宫腔镜下甲氨蝶呤注入输卵管保守治疗非破裂型输卵管妊娠的疗效观察

目的探讨宫腔镜下甲氨蝶呤注入输卵管保守治疗非破裂型输卵管妊娠的临床疗效。方法对34例确诊为非破裂型输卵管妊娠,且包块直径≤4 cm,血β-HCG〈2 000 IU,无腹腔积液的病例,行宫腔镜下将MTX 40 mg注入输卵管;动态观察患者血HCG变化,定期复查彩超,观察包块变化情况。结果32例治愈,治愈率94.12%。其中有1例疗程结束后1周复查血β-HCG〉1000 u/L,追加用药后成功;失败2例,均因治疗期间腹痛加剧出现内出血征象而转行手术治疗,内出血分别为700 ml、480 ml,转腹腔镜手术,恢复良好。结论宫腔镜下甲氨蝶呤注入输卵管保守治疗非破裂型输卵管妊娠具有损伤小、避免开腹手术等优点,值得临床推广。     

Failed medical management in ovarian pregnancy despite favorable prognostic factors--a case report

Primary ovarian pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy that must be demonstrated with use of 4 Spiegelberg criteria. It is usually diagnosed at laparotomy or laparoscopy, although it may resemble a hemorrhagic corpus luteum. Successful conservative management of ovarian pregnancy with methotrexate has been reported only occasionally. This may be partly because of the rarity of this condition and partly because when medical treatment is successful, the patient does not need to undergo laparotomy or laparoscopy, and an occasional ovarian pregnancy may have been diagnosed as a tubal pregnancy. We present a case of ovarian pregnancy (diagnosed at laparotomy) for which initial medical management with methotrexate failed despite favorable prognostic factors. Whether the unusual location (ovary) could have contributed toward treatment failure is unknown.     

输卵管妊娠腹腔镜根治术后持续性异位妊娠原因分析及对策

目的探讨输卵管妊娠腹腔镜根治术后持续性异位妊娠发生的原因,以寻求针对性的处理方法。方法回顾分析我院2007年1月至2009年1月670例输卵管妊娠患者行腹腔镜下输卵管切除术,术后发生持续性异位妊娠共6例。结果4例采用药物保守治疗成功,2例保守治疗无效行手术治疗后成功。结论在手术过程中尽量避免输卵管妊娠物直接经Troca钳夹取出,防止残留于Troca、勺状钳、冲洗棒头端等操作器械上的绒毛组织再次带入腹腔,可能有助于有效阻断持续性异位妊娠的形成。     

腹腔镜下输卵管妊娠的保守性手术治疗

目的:分析腹腔镜下保守性手术治疗输卵管妊娠的疗效及临床应用价值。方法:对2009年1月～2011年12月就诊于本院妇产科的80例输卵管妊娠患者进行腹腔镜下输卵管开窗术及挤压法清除输卵管妊娠胚胎,患侧输卵管系膜下注射甲氨蝶呤(MTX)50mg及稀释垂体后叶素3IU。结果:80例输卵管妊娠患者腹腔镜下的保守手术均取得成功,均顺利保留了输卵管。无中转开腹的病例,术后未发现有并发症的患者,有2例发生持续性异位妊娠。手术所需时间为(52±14)min,手术过程中出血量(28±16)mL,术后住院天数平均5.5 d。术后输卵管通畅率达88.75%。结论:腹腔镜下行保守手术保留生育功能,手术所需时间短、术中出血量少,术后恢复快。     

Prostaglandin versus expectant management in early tubal pregnancy.

Since ectopic pregnancy may terminate in spontaneous recovery we compared treatment by means of prostaglandin (PG) application with expectant management in laparoscopically verified tubal gestations. Twelve patients received local and systemic PG, 4 patients were treated with sodium chloride and in 7 patients laparoscopy was discontinued without medical therapy. The comparison between the PG group and the placebo groups revealed a highly significant difference with regard to a subsequent necessary surgical intervention and hospitalisation. Expectant management may only be recommended in very selected cases, whereas PG treatment seems to produce favourable results in cases of early tubal pregnancy.     

