有氧运动对高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆NO、ET和NO/ET系统的影响

目的：探讨有氧运动对高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆总一氧化氮合成酶（T-NOS）、一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素（ET）和NO/ET系统的影响。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组（对照组）、高蛋氨酸饲料组（高蛋氨酸组）和有氧运动＋高蛋氨酸饮食组（运动干预组）。对照组喂饲普通饲料,高蛋氨酸组和运动干预组喂饲含3%蛋氨酸的高蛋氨酸饲料,运动干预组同时每日同时进行90 min无负重游泳运动,实验共8周。分别测定血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、ET、NO和T-NOS含量。结果：高蛋氨酸组血浆Hcy含量显著高于对照组达2倍以上（P〈0.01）,T-NOS和NO含量显著降低,ET含量显著升高（P〈0.01）,且NO/ET比值均显著降低（P〈0.05）;与高蛋氨酸组相比,运动干预组血浆Hcy含量显著下降（P〈0.05）,T-NOS,NO含量和NO/ET比值显著升高（P〈0.05）,且与对照组相比上述各项指标无显著差异。结论：高蛋氨酸饮食可诱发大鼠高同型半胱氨酸血症,血浆NO/ET失衡;有氧运动可降低高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆Hcy水平,改善NO/ET失衡,预防高同型半胱氨酸血症。     

番茄红素对高同型半胱氨酸血症大鼠血管内皮舒缩功能和纤溶功能的影响

本文研究了补充番茄红素对高同型半胱氨酸血症大鼠血液Hcy的影响,及对血管内皮舒缩功能和纤溶功能的影响。SD大鼠30只,随机分为普通饮食组(C)、蛋氨酸饮食组(M)、蛋氨酸饮食+番茄红素组(ML)。ML组灌胃番茄红素(6.25 mg/kg),每天2 m L,其余组灌胃同等剂量生理盐水,共8周。末次实验后24 h,测试血浆Hcy、TXB2、6-Keto-PGF1α、t-PA和PAI。实验结果表明8周高蛋氨酸饮食可导致大鼠形成高同型半胱氨酸血症,血浆Hcy、TXB2和PAI显著升高(P0.01),6-Keto-PGF1α和t-PA显著降低(P0.01),血管舒缩和纤溶功能紊乱。但8周番茄红素补充可以显著降低血浆Hcy和TXB2,增加6-Keto-PGF1α含量,同时调节t-PA和PAI的活性,改善纤溶功能,预防动脉粥样硬化病的形成。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症促进大鼠血管钙化

目的:在大鼠血管钙化模型上,探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症对血管钙化的影响及其作用机制.方法:用维生素D3加尼古丁诱导大鼠血管钙化模型,并给以高蛋氨酸饮食六周诱导大鼠高同型半胱氨酸血症,用高效液相色谱法检测血浆总同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平;采用血管组织vonKossa染色、钙含量测定、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和骨钙素(OC)含量测定以判断血管钙化程度,同时测定血浆脂质共轭烯(Diene键)含量反映其脂质过氧化水平.结果:钙化组大鼠血管yon Kossa染色可见大量黑色颗粒沉积,其血管的钙含量,碱性磷酸酶活性及骨钙素含量分别较对照组增加8.09倍、45.57%和2.81倍(P＜0.01).高蛋氨酸饮食的钙化组大鼠血管内钙含量较单纯钙化组增高了34.29%,而碱性磷酸酶活性及骨钙素含量则较单纯的钙化组降低29.13%和74.69%(P＜0.01).钙化组大鼠血浆脂质共轭烯含量与对照组比较无显著性差异,单纯高蛋氨酸饮食和钙化加高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆脂质共轭烯含量较对照组增加了1.93和2.89倍(P＜0.01),而钙化加高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠血浆脂质共轭烯含量较单纯高蛋氨酸饮食大鼠又增加了32.90%(P＜0.01).结论:高同型半胱氨酸血症可以促进血管的钙化,可能与其所致的脂质过氧化程度增强有关.     

