美国黑核桃实生苗生态生理过程对环境因素响应的数值模拟(Ⅲ):植株冠层光合作用数理模型

以1-2年生北加州黑核桃为试材,建立了具有较高分辨能力的植株群体结构、光分布模型和冠层光合作用模型．将植株冠层按叶面积指数划分为若干层次。上下层之间水平面上太阳辐照度按Monsi＆Saeki所提出的指数递减规律分布．冠层内太阳散射光的消光系数由冠层结构决定,而直射光的消光系数则决定于冠层结构与太阳在天空的位置．在同一层次。将叶片的叶倾角划分为6个等级。将叶片的水平位置划分为8个方位．设同一层次中水平面上的太阳辐照度相同。某一方位角和叶倾角的叶面的直接辐射由太阳视运动方程决定．以此为基础,分别计算“光斑区”和“遮荫区”内叶片的光合速率,并通过数值积分计算整个冠层的光合速率及光合日总量．用田间实测资料验证了冠层内太阳辐射分布模型和冠层光合作用模型．敏感性试验分析表明。模型对环境因子和生物学因素有良好的响应．     

美国黑核桃实生苗干物质积累与分配过程的数值模拟

以1年生美国北加州黑核桃实生苗为试材,以群体冠层的光合作用机理模型为基础,依据物质守恒及浓度梯度等理论,建立了干物质积累与分配的动态模型．在水肥适宜的条件下,对于1年生北加州黑核桃,在叶幕建造时期内,冠层干物质积累大体呈现Logistic曲线增长,而生物总量及根茎干物质的增长大体可分为两个阶段,第一阶段为指数增长阶段,第二阶段为线性增长阶段,而且无论是生物总量,还是冠层、根茎干重都呈现出波浪式增长的态势,这种波动是环境因子影响的结果．dwl／dws(冠层、根茎干物质日增量之比)不仅随生育期变化,还随环境因子变化,在叶幕建造初期,dwl／dws较大,平均值约为2．0,这时的光合产物主要用于叶片的生长和发育;在夜幕建造中期,dwl／dws的平均值约为1．5,该时期干物质在冠层、根茎内的分配较均衡;在叶幕建造后期,dwl／dws呈直线下降,干物质的分配中心主要转移到了地下部,叶子生长趋于停止．     

天山西部野杏光合作用日变化特征与其生理生态因子的关系

在新疆天山西部伊犁野果林资源发展研究中心的野杏林选定野生成年杏树为样株,用Li-6400光合仪测定晴天和阴天两种天气状况下野杏的光合生理生态特性,并通过相关分析、通径分析、回归分析探讨其净光合速率与生理生态因子的关系。结果显示:(1)野杏的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)和光饱和点(LSP)分别为12.63和1 389.44μmol.m-2.s-1,属喜光的阳生树种。(2)晴天和多云天气下野杏的净光合速率(Pn)日变化最大值和日均值之间差异不显著,晴天Pn日变化为单峰型,而多云为双峰型,具典型的"午休"现象,而且是由非气孔限制因素造成,与叶温(Tl)的降低有关。(3)野杏气孔导度(Gs)与Pn和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著正相关;随着其Tl的增加,晴天Pn、Gs和Tr为单峰形;多云Pn和Tr呈线性增加,而Gs呈线性降低;Tl增加超过最适值后Gs的降低是晴天野杏产生严重光抑制的重要原因;气孔的快速关闭降低了Tr,造成Tl增加和Pn降低,在最大程度上控制了水分丢失。(4)晴天和多云天气下影响野杏叶片Pn日变化主导生理因子均为Gs,主要限制因子为胞间CO2浓度(Ci);主导生态因子为空气相对湿度(RH),限制因子为气温(Ta)。研究表明,野杏能够适应高光强环境条件,这是野杏主要分布在较为干旱阳坡上的重要原因之一;多云天气条件对野杏进行光合作用的抑制程度较弱,这为野杏种群天然更新环境条件的人工调节提供一定的理论依据。     

