应用多重竞争性PCR联合毛细管电泳技术进行脊髓性肌萎缩症携带者筛查

脊髓性肌萎缩症(spinalmuscularatrophy,SMA)是一种常染色体隐性遗传、儿童致死性神经系统疾病。SMA致病基因为运动神经元存活基因(survival motor neuron1, SMN1)。虽然检测SMN1基因拷贝数的方法众多,但目前适于大规模人群筛查的技术较少。为寻求一种快速准确的实验技术可以用于人群中SMA携带者的大规模筛查,了解区域人群携带情况及常见变异的分布,本研究应用多重竞争性PCR联合毛细管电泳技术检测12例SMA患者及其父母SMN1基因拷贝数,同时对江苏地区151例健康孕妇人群SMN1基因进行拷贝数检测,并通过多重连接依赖探针扩增(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, MLPA)技术验证检测结果。多重竞争性PCR联合毛细管电泳技术结果与MLPA结果一致,显示12例SMA患者均为SMN1基因零拷贝,其父母的SMN1基因拷贝数均为单拷贝,151例健康人群中检测出SMN1基因单拷贝3例(即SMA携带者),占2.0%;SMN1基因双拷贝134例,占88.7%;SMN1基因大于双拷贝14例,占9.3...     

新生儿筛查发现的非综合征型耳聋病例及其家系进行GJB2基因全编码区变异分析

通过对温州地区新生儿听力筛查发现的遗传性非综合征型耳聋病例及其家系进行GJB2(gap junction beta 2)基因全编码区变异分析,寻找致聋GJB2基因突变,探讨GJB2基因复合变异的致聋性。该研究通过提取21个家系先证者及其57个家系成员的外周血基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增GJB2基因的全编码序列,扩增产物经限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)初步筛查235del C,然后对扩增产物进行DNA测序,并进一步对序列变异进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,21个非综合征型耳聋家系中,7个家系确诊是GJB2基因突变所致,GJB2致聋基因突变类型包括235del C纯合、299-300del AT+109GA复合杂合。还发现2个家系的GJB2基因变异可能致聋,分别为79GA+109GA+341AG复合杂合、79GA纯合+558GA杂合。但结果显示,79GA+341AG复合杂合或复合纯合、235del C+79GA复合杂合一般不足以致聋。以上结果表明,GJB2基因复合变异在非综合征型耳聋病例中常见。某些GJB2基因变异是否致聋具有明显遗传异质性。多态性变异的多重复合有时可能致聋。遗传背景和(或)环境因素可能参与GJB2基因变异的致聋性。     

黔北人群TGFα基因多态性与非综合征性唇腭裂的相关性研究

本研究旨在探讨黔北地区人群TGFα基因3个SNP位点的多态性及其与非综合征性唇腭裂的相关性。采用PCR和测序方法对86个对照儿童(其中核心家系41例)和116个NSCL/P儿童(其中核心家系52例)的TGFα基因rs11466297、rs473698和rs115055578 3个SNP位点进行扩增和测序;对样本群体进行Hardy-weinberg平衡检测,对2组人群进行基因型频率、等位基因频率比较及OR分析;对病例组核心家系进行HHRR和TDT检验。对照组与病例组人群rs11466297基因型均为AA野生型,rs473698位点包含GG型、GC型和CC型,rs115055578位点基因型均为GG野生型。对于rs473698位点,对照组和病例组均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡法则(p>0.05),2组人群的基因型和等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义(p<0.05);rs473698位点未发现传递不平衡现象(p>0.05)。黔北地区人群TGFα基因rs11466297和rs115055578位点以野生纯合型为主,rs473698位点具有多态性,但其多态性与黔北地区人群区非综合征性唇腭裂的发生可能没有相关性。     