Teratogen update: methotrexate

Methotrexate and aminopterin are folic acid antagonists that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in a block in the synthesis of thymidine and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Methotrexate has been used for the treatment of malignancy, rheumatic disorders, and psoriasis and termination of intrauterine pregnancy. Recently, methotrexate has become a standard treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The misdiagnosis of an intrauterine pregnancy as an ectopic pregnancy can result in exposure of a continuing pregnancy to dose levels of methotrexate of 50 mg/m(2) (maternal body surface area). Experimental animal studies have associated methotrexate therapy with embryo death in mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys. Structural malformations have been most consistently produced in rabbits at a maternal dose level of 19.2 mg/kg. Abnormalities in rabbits include hydrocephalus, microphthalmia, cleft lip and palate, micrognathia, dysplastic sacral and caudal vertebrate, phocomelia, hemimelia, syndactyly, and ectrodactyly. Based on human case reports of methotrexate exposure during pregnancy, a methotrexate embryopathy has been described that includes growth deficiency, microcephaly, hypoplasia of skull bones, wide fontanels, coronal or lambdoidal craniosynostosis, upswept frontal scalp hair, broad nasal bridge, shallow supraorbital ridges, prominent eyes, low-set ears, maxillary hypoplasia, epicanthal folds, short limbs, talipes, hypodactyly, and syndactyly. This syndrome may be associated with exposures between 6 and 8 weeks after conception and dose levels of 10 mg/week or greater. More recent case reports of methotrexate exposure for the misdiagnosis of ectopic pregnancy involve treatment before 6 weeks after conception and have raised the suggestion of a distinct syndrome due to such early exposures. Tetralogy of Fallot and perhaps other neural crest cell-related abnormalities may be features of this early syndrome. A disproportionality analysis of methotrexate and aminopterin case reports and series provides support for pulmonary atresia, craniosynostosis, and limb deficiencies as reported more often than expected in methotrexate-exposed children. Denominator-based data will be welcome to better define elements of a methotrexate embryopathy and possibly to distinguish an early exposure syndrome from anomalies traditionally associated with methotrexate exposure.     

输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况及其影响因素分析

目的:总结输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况,并分析其影响因素。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年1月于我院行输卵管妊娠手术的86例患者作为研究对象,回顾性分析所有患者的临床及随访资料,记录并总结所有患者年龄、孕次、产次、月经史、不孕史、血人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)水平、妊娠部位、手术情况、避孕方式以及疾病史等和术后重复性异位妊娠发生情况,并比较不同特征患者术后重复性异位妊娠的发生率,分析影响输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况的影响因素。结果:至随访结束,86例输卵管妊娠手术患者术后出现重复性异位妊娠者22例,发生率为25.58%;年龄越大、孕、产次越多、HCG水平越高、存在不孕史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、盆腔感染史以及开腹手术、双侧输卵管粘连及闭锁和长期放置宫内节育器进行避孕的患者其输卵管妊娠术后重复性异位妊娠发生率均明显较高(P0.05);经多因素Logistic回归模型分析可得存在不孕史、盆腔感染史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、输卵管双侧粘连及闭锁以及开腹手术是输卵管妊娠手术患者术后重复性异位妊娠发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠不可忽视,而对于存在不孕史、盆腔感染史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、输卵管双侧粘连及闭锁以及开腹手术的输卵管妊娠手术患者则应及时治疗不孕症,尽可能选择腹腔镜手术来降低患者术后重复性异位妊娠,以此提高患者术后生育能力。     

腹腔镜与宫腔镜联合治疗临床不孕不育症的疗效与价值研究

目的探讨腹腔镜与宫腔镜联合应用治疗临床不孕不育症的疗效与价值。方法随机选取我院治疗的临床不孕不育症患者78例为研究对象,按抽签顺序分为两组各39例。对照组采用传统开腹手术治疗,观察组采用腹腔镜联合宫腔镜治疗,比较两组患者手术治疗后输卵管畅通、宫内妊娠率以及临床疗效。结果与对照组比较,观察组术后输卵管通畅、宫内妊娠率明显提高,异位妊娠发生率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者的临床疗效明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜联合宫腔镜治疗不孕不育症的效果显著,可提高输卵管通畅率及宫内妊娠率。     

Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis is frequently effective, even if re-employed after a previous failure

Effectiveness of therapy with individual disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is limited, and the number of available DMARDs is finite. Therefore, at some stage during the lengthy course of RA, institution of traditional DMARDs that have previously been applied may have to be reconsidered. In the present study we investigated the effectiveness of re-employed methotrexate in patients with a history of previous methotrexate failure (original course). A total of 1,490 RA patients (80% female, 59% rheumatoid factor positive) were followed from their first presentation, yielding a total of 6,470 patient-years of observation. We identified patients in whom methotrexate was re-employed after at least one intermittent course of a different DMARD. We compared reasons for discontinuation, improvement in acute phase reactants, and cumulative retention rates of methotrexate therapy between the original course of methotrexate and its re-employment. Similar analyses were peformed for other DMARDs. Methotrexate was re-employed in 86 patients. Compared with the original courses, re-employment was associated with a reduced risk for treatment termination because of ineffectiveness (P = 0.02, by McNemar test), especially if the maximum methotrexate dose of the original course had been low (<12.5 mg/week; P = 0.02, by logistic regression). In a Cox regression model, re-employed MTX was associated with a significantly reduced hazard of treatment termination compared with the original course of methotrexate, adjusting for dose and year of employment (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.42-0.97; P = 0.04). These findings were not recapitulated in analyses of re-employment of other DMARDs. Re-employment of MTX despite prior inefficacy, but not re-employment of other DMARDs, is an effective therapeutic option, especially in those patients in whom the methotrexate dose of the original course was low.     