重组BHMT对高同型半胱氨酸血症大鼠的影响

目的探讨重组BHMT对大鼠HHcy血症的防治作用。方法用含2%蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)饲料诱发HHcy的大鼠,经尾静脉注射BHMT后,观察模型大鼠血浆中同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)浓度、LDH酶活性及HDL/LDL的影响。结果重组BHMT能将HHcy组大鼠血浆中Hcy浓度(23.70±6.75)μmol/L显著降低为(14.61±2.80)μmol/L(P<0.05),LDH酶活性由(209.57±10.22)U/L降低为(225.04±30.47)U/L(P<0.05),对脂蛋白HDL/LDL基本没有影响。结论重组BHMT对高同型半胱氨酸血症有一定的治疗作用。     

同型半胱氨酸对血管内皮功能的影响及通心络超微粉的干预作用

目的：观察同型半胱氨酸对血管内皮功能的影响,并探讨通心络超微粉的干预作用。方法：健康雄性Wis-tar大鼠,随机分为对照组、模型组、通心络组。离体主动脉环技术检测血管内皮依赖性舒缩功能,微循环仪观察肠系膜微循环变化,放免方法检测血浆内皮素（ET）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）、血栓素（TXA2）、前列环素（PGI2）的含量及血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）与谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活性、一氧化氮（NO）及丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果：与对照组比较,模型组血管内皮依赖性舒张反应明显减弱（p〈0.01）,肠系膜毛细血管对乙酰胆碱的扩张幅度与扩张率显著下降（P〈0.05）。与模型组比较,通心络组血管舒张反应明显改善（P〈0.01）,肠系膜毛细血管对乙酰胆碱反应性升高;与对照组比较,模型组AngⅡ、ET、TXA2含量明显升高（P〈0.05,p〈0.01）,而PGI2含量明显降低（P〈0.05）,同时血清中SOD与GSH-Px活力、NO含量明显降低（P〈0.001,P〈0.05）。与模型组比较,通心络组血浆AngⅡ、ET、TXA2的含量显著降低（P〈0.01）,而PGI2的含量明显升高（P〈0.01）,同时血清中SOD活力与NO含量显著升高（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。结论：①高同型半胱氨酸血症可使内皮依赖性血管舒缩功能减退,其机制可能与高同型半胱氨酸血症引发血管舒缩因子平衡紊乱及大量自由基的产生有关。②通心络超微粉可使同型半胱氨酸所致血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的异常明显改善,可能与其抑制自由基的过量生成及调节内皮舒缩因子的平衡有关。     

高蛋氨酸饲料喂养的大鼠高同型半胱氨酸血症模型的实验研究

探讨高蛋氨酸饲料诱导高同型半胱氨酸血症的适应剂量及其对相关代谢的影响.选择质量分数1%、2%和3%蛋氨酸饲料喂饲大鼠,高压液相色谱法测定血清同型半胱氨酸、半胱氨酸和还原形谷胱甘肽含量.结果表明饲料中1%蛋氨酸可以使血清同型半胱氨酸水平升高且无生长抑制等毒副作用,2%和3%蛋氨酸饲料喂养大鼠后出现摄食量减少和生长抑制等毒...     

束缚应激对大鼠同型半胱氨酸代谢的影响

为了探讨束缚应激对大鼠血清含硫氨基酸代谢的影响,根据同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平,将32只雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组(control)、束缚应激组(RS)、1%蛋氨酸组(1%Met)和1%蛋氨酸+束缚应激组(1%Met+RS)。采用高压液相色谱法检测血清中的Hcy、半胱氨酸(Cys)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,采用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定血清中蛋氨酸(Met)和牛磺酸(Tau)含量。结果显示,RS组大鼠血清Hcy、Cys和GSH含量随着束缚时间延长而降低,且较对照组和1%蛋氨酸组有显著性差异(p<0.05);RS组大鼠血清Met和Tau含量较对照组和1%蛋氨酸组则显著升高(p<0.05)。束缚应激可能降低血清抗氧化能力和总Hcy水平。     

金属硫蛋白拮抗同型半胱氨酸对血管内皮细胞的脂质过氧化作用

目的:观察金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)对同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine Hcy)损伤血管内皮细胞的拮抗作用及机制.方法:培养液中分别加入Hcy及Hcy MT孵育血管内皮细胞,自动生化分析仪测培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,硫代巴比妥酸法测细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果:同型半胱氨酸增加内皮细胞LDH及蛋白漏出,并使细胞MDA含量明显升高.MT呈浓度依赖性地抑制Hcy所致的血管内皮细胞损伤及MDA增高.结论:MT拮抗Hcy对血管内皮细胞的脂质过氧化损伤.     