中国北方人群谷胱甘肽转硫酶P1基因多态性及其与胃癌遗传易感性的关系

为了分析中国北方人群谷胱甘肽转硫酶P1基因(glutathione-S-transferase P1, GSTP1)多态性分布, 同时探讨GSTP1基因多态性及其与幽门螺杆菌(H. pylori)既往感染联合作用对胃癌发病风险的影响, 采用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测1,612例外周血DNA GSTP1的多态性; 采用ELISA方法检测血清H. pylori IgG。结果显示, (1) 中国北方人群GSTP1基因Val等位基因分布频率为22%, 胃癌高、低发区GSTP1 Val等位基因分布频率有显著性差异(0.23/0.20); (2) 以Ile/Ile基因型为参照组与其他两种基因型比较进行胃癌的风险分析, 结果显示携带Val/Val基因型的个体患胃癌的危险性最大, 其OR为5.588 (3.256 ~ 9.591); 携带Val等位基因的个体患胃癌危险性是非携带Val等位基因个体的1.587倍; (3) 以H. pylori IgG(-)并携带GSTP1基因纯合野生型(Ile/ Ile)的个体为参照, H. pylori IgG(+)并携带纯合多态基因型(Val/Val)的个体患胃癌的风险最高, OR为17.571(6.207 ~ 49.742)。说明GSTP1 Val等位基因的分布存在人群及地区差异。携带GSTP1 Val等位基因的个体胃癌发病风险增高。GSTP1 Val等位基因纯合型与H. pylori感染对于胃癌的发生具有交互作用。     

心脏肌球蛋白重链基因c.1273G>A突变与肥厚型心肌病的关联分析

为研究中国人家族性肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的致病基因突变位点, 分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系, 文章在1个中国汉族HCM家系中进行心脏肌钙蛋白T (TNNT2) 基因、心脏肌球蛋白结合蛋白C (MYBPC3) 基因和心脏β-肌球蛋白重链 (MYH7) 基因的突变筛查, 聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增基因功能区外显子片段并对PCR产物进行测序分析。结果表明: 在该家系接受调查的7名成员中有4名成员携带MYH7基因c.1273G>A杂合突变, 该突变位点位于MYH7基因的14号外显子并使425位的甘氨酸(Gly)转换为精氨酸(Arg)。该突变首次在国内HCM家系中发现, 突变携带者的临床表型在家系内部呈现明显的异质性。该家系成员TNNT2及MYBPC3基因未发现突变且正常对照组相同位置未发现异常。MYH7基因是我国家族性 HCM的致病基因之一, 携带c.1273G>A突变的肥厚型心肌病患者临床表型差异明显, 提示可能有其它因素参与了肥厚型心肌病的发展过程。     

心脏肌球蛋白重链基因c.1273G〉A突变与肥厚型心肌病的关联分析

为研究中国人家族性肥厚型心肌病(HCM)的致病基因突变位点,分析基因型与临床表型的相互关系,文章在1个中国汉族HCM家系中进行心脏肌钙蛋白T(TNNT2)基因、心脏肌球蛋白结合蛋白C(MYBPC3)基因和心脏β-肌球蛋白重链(MYH7)基因的突变筛查,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增基因功能区外显子片段并对PCR产物进行测序分析.结果表明:在该家系接受调查的7名成员中有4名成员携带MYH7基因c.1273G>A杂合突变,该突变位点位于MYH7基因的14号外显子并使425位的甘氨酸(Gly)转换为精氨酸(Arg).该突变首次在国内HCM家系中发现,突变携带者的临床表型在家系内部呈现明显的异质性.该家系成员TNNT2及MYBPC3基因未发现突变且正常对照组相同位置未发现异常.MYH7基因是我国家族性HCM的致病基因之一,携带c.1273G>A突变的肥厚型心肌病患者临床表型差异明显,提示可能有其它因素参与了肥厚型心肌病的发展过程.     

CYP1A1基因单核苷酸多态性与肺癌的相关性研究

目的:探讨代谢酶CYP1A1基因MspI位点多态性与新疆汉族人群肺癌遗传易感性之间的相关性.方法:应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)技术检测59例新疆汉族肺癌和84例新疆汉族健康人的CYP1A1基因MspI位点多态性分布频率,并分析了CYP1A1基因MspI位点多态性与新疆汉族人群肺癌遗传易感性和患者性别之间的相关性.结果:(1)CYP1A1基因MspI位点3种多态基因型分布频率在两组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.682,P=0.035),CC基因型在病例组的分布频率显著高于正常对照组.(2)携带突变CC基因型的个体较携带TT基因型的个体患肺癌的危险性增加(OR=3.759.95%CI=1.228-11.494,P=0.035).(3)男女肺癌患者的CYP1A1基因MspI位点基因型及等位基因频率的差异均无显著性(P>0.05).结论:(1)CC突变基因型可能是新疆汉族人群的肺癌易感因素.(2)CYP1A1基因MspI位点多态性可能与新疆汉族肺癌患者的性别无关.     