Parenteral nutrition use at a university hospital. Factors associated with inappropriate use.

To evaluate the appropriateness of parenteral nutrition in hospital inpatients, we retrospectively reviewed the medical record of every third consecutive patient receiving parenteral nutrition admitted to a university hospital over 10 months. Of 186 patients, 71 (38%) were given this nutritional support for 7 days or fewer (short-term use). Patients who received it exclusively through peripheral catheters were more likely to receive it short term. Among 72 patients receiving it perioperatively, those who were given support for uncomplicated surgical procedures or procedures complicated by postoperative ileus were more likely to receive it short term. We conclude that a substantial amount of parenteral nutrition use results in brief durations of support for conditions that are uncomplicated or self-limited. We have identified factors associated with this inappropriate use. A prospective consideration of these data could lead to the better use of this expensive form of nutritional support.     

经输卵管注药介入治疗慢性盆腔炎性疼痛及阻塞性不孕的路径探讨和疗效观察

目的为探索治疗慢性盆腔痛及不孕的理想方法,本文尝试通过输卵管注药介入治疗盆腔炎性后遗症等疼痛疾病及输卵管阻塞性不孕,观察其疗效并对输卵管这条自身路径进一步拓宽利用进行实践论证。方法应用NCI—I型数字化输卵管通液诊断治疗仪对56例盆腔炎性等疼痛、伴有不孕或计划妊娠的患者结合超声监测通液诊断,根据输卵管通畅程度分别给予盆腔注药或输卵管疏通后介入治疗。结果56例盆腔疼痛患者仅有19例输卵管通畅,37例输卵管阻塞（不全阻塞25例,11例不通）,占66．1％。治疗后通畅组盆腔疼痛消失16例,治愈率为84．2％;不全阻塞组疼痛减轻20例,好转率为76．9％,其中14例患者输卵管得以疏通;不通组45．5％（5／11）病情好转,输卵管疏通率为63。6％（7／11）;通畅组疼痛治愈率明显高于不全阻塞和不通组（P〈0．05）。盆腔炎性疼痛治愈率和输卵管疏通率分别为45．5％和82．4％,内异症等疼痛组为13．0％和65.0％,后者虽不及前者理想（P〈0．05）,但确有60．9％患者疼痛好转。本文输卵管阻塞疏通率为72．9％,慢性盆腔疼痛治疗有效率达87．5％。结论输卵管是一条与生俱来的自身生理通道,可拓宽利用诊治盆腔疾病。NCI—I型数字化输卵管通液诊断治疗仪盆腔注药介入治疗是一种准确易行、安全无创、科学有效的诊治盆腔炎性等疾病的方法。实践证明,疏通这条路径不仅在阻塞性输卵管不孕方面起到了至关重要的临床作用,对治疗盆腔炎性后遗症等慢性盆腔疼痛疾病也有较高的研究价值,值得进一步探索和应用,并有广阔的前景和发展空间。     

宫腔镜联合腹腔镜治疗输卵管性不孕的临床研究

目的:探讨宫腔镜联合腹腔镜治疗输卵管性不孕的临床效果,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选择2011年1月~2013年1月因输卵管性不孕在我院妇产科就诊的患者共120例,依据手术方法平均分为A组(宫腔镜)、B组(腹腔镜)、C组(宫腔镜联合腹腔镜)和D组(开腹手术),对比各组患者手术情况(手术时间、术中出血量和住院天数)、术后输卵管再通率和术后妊娠率。结果:A、B、C、D组手术时间、术中出血量、及住院天数依次增加,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);C组患者术后输卵管再通率、妊娠率均显著高于A组、B组、D组(均P0.05)。结论:宫腔镜联合腹腔镜治疗输卵管性不孕,具有创伤小、术后恢复快、输卵管再通率、妊娠率高的优点,值得推广应用。     

Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Acute Cholecystitis after Successful Percutaneous Cholecystostomy Treatment and the Risk Factors for Recurrence: A Decade Experience at a Single Center

Background

Percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PCT) has been effectively used for the treatment of acute cholecystitis (AC) for patients unsuitable for early cholecystectomy. This retrospective study investigated the recurrence rate after successful PCT treatment and factors associated with recurrence.