温室油桃光合作用与生理生态因子的关系

以日光温室栽培4年生油桃品种'艳光'为试材,采用LI-6400光合仪测定了成熟期的叶片净光合速率(Pn)以及气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片温度(Tl)和CO2浓度(Ca)等生理生态因子的日变化,并运用数理统计方法分析了Pn与各因子的关系,为温室油桃合理栽培选择提供理论依据.结果表明:'艳光'油桃成熟期叶片的Pn日变化为"双峰"曲线,最高峰出现在12:00左右,次高峰出现在16:00左右,存在"午休"现象,非气孔因素是导致"午休"现象的主要原因;Pn与Gs、Tr和Ca均存在显著的二次曲线关系,与PAR有显著双曲线关系,与Tl有显著"S"型曲线关系;温室油桃光合作用的最适温度为25℃,光饱和点和光补偿点分别为860和26 μmol·m-2·s-1;二氧化碳饱和点和补偿点分别为1 340和54 μmol/mol.因此,在本实验条件下,温室油桃果实成熟期应当保证充足水分供应,并在正午前后适当采取降温措施,尽量减轻叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率下降及光合'午休'现象发生程度,保证正午光合作用的正常进行,提高油桃的光能利用率.     

羌活光合作用日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

以大田引种栽培的羌活植株为材料,用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统原位测定自然条件下生长的羌活孕蕾期叶片的光合速率光响应、净光合速率及生理生态因子日变化,并通过相关分析、通径分析和逐步回归分析探讨净光合速率与生理生态因子的关系.结果表明:(1)羌活净光合速率(P_n)、 蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)日变化均呈双峰曲线,其净光合速率具有典型的"午休"现象,并主要由非气孔限制因素造成;(2)影响羌活叶片Pn日变化的主要决定生理因子是G_s,主要限制因子是胞间CO_2浓度(C_i);主要决定生态因子是空气相对湿度(RH),限制因子是气温(T_a); G_s是影响净光合速率最重要的生理生态因子.研究发现,羌活有较强的适应弱光环境的能力,属于阳性耐荫植物,宜选择海拔和荫蔽度均较高的环境进行引种驯化栽培,以利于其生长和存活.     

'金光杏梅'叶片净光合速率与生理生态因子的关系

以‘金光杏梅’成熟叶片为试验材料,采用CI-301型便携式CO2气体分析仪测定了其叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化,并通过多元逐步回归和通径分析方法探讨了净光合速率与生理生态因子间的关系。结果表明:‘金光杏梅’叶片净光合速率日变化为双峰曲线,在上午10:00和下午15:00分别出现一次高峰,具有典型的"午休"现象,它是由气孔因素和非气孔因素两种因素造成的;叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化均与净光合速率日变化呈正相关,回归方程分别为yPn=0.947xGs2 0.2874xGs 57.945,(R2=0.8534)和yPn=0.8079xTr0.5421,(R2=0.5716);影响‘金光杏梅’叶片净光合速率的主要生态因子是光合有效辐射和大气CO2浓度,主要生理因子是气孔导度和蒸腾速率。     

大豆生理生态持性与产量的关系

比较研究了1970s,1980s和1990s期间不同大豆（Glycine max(L.)Merr.)品种的生理生态特性：光合作用,蒸腾作用,气孔导度,水分利用效率,胞间CO2浓和叶片水势,分析了各生理生态特性之间以及与产量在不同生育期的关系。研究表明光合速率和产量之间存在显的相关关系,高产大豆同时具有高的气孔导率和水势,胞间CO2浓度则很低,特别是在鼓粒期关系更为显。高产大豆的光合作用在鼓粒期达到最高值,光合作用日变化呈双峰曲线。在鼓粒期高产大豆的光合产物大量运往籽粒中,对于高产品种和高光效－“源”固然重要,而“流”－光合产物的合理运转和分配对产量则更为重要。     

基于FvCB模型的叶片光合生理对环境因子的响应研究进展

为提高叶片光合速率并更好地理解叶片光合生理对环境因子变化的响应机制,FvCB模型(C_3植物光合生化模型)常用于分析不同环境条件下CO_2响应曲线并预测叶片活体内光合系统的内在变化状况。系统介绍了FvCB模型的建立、发展过程和拟合方法等基本理论,综述了该模型在叶片光合生理对光、CO_2、水、温度和N营养等环境因子变化的响应机制中的应用研究。为进一步完善FvCB模型并更好地理解叶片活体内光合系统对环境因子变化的响应机制,未来拟加强以下研究:1)羧化速率与光合电子传递速率之间的联系;2)叶肉导度的具体组分及其对FvCB模型参数估计的影响;3)叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度对环境因子变化的调控机制。     