线粒体DNA G7444A突变可能影响A1555G突变的表型表达

线粒体12S rRNA和tRNASer(UCN) 基因是导致非综合征型听力损失的两个突变热点区域。作者收集了1个母系遗传感音神经性聋家系, 该家系同时携带线粒体DNA (mtDNA) A1555G和G7444A突变。临床资料分析表明, 该家系包括药物致聋的耳聋外显率(所有耳聋患者/所有母系成员)为58%, 而非药物致聋的耳聋外显率(非药物性聋患者/所有母系成员)为25%, 明显高于其他携带A1555G突变的耳聋家系。先证者的线粒体全序列分析表明, 该线粒体基因组共有28个多态位点, 属于东亚人群B4c1单体型。在这些多态位点中, 除A1555G和G7444A突变外, 未发现其他有功能意义的突变。这表明mtDNA G7444A突变可能加重由A1555G突变造成的线粒体功能缺失, 从而增加耳聋的外显率。     

中国北方汉族人群核呼吸因子-1基因+141G/T单核苷酸多态与冠心病发病的关联研究

目的:本研究旨在探讨IRF-1基因+141 G/T单核苷酸多态位点与中国北方汉族人群冠心病发病的相关关系。方法:本研究采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性对经过冠脉造影证实的冠状动脉有一条主要分支狭窄大于70%的675例冠心病患者和经过冠状动脉造影证实冠状动脉狭窄小于20%或完全正常的636例对照患者进行检验检,分析核呼吸因子IRF-1基因+141G/T单核苷酸多态位点的基因型和等位基因频率在两组间的分布情况。结果:核呼吸因子IRF-1基因+141 G/T单核苷酸多态位点三种基因型(GG型,GT型和TT型)在中国北方汉族人群冠心病组的分布频率分别为53.8%,36.2%和10.1%,在对照组的分布频率分别为45.6%,46.2%和8.2%,核呼吸因子IRF-1基因+141 G/T单核苷酸多态位点的基因型和等位基因频率分布在对照组和冠心病组之间存在统计学差异(P0.05)。Logistic回归分别校正冠心病的其他危险因素性别、年龄、体重指数、吸烟、高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病等后,核呼吸因子IRF-1基因+141 G/T单核苷酸多态位点与中国北方汉族人群的冠心病的发病存在相关关系(P0.05)。结论:核呼吸因子IRF-1基因+141 G/T单核苷酸多态与中国北方汉族人群冠心病的发病存在相关关系,IRF-1基因+141 G/T多态可能是中国北方汉族人群冠心病发病的独立危险因子。     

LALBA基因SNP与内蒙古白绒山羊经济性状的关联

利用PCR-SSCP和DNA测序技术检测452份内蒙古白绒山羊α-乳白蛋白(LALBA)基因单核苷酸多态性(SNP), 并分析SNP与产绒量、绒厚、绒长和体重性状的关联。结果表明, 仅P2引物位点存在SSCP多态, 其外显子3区域存在1个突变位点: M63868:g.1897T>C。内蒙古白绒山羊群体LALBA基因M63868:g.1897位点以TT型为主, T等位基因频率为0.983, 且处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P>0.05)。方差分析表明, LALBA基因M63868:g.1897位点多态仅与产绒量存在显著相关(P=0.017); 1897位点TC基因型个体产绒量比TT基因型个体多产绒142.68 g, 高26.21%, 且差异显著(P<0.05)。因此, TC基因型可作为山羊产绒性状标记辅助选择的有效DNA标记。     

A single strand conformation polymorphism-based carrier test for spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a newborn prevalence of 1 in 10,000, and a carrier frequency of 1 in 40-60 individuals. The SMA locus has been mapped to chromosome 5q11.2-13. The disease is caused by a deletion of the SMN gene, often encompassing other genes and microsatellite markers. The SMN gene is present in two highly homologous copies, SMN1 and SMN2, differing at five nucleotide positions. Only homozygous SMN1 mutations cause the disease. The sequence similarity between the SMN1 and SMN2 genes can make molecular diagnosis and carrier identification difficult. We developed a sensitive and reliable molecular test for SMN1 carrier identification, by setting up a nonradioactive single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)-based method, which allows for the quantification of the amount of the SMN1 gene product with respect to a control gene. The assay was validated in 56 obligate (ascertained) carriers and 20 (ascertained) noncarriers. The sensitivity of the test is 96.4%, and its specificity, 98%. In addition, 6 of 7 SMA patients without homozygous deletions presented with a heterozygous deletion, suggesting a concomitant undetected point mutation on the nondeleted SMN1 allele. Therefore, the present test is effective for detecting compound hemizygote patients, for testing carriers in SMA families, and for screening for SMA heterozygotes in the general population.     