Methods

We reviewed patients treated with PCT for AC from October 2004 through December 2013. Patients with successful PCT treatment were those who were free from persistent PCT drainage. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis sequentially to identify factors associated with each outcome.

Results

The study included 184 patients (mean age: 70.1 years). The average duration for parenteral antibiotics was 14.4 days and 20.0 days for PCT drainage. The one-year recurrence rate was 9.2% (17/184) with most recurrences occurring within two months (6.5%, 12/184) of the procedure. Complicated cholecystitis (odds ratio [OR]: 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44–15.70; P = 0.01) and PCT drainage duration >32 days (OR: 4.92; 95% CI: 1.03–23.53; P = 0.05) positively correlated with one-year recurrence; parenteral antibiotics duration >10 days (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05–0.68; P = 0.01) was inversely associated with one-year recurrence.

Conclusions

The recurrence rate was low for patients after successful PCT treatment. Predictors for recurrence included the severity of initial AC and subsequently provided treatments.     

Pregnancy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours.

To examine the possibility that cytotoxic drugs may cause sterility or congenital malformations in the offspring of women of childbearing age who are cured of cancer a study was conducted of the obstetric histories of 445 long term survivors treated in this unit with chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours between 1958 and 1978. After completing treatment 97% of those who wished for a pregnancy (49% of all women studied) conceived and 86% had at least one live birth. All these women had received methotrexate. Of the 47 women who wished to conceive and whose combination therapy included cyclophosphamide, 37 (79%) had a live birth. Women who received three or more drugs were less likely to have a live birth than those who received methotrexate alone or with only one other drug (p less than 0.001). There was no statistically significant excess of congenital malformations. These results are strong evidence that the cytotoxic drug regimens used in this unit for treating gestational trophoblastic tumours are compatible with the preservation of fertility in most women and not associated with any increase in congenital abnormalities.     

Sterilization: Canadian choices.

Significant differences in cost and safety between vasectomy and tubal ligation have been reported. For this reason the incidence of these two procedures between 1976 and 1986 was studied to obtain information upon which future policy decisions might be based. Although tubal ligation predominated in almost every province and year its rate declined by 27.6% over the study period, whereas the rate of vasectomy increased by 39.1%. When projected to 1988 the national rates for the two procedures became nearly equal; those for Quebec had become equal by 1986. Provincial differences were most marked in eastern Canada, where neighbouring provinces had the highest and the lowest rates of sterilization in the country. Given the relative economic and surgical disadvantages of tubal ligation, policymakers may wish to consider fostering an increased acceptance of vasectomy, particularly in areas where such acceptance continues to be slow.     

Survey of antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal surgery in Scotland.

The current use of prophylactic antibiotics in gastrointestinal surgery in Scotland was established by postal questionnaire. Twenty-one per cent of surgeons used prophylactic antibiotics during cholecystectomy, 49% during appendicectomy, and 95% for elective colorectal surgery. Two-thirds of those surgeons who did not provide routine antibiotic cover considered that the incidence of wound sepsis in their surgical practice was too low to merit special measures. Most surgeons using prophylaxis chose an appropriate antibiotic. The parenteral route for administration of antibiotic was used by 93% of surgeons during cholecystectomy, 29% during appendicectomy, and 45% in elective colorectal surgery. Most did not prolong cover beyond 24 hours postoperatively. This survey shows that the concepts governing the use of antibiotic prophylaxis have been absorbed into current surgical practice. Most surgeons used appropriate antibiotic regimens; many prefer the parenteral route of administration; most do not prolong cover beyond 24 hours.     

Fetal methotrexate and misoprostol exposure: the past revisited

BACKGROUND: Fetal aminopterin/methotrexate syndrome was described nearly 50 years ago when these agents were first used as abortifacients. Physicians essentially stopped using these agents when the associated anomalies were recognized. Over the last several years the use of methotrexate with or without misoprostol for management of ectopic pregnancy and medical terminations of pregnancy has increased. METHODS: A 23-year-old female sought a termination at eight weeks gestation. She was given methotrexate followed by misoprostol. RESULTS: The medical termination was unsuccessful. The patient elected to continue the pregnancy secondary to financial considerations. She presented at 39 weeks without intervening prenatal care. She was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. At delivery the infant was hypotonic and growth restricted with multiple anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians are increasingly using methotrexate with or without misoprostol for treatment of ectopic pregnancies and medical terminations. Clinicians need to be aware of the characteristic teratologic effects of these two agents.     