无患子光合生理日变化及其与生理生态因子的关系

以8年生无患子植株为试验材料,采用便携式Li-6400光合测定仪,分别于花期和果期测定了其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、空气温度(Ta)、叶片光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气相对湿度(RH)和空气CO2浓度(Ca)等参数的日变化,以揭示无患子光合特征及其与主要环境因子的关系。结果显示:(1)无患子Pn和Tr在花期和果期日变化均呈"M"型双峰曲线,并存在"光合午休"现象,第1和第2峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00左右。(2)无患子花期Pn、Tr、Gs、水分利用效率(WUE)日均值高于果期,而果期的Ci日均值高于花期。(3)在8:00~14:00,无患子花期光能利用效率(LUE)大于果期,并在10:00左右出现峰值,而在14:00~18:00其果期LUE大于花期。(4)无患子叶片Pn与Tr、Gs、PAR具有极显著正相关关系,且与Gs关系最为密切,与Ci呈极显著负相关关系,与Ca则表现为显著负相关关系。(5)影响无患子叶片Pn变化的决定生理因子是Gs和Tr,主要限制生理因子是Ci;主要决定生态因子是RH,主要限制生态因子是Ta,且Gs是影响无患子Pn的最重要的生理生态因子。研究表明,无患子对光强有较强的适应能力,是喜光植物,这为其人工林定向培育,以及花期和果期的管理提供了一定理论依据。     

10个秋菊品种的光合特性及净光合速率与部分生理生态因子的相关性分析

用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定系统测定了9月至10月10个秋菊[Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tvzel.]品种叶片的光合特征参数;在此基础上,对叶片光响应参数和CO2响应参数以及部分光合特征参数的日变化进行了比较分析;此外,还对净光合速率(Pn)与部分生理生态因子的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:10个秋菊品种的光补偿点(LCP)为92.83～167.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为962.51～1 077.53 μmol·m-2·s-1,说明它们均为喜光植物;10个秋菊品种的CO2饱和点为1 060.46 ～1 485.48μmol·mol-1,CO2补偿点为77.62 ～ 133.16μmo1·mol-1,远大于一般的C3植物;各品种Pn的日变化呈典型的双峰型曲线,首峰(11～19μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在10:00左右,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的“午休”现象.相关分析结果表明:10个品种的Pn与气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著或极显著正相关(品种‘关东新侠’、‘云龙凤舞’和‘日本黄’除外),与胞间CO2浓度呈显著或极显著负相关,与光合有效辐射强度和大气温度呈不显著正相关,与大气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈不显著负相关.早花品种‘太平的小鼓’和‘铜雀春深’具有较高的LSP以及较低的LCP和表观量子效率(AQY),对光照强度的适应范围较大,可栽培在光照较强的环境中;品种‘早粉盘’和‘檀香狮子’具有较高的LCP、AQY和LSP,对强光的利用能力较强;晚花品种‘关东新侠’、‘绿牡丹’和‘星光灿烂’具有较高的LCP和AQY以及较低的LSP,具有一定的耐阴能力,可种植在光照较弱的环境中.     

A Mathematical Model for Leaf Photosynthesis of Mulberry

A mathematical model of leaf photosynthesis has been established. In this model, the processes of photosynthesis are divided into two parts, ie., the carboxylation process driven by light which is dependent on temperature and CO2 concentration, and the diffusion of CO2 from atmosphere to the carboxylation site. Finatly, CO2 uptake by the leaf is understood as dependent on 1), the CO2 response curve of the leaf mesophyll and 2). the CO2 partial pressure in the intercellular space in leaf. The COs response curve of the leaf photosynthesis is described mathematically in terms of carboxylation efficiency (Ca) or its initial slope and the photosynthetic capacity (Pm) or the CO2-saturated uptake rate of CO2 uptake, and dark respiration (Rd). The dependency of photosynthesis on leaf temperature and incident light intensity is incorporated into variations of those parameters which establish an appropriate response to internal CO2 pressure for particular light and temperature conditions prevailing at any time. Secondly the interactiion of stomata with photosynthesis is represented as an empirical relation between stomatal conductance and a combined environmental physiological index, APn·Hx/CaThe parameters used in the modelwere estimated with Marquardt-Newton method for non-linear function. Field measurements of mulberry leaf photosynthesis provided a data set for model testing. The resuks show that the simulated values of the model agree well with observed data. The model was used to analyse the response surface of leaf conductance and photosynthesis to environmental factors—Applications and limitations of the model are discussed     

