch S-förmige Biegungen und eventuelle Verkürzungen die Stelle der gereizten Tentakelfadens präzise zum Mund.Werden die Normtentakel allein gereizt, so antworten sie mit raschem Einschlag zur Mundöffnung. Bei gleichzeitiger Reaktion aller Tentakel wird dadurch eine Tentakel-Faust oder ein Fangkorb gebildet. Bei schwachen Reizen antwortet der Normtentakel anstelle der schlagenden Reaktionen mit langsamen Krümmungen, die das Objekt zur Mundöffnung dirigieren. Unabhängig von der Reaktionsart der Tentakeln wird die Beute vor der Aufnahme stets geprüft und häufig abgelehnt. Ist der Polyp in Freßstimmung, so wird die Nahrung rasch durch das glockenartig erweiterte Schlundrohr geschleust und verschwindet nach wenigen Minuten im Coelenteron.

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The tentacle apparatus of the red coral (Corallium rubrum L.) and its role in feeding behaviour

Summary The tentacles of the octocoral Corallium rubrum may become extremely elongated (threadlike-tentacle) the apical part of the norm-tentacle becoming stretched more than three times as much as the base.The threadlike parts of the tentacles contract corcscrew-like when touched by food particles.The stimulated part of the tentacle is brought close to the mouth by coordinated movements of its basal portion. Very often both threadlike-tentacle and norm-tentacle shorten in order to carry the particle to the pharynx.When the norm-tentacles only are touched, they react with quick strokes towards the oral disc. This behaviour, when shown by all tentacles at the same time results in the formation of either a tentacle-fist or a basketlike structure. At slight irritations the norm-tentacle will respond with slow bending movements, which lead the particle towards the mouth. Independent of the type of tentacle reactions the prey is always checked before entering the pharynx, and very often refused.If the polyp decides to accept, food is transported quickly through the elongated pharynx and within a few minutes will have disappeared in the coelenteron.

     

Glucosylation of methyl β-D-arabinofuranoside with 6′-chloro-6′-deoxysucrose and immobilized Protaminobacter rubrum

Summary Transglucosylation byProtaminobacter rubrum using 6-chloro-6-deoxysucrose (1) and methyl -D-arabinofuranoside (2) as donor and acceptor, respectively, were examined. inhibition caused by 6-chloro-6-deoxy-D-fructose (4) was observed and could be greatly lightened in a borate buffer, where the yield of the disaccharide (3) increased by 1.35-fold.     

Demonstration of ΔpH- and Δψ-induced synthesis of inorganic pyrophosphate in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum

It is possible to obtain synthesis of PP_i by artifical ion potentials in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. PP_i can be formed by K⁺-diffusion gradients (Δψ), H⁺ gradients (ΔpH) or a combination of both. In contrast, ATP can only be synthesized by imposed Δψ or Δψ+ΔpH. For ATP formation there is also a threshold value of K⁺ concentration below which synthesis of ATP is not possible. Such a threshold is not found for PP_i formation. Both PP_i and ATP syntheses are abolished by addition of FCCP or nigericin and only marginally affected by electron transport inhibitors. The synthesis of PP_i can be monitored for several minutes before it ceases, while ATP production stops within 30 s. As a result the maximal yield of PP_i is 200 nmol PP_i/μmol BChl, while that of ATP is no more than 25 nmol ATP/μmol BChl. The initial rates of syntheses were 0.50 μmol PP_i/μmol BChl per min and 2.0 μmol ATP/μmol per min, respectively. These rates are approx. 50 and 20% of the respective photophosphorylation rates under saturating illumination.     

Adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) as sulfate donor for assimilatory sulfate reduction in Rhodospirillum rubrum

