臭椿花器官分化的初步研究

利用扫描电镜(SEM)和光镜(LM)对臭椿花序及花器官的分化和发育进行了初步研究,表明:1)臭椿花器官分化于当年的4月初,为圆锥花序;2)分化顺序为花萼原基、花冠原基、雄蕊原基和雌蕊原基。5个萼片原基的发生不同步,并且呈螺旋状发生;5个花瓣原基几乎同步发生且其生长要比雄蕊原基缓慢;雄蕊10枚,两轮排列,每轮5个原基的分化基本是同步的;雌蕊5,其分化速度较快;3)在两性花植株中,5个心皮顶端粘合形成柱头和花柱,而在雄株中,5个心皮退化,只有雄蕊原基分化出花药和花丝。本研究着重观察了臭椿中雄花及两性花发育的过程中两性花向单性花的转变。结果表明,臭椿两性花及单性花的形成在花器官的各原基上是一致的(尽管时间上有差异),雌雄蕊原基同时出现在每一个花器官分化过程中,但是,可育性结构部分的形成取决于其原基是否分化成所应有的结构:雄蕊原基分化形成花药与花丝,雌蕊原基分化形成花柱、柱头和子房。臭椿单性花的形成是由于两性花中雌蕊原基的退化所造成,其机理有待于进一步研究。     

“兰甜5号”甜瓜花芽发育的研究

本工作观察了“兰甜5号”甜瓜雄花和两性花的发生与发育过程。花萼与花冠下部连合生长形成“花筒”。雄花发育早期分化出五个雄蕊原基,最后形成两大一小的三个雄蕊或一大三小的四个雄蕊,也有少数形成五个雄蕊。两性花中花萼、花冠及雄蕊的发生和发育情况基本上和雄花相似。两性花的中央大部分具有三个心皮原基,形成三心皮一室的下位子房,也有一部分具四个心皮原基,形成四心皮一室下位子房。     

中国特有植物喜树的雌性不育形态解剖学研究

为阐明雌性不育与喜树（Camptotheca acuminata Decne.）开花期花序大量掉落的关系,本文采用数码体视显微镜及石蜡切片技术,对各个发育时期的喜树的花进行解剖学观察。喜树花均为两性花,雄蕊发育正常,雌蕊柱头有三种不同形态,即上位、中位和下位;柱头上位的小花,花柱伸长正常,柱头三裂,外翻,子房膨大,胚珠饱满,胚囊发育正常;柱头中位的小花,雌蕊选择性败育,柱头和花柱伸长缓慢,柱头外翻异常,局部子房细胞液泡化,胚珠退化,胚囊发育异常;柱头下位的小花,花柱退化,柱头不露,珠被细胞发育异常,大孢子母细胞未能减数分裂,胚珠萎缩,子房外形瘦长,室内中空。喜树雌性器官的发育与其柱头在子房上的表现形态有着严格的对应关系,雌性不育发生于大孢子母细胞减数分裂前后,而且雌性不育是喜树花序掉落的内部原因之一。     

喜树开花特性及繁育系统的研究

定位观测了喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Decne)花部构造、开花特性,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法测定了喜树的繁育系统.结果表明:喜树花序为由4～6个头状花序组成的聚伞花序,聚伞花序上部的头状花序由两性花组成,下部的花序由雄花组成,两性花雌雄蕊发育正常,雄蕊10枚,雌蕊1枚,下位子房,一室,倒生胚珠;雄花雄蕊发育正常,雌蕊不发育.自然条件下,同一头状花序散粉后2 d,花粉活力最高;两性花在柱头外翻后3～4 d,柱头可受性最强,第6天失去可受性.喜树两性花为半同步雌雄蕊异熟类型,每个头状花序的所有小花同步开放,雄蕊先成熟,表现为雄性时期,雄蕊脱落后,雌蕊成熟,表现为雌性时期,上一级头状花序雌蕊成熟期与下一级头状花序雄蕊成熟期重合.繁育系统检测结果为部分自交和异交,需要传粉者活动才能完成授粉过程.     