Comparison of the Fertility Outcome of Salpingotomy and Salpingectomy in Women with Tubal Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective

To compare the natural fertility outcomes of salpingotomy and salpingectomy among women treated for tubal pregnancy.

Methods

An online database search including PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL and Web of Science was performed to identify studies comparing salpingotomy and salpingectomy to treat women with tubal pregnancy. The search included papers published after the databases were established until May 2015. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of all of the included studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. The registration number is CRD42015017545 in PROSPERO.

Results

Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and eight cohort studies, including a total of 1,229 patients, were znalyzed. The meta-analysis of the RCT subgroup indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in IUP rates (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.89–1.21, P = 0.61) nor the repeat ectopic pregnancy (REP) rate (RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.72–2.38, P = 0.39) between the salpingotomy and salpingectomy group. In contrast, the cohort study subgroup analysis revealed that the IUP rate was higher in the salpingotomy group compared with the salpingectomy group (RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.08–1.42, P = 0.002); Salpingotomy also increased the risk of REP rate (RR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.12–4.58, P = 0.02). The persistent ectopic pregnancy (PEP) occurred more frequently in the salpingotomy group than the salpingectomy group (RR = 11.61, 95% CI = 3.17–42.46, P = 0.0002). An IUP would be more likely to occur after salpingotomy than salpingectomy when the follow-up time was more than 36 months (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02–1.32, P = 0.03). The IUP rate (RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01–1.26, P = 0.03), and the REP rate (RR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.02–2.56, P = 0.04) was higher after salpingotomy than salpingectomy among patients from Europe compared with those from America.

Conclusions

Based on the available evidence, we believe that for patients with a healthy contralateral tube operated for tubal pregnancy, the subsequent fertility after salpingectomy and salpingotomy are similar in the long term. The fertility prospects will not be improved via salpingotomy compared with salpingectomy.     

Pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease.

Conclusions about the relationship between the pathophysiology and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and the physiology and management of pregnancy are based on the results of several large physician surveys and retrospective chart reviews. Patients with active disease fare worse than those with inactive disease. There is little evidence that pregnancy affects the course of inflammatory bowel disease or that inactive inflammatory bowel disease affects the course of pregnancy. Judicious medical therapy is effective in controlling inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy. Sulfasalazine or steroid therapy should not be withdrawn in a patient who needs it to achieve or maintain a quiescent state of inflammatory bowel disease during the course of pregnancy. Immunosuppressive therapy should be avoided. Aggressive medical therapy with total parenteral nutrition in a team approach with a gastroenterologist, surgeon, and perinatologist usually avoids the need for surgical intervention during pregnancy with a good fetal outcome in a patient whose disease is active. Contraception against pregnancy need only be considered in those patients whose disease is so severe that operative therapy is imminent.     

Cost effectiveness of day and inpatient psychiatric treatment: results of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare direct and indirect costs of day and inpatient treatment of acute psychiatric illness. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with outcome and costs assessed over 12 months after the date of admission. SETTING: Teaching hospital in an inner city area. SUBJECTS: 179 patients with acute psychiatric illness referred for admission who were suitable for random allocation to day hospital or inpatient treatment. 77 (43%) patients had schizophrenia. INTERVENTIONS: Routine inpatient or day hospital treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct and indirect costs over 12 months, clinical symptoms, social functioning, and burden on relatives over the follow up period. RESULTS: Clinical and social outcomes were similar at 12 months, except that inpatients improved significantly faster than day patients and burden on relatives was significantly less in the day hospital group at one year. Median direct costs to the hospital were 1923 pounds (95% confidence interval 750 pounds to 3174 pounds) per patient less for day hospital treatment than inpatient treatment. Indirect costs were greater for day patients; when these were included, overall day hospital treatment was 2165 pounds cheaper than inpatient treatment (95% confidence interval of median difference 737 pounds to 3593 pounds). Including costs to informants when appropriate meant that day hospital treatment was 1994 pounds per patient cheaper (95% confidence interval 600 pounds to 3543 pounds). CONCLUSIONS: Day patient treatment is cheaper for the 30-40% of potential admissions that can be treated in this way. Carers of day hospital patients may bear additional costs. Carers of all patients with acute psychiatric illness are often themselves severely distressed at the time of admission, but day hospital treatment leads to less burden on carers in the long term.