Crude extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum catalyzed the formation of acid-volatile radioactivity from (³⁵S) sulfate, (³⁵S) adenosine-5-phosphosulfate, and (³⁵S) 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate. An enzyme fraction similar to APS-sulfotransferases from plant sources was purified 228-fold from Rhodospirillum rubrum. It is suggested here that this enzyme is specific for adenosine-5-phosphosulfate, because the purified enzyme fraction metabolized adenosine-5-phosphosulfate, however, only at a rate of 1/10 of that with adenosine-5-phosphosulfate. Further, the reaction with 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate was inhibited with 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphate whereas this nucleotide had no effect on the reaction with adenosine-5-phosphosulfate. For this activity with adenosine-5-phosphosulfate the name APS-sulfotransferase is suggested. This APS-sulfotransferase needs thiols for activity; good rates were obtained with either dithioerythritol or reduced glutathione; other thiols like cysteine, 2-3-dimercaptopropanol or mercaptoethanol are less effective. The electron donor methylviologen did not catalyze this reaction. The pH-optimum was about 9.0; the apparent K _m for adenosine-5-phosphosulfate was determined to be 0.05 mM with this so far purified enzyme fraction. Enzyme activity was increased with K₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄ and was inhibited by 5-AMP. These properties are similar to assimilatory APS-sulfotransferases from spinach and Chlorella.Abbreviations APS adenosine-5-phosphosulfate - PAPS 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate - 5-AMP adenosine-5-monophosphate - 3-AMP adenosine-3-monophosphate - 3-5-ADP 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphate (PAP) - DTE dithiorythritol - GSH reduced glutathione - BAL 2-3-dimercaptopropanol     

Studie über einen Trichophyton - quinckeanum -Stamm mit ausgeprägter Fluoreszenz des Scutulums em Tierversuch

A vesicular skin lesion which existed since 1 week in the lower part of the leg of a 45-year-old woman appeared to be caused by fungus which was identified as Trichophyton quinckeanum (Zopf) MacLeod & Muende. The patient could not state to have had contact with animals. Peroral administration of griseofulvin and local application of 2% salicyl--5% sulfur--vaseline alternate with tonoftal cream healed the lesion completely. The fast growing fungus produced white, convoluted colonies with a brown, lat er wine-red reverse. Globose and club-shaped, one- and two-celled microconidia were formed especially 'en thrse'. The majority of the thin-walled macroconidia had rounded apices but a fusiform type of spore was also seen. Germination of the macroconidia was frequently observed. Experimental infection into the dorsal skin of white laboratory mouse produced a scutulum with a bright yellow later green fluorescence in Wood's light. The taxonomy of Trichophyton quinckeanum is briefly discussed.     

Quantitative Bestimmung der Fettsäuren von Rhodospirillum rubrum und Rhodopseudomonas capsulata während der Thylakoidmorphogenese

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Fettsäuregehaltes im Mikrogrammbereich wird angegeben und auf Spezifität untersucht. Thylakoide aus Rhodospirillum rubrum und Rhodopseudomonas capsulata enthalten 330 bzw. 350 g Fettsäuren/mg Protein und 16,1 bzw. 15,4 g Lipid-Phosphor/mg Protein. In aeroben Dunkelkulturen beider Organismen werden 100–120 g Fettsäuren und 3,0–4,3 g Lipid-Phosphor pro mg Protein gefunden. In Thylakoiden sind 15–20%, in ganzen Zellen 25–45% der Fettsäuren nicht in Phospholipiden vom Glycerintyp gebunden.Wird die Thylakoidsynthese durch Absenken des O₂-Partialdruckes induziert, steigt der Fettsäuregehalt um 30%, der Lipid-Phosphor-Gehalt um 40% an. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen lassen jedoch auf eine Verdopplung bis Verdreifachung des Gehaltes an Membranen schließen. Dieser Widerspruch wird mit der Annahme erklärt, daß Phospholipide in gramnegativen Bakterien nicht nur in Membranen, sondern auch in der Zellwand lokalisiert sind. Der Wert der Bestimmung des Lipid-Phosphor in ganzen Zellen gramnegativer Bakterien als Maß für den Membrangehalt wird diskutiert.

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Quantitative determinations of long-chain fatty acids in dark growing cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum and rhodopseudomonas capsulata during the synthesis of thylakoids

Summary The content of fatty acids in the thylakoids of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rps. capsulata is 330 g and 350 g/mg protein, respectively, and the content of lipidphosphorus 16.1 and 15.4 g/mg protein, respectively. In aerobic dark cultures of both organisms 100 to 120 g fatty acids and 3.0 to 4.3 g lipid phosphorus per mg protein are demonstrable. 15 to 20% of fatty acids in thylakoids and 25 to 45% of fatty acids in whole cells are not bound to glycerol phosphatides. After induction of thylakoid synthesis by lowering of oxygen partial pressure the specific content of fatty acids is increased by 30% and the concentration of lipid phosphorus by 40%. Under the same conditions a two or threefold increase of membrane surface as evaluated from electron micrographs is observable. This pronounced difference is explainable by the assumption, that phospholipids in gram-negative bacteria are not only localized in membranes, but also in the cell wall. The validity of determinations of lipid phosphorus in whole cells of gram-negative bacteria as a measure for membrane content is discussed.