缺血预适应对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注后肺损伤的影响

目的:观察肢体缺血预适应对大鼠肢体缺血/再灌注(I/R)后肺损伤的影响并探讨其机制。方法:将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C),肢体缺血/再灌注组(LI/R),缺血预适应组(IPC)和L-NAME组。各组大鼠均于肢体缺血4h再灌注4h处死,分别测定其动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),血浆及肺组织丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)含量,计算血浆NO/ET比值;以及肺湿干比(W/D)、肺系数(LI),肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)含量。结果:大鼠LI/R后4h,PaO2明显降低;W/D、LI、血浆及肺组织的MDA、NO、ET和肺组织MPO活性均明显增加,而血浆NO/ET比值明显减小。与LI/R组比较,IPC组各项损伤指标明显减轻,NO水平升高,血浆NO/ET比值明显增大。与对照组和IPC组比较,L-NAME处理组,各项损伤指标数值明显增加,NO水平降低;血浆NO/ET比值明显减小,差异均具有显著性。各组大鼠PaCO2的变化无显著性。结论:缺血预适应对肢体缺血/再灌注后肺损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与内源性NO合成增加有关。     

甲硫氨酸诱导高Hcy血症的抗氧化作用研究

为探讨甲硫氨酸在诱导高Hcy血症过程中的抗氧化作用,将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组和1%甲硫氨酸组,喂养6周后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血清中同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和谷胱甘肽含量(GSH),全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蛋氨酸和牛磺酸含量,转氨酶活性采用试剂盒测定。肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法,黄嘌呤氧化酶法和比色法测定肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(FRAP值)和还原性谷胱甘肽含量。结果表明,1%甲硫氨酸组血清Hcy和牛磺酸含量分别为3.56±0.68μmol·L-1和568.68±57.02μmol·L-1,较正常组显著升高(p<0.05)。1%甲硫氨酸组肝组织GSH含量和SOD活性分别为132.19±25.49mg·g-1和6.86±1.46U·mg-1,较正常组103.97±16.30mg·g-1和5.01±1.24U·mg-1显著升高(p<0.05)。1%甲硫氨酸组较正常组肝组织FRAP值亦升高而MDA含量降低。结果表明,甲硫氨酸在诱导高Hcy血症过程中同时具有抗氧化作用。     

Increased Plasma Homocysteine Concentration in Rats from a Low Casein Diet

Rats were fed on a 10% casein (10C) diet, 30% casein (30C) diet, 10C+0.5% methionine diet, or 30C+0.5% methionine diet for 14 d to investigate the relationship between the dietary protein level and plasma homocysteine concentration. The plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in the rats fed on the 10C diet than in the rats fed on the 30C diet, and this phenomenon persisted even under the condition of methionine supplementation. The activity of hepatic cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) was significantly lower in the rats fed on the 10% casein diets than in the rats fed on the 30% casein diets, irrespective of methionine supplementation. This is the first demonstration of a low-protein diet increasing the plasma homocysteine concentration in experimental animals. It is suggested that the decreased CBS activity might be associated, at least in part, with the hyperhomocysteinemia caused by the low-casein diet.     

Folate and homocysteine metabolism in copper-deficient rats.

To investigate the effect of copper deficiency on folate and homocysteine metabolism, we measured plasma, red-cell and hepatic folate, plasma homocysteine and vitamin B-12 concentrations, and hepatic methionine synthase activities in rats. Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed semi-purified diets containing either 0. 1 mg (copper-deficient group) or 9.2 mg (control group) of copper per kg. After 6 weeks of dietary treatment, copper deficiency was established as evidenced by markedly decreased plasma and hepatic copper concentrations in rats fed the low-copper diet. Plasma, red-cell, hepatic folate, and plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations were similar in both groups, whereas plasma homocysteine concentrations in the copper-deficient group were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). Copper deficiency resulted in a 21% reduction in hepatic methionine synthase activity as compared to the control group (P<0.01). This change most likely caused the increased hepatic 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and plasma homocysteine concentrations in the copper-deficient group. Our results indicate that hepatic methionine synthase may be a cuproenzyme, and plasma homocysteine concentrations are influenced by copper nutriture in rats. These data support the concept that copper deficiency can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.     