In vitro characterization bioassays of the nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum: Evaluation on growth,extracellular enzymes,mycotoxins and survival in the surrounding agroecosystem of tomato

The effects of water stress and temperature on in vitro growth and enzymatic activity of Purpureocillium lilacinum (Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae) isolates with demonstrated capacity to control Nacobbus aberrans (Secernentea, Tylenchida, Pratylenchidae) were evaluated in this study. Also, saprophytic and endophytic colonization in tomato plants were determined. P. lilacinum was able to grow under the evaluated levels of osmotic and matric stress, but the increase in water stress caused reductions in radial growth rates. Moreover, the fungal isolates produced chitinases, proteases, and leucinostatins under inductive conditions. The nematophagous fungi were able to develop saprophytically (10⁴ CFU g^?1 of soil). Meanwhile, only P. lilacinum SR38 demonstrated endophytic capacity. The results suggest that P. lilacinum can be effectively applied as biocontrol agents of phytoparasitic nematodes in tomatoes under variable agroecological conditions.     

Study on Leaf Anatomy and Photosynthesis of Cymbidium sinense

The leaf surface of Cymbidium sinense(Andr.) Willd was covered with cuticle and wax. The stomata were distributed in the dorsum of the leaf, the density being 100–130 mm-2 There was a stomatal cover on each stoma. The mesophyll was not differentiated into spongy tissue and palisade tissue. No chloroplast was observed in the vascular bundle sheath cells. The chloroplast in the mesophyll cells had well developed grana, with lightly stacked thylakoids and osmiophilic granules. The highest quantum yield of functional leaf was 0.082. The light compensation point of photosynthesis was about 5 μE·m-2·s-1, the light saturation point was about 200 μE·m-2·s-1. The photosynthetic ra,e of Cymbidium sinense was very low, generally 2.0–2.6 μmol CO2· m-2·s-1. The optimum temperature of photosynthesis of one-year-old leaf was 25℃. The photosynthe,ic rate of the three-year-old leaf declined with temperature rise. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b was about 2.7. The CO2 compensation point of photosynthesis was 105–220 ppm. All these data show that Cymbidium sinense belongs to the typical shade plants with low photosynthetic rate and high CO2 compensation point that explains that the growth of Cymbidium sinense is slow in nature.     

核桃凋落叶分解对萝卜生长和生理的影响

为考察核桃(Juglans regia L.)与冬性作物复合种植模式中凋落叶分解对作物生长的影响,该试验采用盆栽法,以冬性作物萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)为受体,种入混有0、60、120和180g/pot核桃凋落叶的土壤中,并在萝卜生长过程中测定其形态、生理及生殖相关指标。结果表明:(1)萝卜地上部分的生长在凋落叶分解初期受到显著抑制,而在后期得到明显恢复。(2)在核桃凋落叶分解的影响下萝卜出现了明显的胁迫响应,特别是在分解初期和较高凋落叶量(120、180g/pot)处理下,光合色素含量受到明显抑制,叶片内活性氧含量增加,并在一定程度上受到渗透胁迫。(3)在测定时期内,萝卜叶片内MDA含量并未显著增加,即萝卜可通过自身调节抵御胁迫造成的危害。(4)萝卜在较高凋落叶剂量处理下,产出的种子颜色较深,且在180g/pot处理下产出的种子萌发率较低,种子质量受到明显影响。研究认为,土壤中核桃凋落叶分解初期能对萝卜造成化感胁迫,但长久来看不会降低萝卜产量;将两者复合种植时,可保留地面凋落叶,且最好在叶片分解一段时间后种植作物。     

番薯叶片性状关系模型的建立与验证

建立植物叶片生长预测模型是林学、生态学和植物学的热点与难点。以番薯(Ipomoea batatas)叶为研究对象,利用易测的叶长(L)、叶宽(W)和叶绿素含量(S)及其不同的组合作为模型拟合参数,建立了10个关于叶面积(LA)、叶饱和鲜重(SFW)和叶干重(DW)的预测模型,选择拟合度最好的3个模型作为LA、SFW和DW的预测模型,这3个模型分别为:LA=–22.995+5.322W+0.322L2(R=0.972)、SFW=0.459+0.000 034 1LWS(R=0.964)和DW=–0.064+0.016W+0.000 048 4LS(R=0.955);并用实测值对模型进行了验证。结果表明,LA、SFW和DW的预测值与实测值均高度一致(R20.9,P0.001),故可用于对实际未知叶片LA、SFW和DW的预测。该研究可为简化植物性状测定提供参考。     