Detection of spinal muscular atrophy carriers by nested polymerase chain reaction of single sperm cells

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 40. Approximately 95% of patients have homozygous deletions of exon 7 and/or 8 of the SMN1 gene. Carrier testing for SMA is relatively complex and requires quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA to determine SMN1 copy number. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of carrier testing for SMA in males, by nested PCR analysis of SMN1 deletions in single sperm cells. A nested PCR method was developed to amplify SMN1 exon 7 in single cells. Restriction enzyme digestion with DraI was used to differentiate between the highly homologous SMN1 and SMN2 genes. Single sperm cells from five known SMA carriers and six noncarriers were analyzed. Among the five carriers, a total of 132 single sperm cells were analyzed and SMN1 exon 7 deletion was detected in 68 cells (51.5%). In contrast, among the six noncarriers, a total of 136 single sperm cells were analyzed. Of these, an apparent SMN1 exon 7 deletion was detected in four sperm cells. This was interpreted as an allele dropout (ADO) rate of 2.9%. We conclude that nested PCR of SMN1 exon 7 is an accurate and reproducible method for detection of SMA male carriers with a SMN1 deletion.     

Genetic testing and risk assessment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases, affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 live births, and with a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 50. Because of gene deletion or conversion, SMN1 exon 7 is homozygously absent in approximately 94% of patients with clinically typical SMA. Approximately 30 small intragenic SMN1 mutations have also been described. These mutations are present in many of the approximately 6% of SMA patients who do not lack both copies of SMN1, whereas SMA of other patients without a homozygous absence of SMN1 is unrelated to SMN1. A commonly used polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay can be used to detect a homozygous absence of SMN1 exon 7. SMN gene dosage analyses, which can determine the copy numbers of SMN1 and SMN2 (an SMN1 homolog and a modifier for SMA), have been developed for SMA carrier testing and to confirm that SMN1 is heterozygously absent in symptomatic individuals who do not lack both copies of SMN1. In conjunction with SMN gene dosage analysis, linkage analysis remains an important component of SMA genetic testing in certain circumstances. Genetic risk assessment is an essential and integral component of SMA genetic testing and impacts genetic counseling both before and after genetic testing is performed. Comprehensive SMA genetic testing, comprising PCR-RFLP assay, SMN gene dosage analysis, and linkage analysis, combined with appropriate genetic risk assessment and genetic counseling, offers the most complete evaluation of SMA patients and their families at this time. New technologies, such as haploid analysis techniques, may be widely available in the future.     

Molecular analysis of survival motor neuron (SMN) and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes of spinal muscular atrophy patients and their parents

We have assayed deletions of two candidate genes for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the survival motor neuron (SMN) and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes, in 101 patients from 86 Chinese SMA families. Deletions of exons 7 and 8 of the telomeric SMN gene were detected in 100%, 78.6%, 96.6%, and 16.7%, in type I, II, III, and adult-onset SMA patients, respectively. Deletion of exon 7 only was found in eight type II and one type III patient. One type II patient did not have a deletion of either exon 7 or 8. The prevalence of deletions of exons 5 and 6 of the NAIP gene were 22.5% and 2.4% in type I and II SMA patients, respectively. We also examined four polymorphisms of SMN genes and found that there were only two, SMN-2 and ^CBCD541-2, in Chinese subjects. In our study, analysis of the ratio of the telomeric to centromeric portion (T/C ratio) of the SMN gene after enzyme digestion was performed to differentiate carriers, normals, and SMA patients. We found the T/C ratio of exon 7 of the SMN gene differed significantly among the three groups, and may be used for carrier analysis. An asymptomatic individual with homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN gene showed no difference in microsatellite markers in the SMA-related 5q11.2–5q13.3. In conclusion, SMN deletion in clinically presumed child-onset SMA should be considered as confirmation of the diagnosis. However, adult-onset SMA, a heterogeneous disease with phenotypical similarities to child-onset SMA, may be caused by SMN or other gene(s). Received: 13 November 1996 / Accepted: 13 May 1997     

Deletions in the SMN gene in infantile and adult spinal muscular atrophy patients from the same family

Recently, a gene determining spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), termed survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, has been isolated from the 5g13 region. This gene has been found to be deleted in most patients with childhood-onset SMA. We have studied the SMN gene in a clinically heterogeneous family, including one patient affected by infantile chronic SMA and three subjects with mild adult-onset muscle weakness. Deletions in the SMN gene were detected in all of these patients, indicating that the childhood and adult SMAs are genetically homogeneous in this family. Genotyping of the family members established that the three mildly affected individuals were homozygous for the same haplotype from the SMA region, whereas the more severely affected patient was heterozygous with one different haplotype.     