Increased plasma homocysteine concentration in rats from a low casein diet

Rats were fed on a 10% casein (10C) diet, 30% casein (30C) diet, 10C+0.5% methionine diet, or 30C+0.5% methionine diet for 14 d to investigate the relationship between the dietary protein level and plasma homocysteine concentration. The plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly higher in the rats fed on the 10C diet than in the rats fed on the 30C diet, and this phenomenon persisted even under the condition of methionine supplementation. The activity of hepatic cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) was significantly lower in the rats fed on the 10% casein diets than in the rats fed on the 30% casein diets, irrespective of methionine supplementation. This is the first demonstration of a low-protein diet increasing the plasma homocysteine concentration in experimental animals. It is suggested that the decreased CBS activity might be associated, at least in part, with the hyperhomocysteinemia caused by the low-casein diet.     

Effects of dietary zinc deficiency on homocysteine and folate metabolism in rats

In rats, zinc deficiency has been reported to result in elevated hepatic methionine synthase activity and alterations in folate metabolism. We investigated the effect of zinc deficiency on plasma homocysteine concentrations and the distribution of hepatic folates. Weanling male rats were fed ad libitum a zinc-sufficient control diet (382.0 nmol zinc/g diet), a low-zinc diet (7.5 nmol zinc/g diet), or a control diet pair-fed to the intake of the zinc-deficient rats. After 6 weeks, the body weights of the zinc-deficient and pair-fed control groups were lower than those of controls, and plasma zinc concentrations were lowest in the zinc-deficient group. Plasma homocysteine concentrations in the zinc-deficient group (2.3 +/- 0.2 micromol/L) were significantly lower than those in the ad libitum-fed and pair-fed control groups (6.7 +/- 0.5 and 3.2 +/- 0.4 micromol/L, respectively). Hepatic methionine synthase activity in the zinc-deficient group was higher than in the other two groups. Low mean percentage of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in total hepatic folates and low plasma folate concentration were observed in the zinc-deficient group compared with the ad libitum-fed and pair-fed control groups. The reduced plasma homocysteine and folate concentrations and reduced percentage of hepatic 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are probably secondary to the increased activity of hepatic methionine synthase in zinc deficiency.     

Vitamin C or Vitamin B6 supplementation prevent the oxidative stress and decrease of prostacyclin generation in homocysteinemic rats

We hypothesize that homocysteinemia causes oxidative stress, decreases the aortic ability to generate prostacyclin and that antioxidants have a protective role. Four groups of eight rats each were fed for 8 weeks the control diet (group A), control diet with folic acid omitted and excess methionine (Me) added to drinking water (group B), diet B + 500 mg/kg of Vitamin C (group C) or diet B + 60 mg/kg Vitamin B6 (group D). The three groups of rats fed folic acid deficient (FD) diets (groups B, C and D) were homocysteinemic as indicated by the significant increase in their serum homocysteine (HC) concentration. Rats fed diet B had oxidative stress as indicated by an increase in serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and urinary isoprostanes and had a decreased ability of their aortas to generate prostacyclin. Homocysteinemic rats fed a FD diet + Vitamin C (group C) or Vitamin B6 (group D) also had high levels of serum homocysteine but the oxidative stress markers and the ability of their aortas to generate prostacyclin returned to normal. This indicates that the homocysteinemic effect is through an oxidative mechanism and that Vitamin C as a free radical scavenger prevents these effects. Serum Vitamin C and liver glutathione concentrations significantly increased in rats fed excess Vitamin B6 compared to the control or FD rats. This may explain why Vitamin B6 has an antioxidative effect.     

Atherogenic diet alters folate enzymes in mice: implications of folate deficient homocysteinemia.

The two key enzymes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase involved in methionine synthesis from homocysteine were studied in atherogenic diet fed mice. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity was elevated while methionine synthase was impaired in atherogenic diet fed group. Impaired methionine synthase activity would adversely affect the methionine synthesis from homocysteine, resulting in a rise in the homocysteine levels, which are atherogenic. This is reflected by the increased levels of very low density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol values and a higher ratio for total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol.     