光合单位的周转率与叶片光合速率的关系

利用闪光技术,测得若干高等植物叶片的光合单位为 1450～2050 Chl/CO_2。在含O_2 2％及CO_2浓度和光通量密度都饱和的条件下,测得叶片的连续光合速率为25～70μmol CO_2 m~(-2) s~(-1)。从上述数据及叶片叶绿素含量计算,得叶片光合单位的周转率已达80～160次/s。这样的周转速率与Emerson当初用改变闪光间暗间隔而测到的光合单位周转时间相似(即<10 ms/次,或>100次/s),从而证实了光合单位的周转与光合速率直接有关。这样的速率可称之为叶片光合的理论速率。     

A New Model for Leaf Photosynthesis Incorporating the Gradients of Light Environment and of Photosynthetic Properties of Chloroplasts within a Leaf

A leaf photosynthesis model was constructed based upon the notionthat the leaf photosynthesis is a summation of photosynthesisof each chloroplast under in situ micro-environmental conditions.Intra-leaf light environment was calculated using the valuesof transmittance and reflectance of leaf tissues reported previously.Simulations of light response curves of whole leaf photosynthesiswere carried out for the model leaves with different patternsof gradients in light environment and/or in photosynthetic activities.The results indicate that the higher absorption coefficientof chlorophyll in spongy tissue than in palisade tissue andintra-leaf vertical gradient in photosynthetic activity of thechloroplasts as reported for real dorsiventral leaves are bothadvantageous to the productivity of the leaf because these propertiesraise the efficiency of the light utilization. Intra-leaf light environment, leaf photosynthesis, light utilization, palisade tissue, photosynthetic productivity, spongy tissue     

Comparative Studies on Relationships Between Proline Accumulation and Photosynthesis,Respiration and Chlorophyll Content of Some Plant Species in the Middle Part of the Desert Zone in China

The proline content of mesophytes, less-succulent xerophytes and succulent xerophytes were 0.42, 1.73 and 7.22 mg／g·dw·h respectively. The latter is 17 and 4 times both of the formers. The proline content of xerophytes-both succulent and less-succulent, under non-irrigation condition was higher than that under irrigation condition. The photosynthetic rates of less-succulent and succulent xerophytes were 16.74 and 14.04 CO2 mg／g·dw·h respectively, without clear difference between them. The photosynthetic rate of mesophyte (37.57 CO2 mg／g·dw·h) was more than 2 times that of two types of xerophytes. The respiratory rate of less-succulent xerophytes, succulent xerophytes and mesophytes were 6.27, 4.73 and 7.60 CO2 mg／g·dw·h respectively. The ratios of photosynthetic rate to respiratory rate in less-succulent xerophytes, succulent xerophytes and mesophytes were 2.50, 3.09 and 4.59 CO2 mg／g·dw·h respectively. This fact indicated that the carbon assimilatory process of mesophyte was evidently higher than the respiratory process for all the two types of plants. There was no obvious difference between the total contents of chlorophyll in the three types of plants.     

Application of a Coupled Photosynthesis–Stomatal Conductance Model to Analysis of Carbon Assimilation by Spruce and Larch Trees in the Forests of Russia

Photosynthetic activities of common spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr) Rupr ex Kuzen) were analyzed on the basis of datasets obtained for 110- to 130-year-old forest stands in Middle Russia and East Siberia. Using a Li-Cor 6200 gas analyzer, photosynthesis was measured in parallel with transpiration, stomatal conductance, CO₂ concentrations in ambient air and intercellular spaces, the photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and air humidity. The data were examined within the framework of a biochemical model of photosynthesis of Farquhar et al. [1] in combination with the stomatal conductance model proposed by Jarvis [2]. The species-specific differences in carbon assimilation rates were discovered, and dependences of photosynthesis on the needle age, light regime, and growth conditions were revealed. The model parameters obtained were used to simulate the photosynthetic rates in spruce and larch trees at various weather conditions.