Genetisches Modell der autosomal-rezessiv erblichen proximalen spinalen Muskelatrophie

Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases. According to the achieved milestones, SMA is divided into 3 groups: SMA types I–III. SMA is caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which is located on chromosome 5. Wild type alleles usually have one or two SMN1 gene copies, disease alleles may show deletions, large scale deletions, or point mutations. The proposed genetic model is based on published data on SMA types I–III. The complex genetic model of SMA allows all parameters—even those which have not been assessed so far—to be calculated. The SMN1 allele frequencies included the following: normal allele b (1 copy of SMN1): ≈?0.9527; normal allele c (2 copies of SMN1): ≈?0.0362; deletion a (0 copies of SMN1): ≈?0.0104; point mutation d (1 copy of SMN1): ≈?0.0003; large scale deletion g (0 copies of SMN1): ≈?0.0004. The result is a gene frequency of approximately 1:90 and a carrier frequency of about 1:46.     

Genetic carrier screening for spinal muscular atrophy and spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1 in an isolated population in Israel

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness. It is caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA with respiratory distress 1 (SMARD1), an uncommon variant of infantile SMA also inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, is caused by mutations in the immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) gene. We carried out genetic carrier screening among the residents of an isolated Israeli Arab village with a high frequency of SMA in order to identify carriers of SMA type I and SMARD1. During 2006, 168 women were tested for SMA, of whom 13.1% were found to be carriers. Of 111 women tested for SMARD1, 9.9% were found to be carriers. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in one couple where both spouses were carriers of SMARD1; the fetus was found to be affected, and the pregnancy was terminated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the establishment of a large-scale carrier-screening program for SMA and SMARD1 in an isolated population. SMA has a carrier frequency of 1:33-1:60 in most populations and should be considered for inclusion in a population-based genetic-screening program.     

Prenatal diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy in Macedonian families

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder of childhood, affecting approximately 1 in 6,000-10,000 births, with a carrier frequency of 1 in 40-60. There is no effective cure or treatment for this disease. Thus, the availability of prenatal testing is important. The aim of this study was to establish an efficient and rapid method for prenatal diagnosis of SMA and genetic counseling in families with risk for having a child with SMA. In this paper we present the results from prenatal diagnosis in Macedonian SMA families using direct analysis of fetal DNA. The probands of these families were previously found to be homozygous for a deletion of exons 7 and 8 of SMN1 gene. DNA obtained from chorionic villas samples and amniocytes was analyzed for deletions in SMN gene. SMN exon 7 and 8 deletion analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP). Of the 12 prenatal diagnoses, DNA analysis showed normal results in eight fetuses. Four of the fetuses were homozygote for a deletion of exons 7 and 8 of SMN1. After genetic counseling, the parents of the eight normal fetuses decided to continue the pregnancy, while in the four families with affected fetuses, the pregnancy was terminated. The results were confirmed after birth.     

Quantitative Analyses of SMN1 and SMN2 Based on Real-Time LightCycler PCR: Fast and Highly Reliable Carrier Testing and Prediction of Severity of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive disorder in humans, caused by homozygous absence of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1). SMN2, a copy gene, influences the severity of SMA and may be used in somatic gene therapy of patients with SMA in the future. We present a new, fast, and highly reliable quantitative test, based on real-time LightCycler PCR that amplifies either SMN1 or SMN2. The SMN1 copies were determined and validated in 329 carriers and controls. The specificity of the test is 100%, whereas the sensitivity is 96.2%. The quantitative analysis of SMN2 copies in 375 patients with type I, type II, or type III SMA showed a significant correlation between SMN2 copy number and type of SMA as well as duration of survival. Thus, 80% of patients with type I SMA carry one or two SMN2 copies, and 82% of patients with type II SMA carry three SMN2 copies, whereas 96% of patients with type III SMA carry three or four SMN2 copies. Among 113 patients with type I SMA, 9 with one SMN2 copy lived <11 mo, 88/94 with two SMN2 copies lived <21 mo, and 8/10 with three SMN2 copies lived 33-66 mo. On the basis of SMN2 copy number, we calculated the posterior probability that a child with homozygous absence of SMN1 will develop type I, type II, or type III SMA.