High-Casein Diet Suppresses Guanidinoacetic Acid-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia and Potentiates the Hypohomocysteinemic Effect of Serine in Rats

To determine the effect of dietary protein level on experimental hyperhomocysteinemia, rats were fed 10% casein (10C) and 40% casein (40C) diets with or without 0.5% guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) for 14 d. In addition, rats were fed 10C + 0.75% methionine (10CM) and 40C + 0.75% methionine (40CM) diets with or without 2.5% serine for 14 d to determine the relationship between the dietary protein level and intensity of the hypohomocysteinemic effect of serine. GAA supplementation markedly increased the plasma homocysteine concentration in rats fed with the 10C diet, whereas it did not increase the plasma homocysteine concentration in rats fed with the 40C diet. Although serine supplementation significantly suppressed the methionine-induced enhancement of plasma homocysteine concentration, the decreased plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly lower in rats fed with the 40CM diet than in rats fed with the 10CM diet. The hepatic cystathionine β-synthase and betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activities were significantly higher in rats fed with the 40C or 40CM diet than in rats fed with the 10C or 10CM diet, irrespective of supplementation with GAA and serine. These results indicate that the high-casein diet was effective for both suppressing GAA-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and potentiating the hypohomocysteinemic effect of serine, probably through the enhanced activity of homocysteine-metabolizing enzymes.     

Palm tocotrienol-rich fraction reduced plasma homocysteine and heart oxidative stress in rats fed with a high-methionine diet

Oxidative stress contributes to cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to study the effects of palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on plasma homocysteine and cardiac oxidative stress in rats fed with a high-methionine diet. Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. The first group was the control. Groups 2–6 were fed 1 % methionine diet for 10 weeks. From week 6 onward, folate (8 mg/kg diet) or palm TRF (30, 60 and 150 mg/kg diet) was added into the diet of groups 3, 4, 5 and 6. The rats were then killed. Palm TRF at 150 mg/kg and folate supplementation prevented the increase in plasma total homocysteine (4.14?±?0.33 and 4.30?±?0.26 vs 5.49?±?0.25 mmol/L, p?<?0.05) induced by a high-methionine diet. The increased heart thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in rats fed with high-methionine diet was also prevented by the supplementations of palm TRF (60 and 150 mg/kg) and folate. The high-methionine group had a lower glutathione peroxidase activity (49?±?3 vs 69?±?4 pmol/mg protein/min) than the control group. This reduction was reversed by palm TRF at 60 and 150 mg/kg diet (p?<?0.05), but not by folate. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were unaffected by both methionine and vitamin supplementations. In conclusion, palm TRF was comparable to folate in reducing high-methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress in the rats’ hearts. However, palm TRF was more effective than folate in preserving the heart glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity.     

Methionine restriction decreases visceral fat mass and preserves insulin action in aging male Fischer 344 rats independent of energy restriction

Reduced dietary methionine intake (0.17% methionine, MR) and calorie restriction (CR) prolong lifespan in male Fischer 344 rats. Although the mechanisms are unclear, both regimens feature lower body weight and reductions in adiposity. Reduced fat deposition in CR is linked to preservation of insulin responsiveness in older animals. These studies examine the relationship between insulin responsiveness and visceral fat in MR and test whether, despite lower food intake observed in MR animals, decreased visceral fat accretion and preservation of insulin sensitivity is not secondary to CR. Accordingly, rats pair fed (pf) control diet (0.86% methinone, CF) to match the food intake of MR for 80 weeks exhibit insulin, glucose, and leptin levels similar to control-fed animals and comparable amounts of visceral fat. Conversely, MR rats show significantly reduced visceral fat compared to CF and PF with concomitant decreases in basal insulin, glucose, and leptin, and increased adiponectin and triiodothyronine. Daily energy expenditure in MR animals significantly exceeds that of both PF and CF. In a separate cohort, insulin responses of older MR animals as measured by oral glucose challenge are similar to young animals. Longitudinal assessments of MR and CF through 112 weeks of age reveal that MR prevents age-associated increases in serum lipids. By 16 weeks, MR animals show a 40% reduction in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) that is sustained throughout life; CF IGF-1 levels decline much later, beginning at 112 weeks. Collectively, the results indicate that MR reduces visceral fat and preserves insulin activity in aging rats independent of energy restriction.