芫荽花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

芫荽的花蜜腺位于子房上部盘状结构上,属于下位子房上部的花盘蜜腺。蜜腺由分泌表皮和产蜜组织构成。分泌表皮具厚的呈波纹状皱折的角质层,层皮上分布有下陷的变态气孔。产蜜组织细胞４－５层,其下有３－４层大型薄壁细胞与来自子房壁的维管束相毗邻。芫荽花蜜腺发育较晚,在子房发育后期由花盘表面的１－２层细胞恢复分裂能力形成蜜腺组织。产蜜组织细胞在发育过程中,液泡、淀粉粒都呈现一定的消第长规律。根据其结构及泌蜜前后     

平基槭花性别分化的细胞形态学观察

平基槭为杂性花,雄花与两性花同株,本文对其花性别分化过程进行了细胞形态学观察。结果发现,在花性别分化的早期,雄花和两性花的花芽中雌、雄蕊原基均具备,只是在花芽发育到一定时期,雄花的雌蕊原基发生选择性败育,败育发生在大孢子母细胞减数分裂为4个大孢子时期。两性花的雌蕊可以正常膨大结实,雄蕊花药虽然可以形成二核花粉,但不能正常开裂,属于不育雄蕊。初步分析认为,两性花雄蕊花药不能正常开裂与花粉囊壁纤维层木质化程度低有关。     

刺山柑雄全同株性系统的适应意义

对分布于新疆北部干旱荒漠区的刺山柑Capparisspinosa性系统进行了研究.结果表明:(1)该物种具有典型的雄全同株性系统.雄花和两性花的雄蕊均正常发育,且有长短之分;两性花的雌蕊发育正常,而雄花的雌蕊败育,只行使雄性功能.(2)居群间每天开放的雄花和两性花比率、两性花的长短雄蕊数及雄花短雄蕊的花丝与花药长等存在极显著差异(P<0.01),但花器官生物量没有显著差异(P>0.05).(3)单花花期为15-16 h,每天18:00时左右开始开放,有强烈的气味和花蜜产生.植株每天产生的雄花和两性花数是随机的,可形成短时的雄花与两性花异株,但居群内雄花数比两性花数多.(4)三个居群两性花的P/O值分别为1.57×104、1.65×104和1.71×104.居群内雄花和两性花的花粉数及长、短雄蕊花药的花粉数均无显著差异(P>0.05),居群间雄花和两性花的花粉数、两性花的胚珠数及P/O值差异也不显著(P>0.05).(5)各居群雄花和两性花长短雄蕊的花粉活力动态变化曲线相似,花粉寿命为18-20 h,两性花雌蕊柱头的可授期为16-18h.(6)访花昆虫为膜翅目Hymenoptera和鳞翅目Lepidoptera昆虫,3个居群共有7种访花昆虫,其活动受天气影响很大.(7)两性花不存在无融合生殖现象,授自花花粉、同株异花花粉和异株异花花粉后均可结实,属于混合交配系统.刺山柑的雄全同株性系统可能是在长期与荒漠环境相适应的过程中由遗传和环境共同作用的结果.雄花的出现不仅增加了花粉数和P/O值,提高了植株的雄性适合度,同时增加了花的数量、对传粉昆虫的吸引力以及两性花柱头接受异花花粉的机会,提高了异交率和雌性适合度,保障其在荒漠极端环境中繁殖成功.     

中国北亚热带油橄榄(城固32)开花生物学特性研究

为研究北亚热带内陆地区油橄榄（Olea europaea L.）开花物候、开花样式及花器官特征,探讨其有性繁殖系统的特点。试验对西秦岭南坡地区油橄榄（城固32）的开花生物学进行研究,统计开花进程,雄花和两性花在花序上的着生位置和数量,测定雄花和两性花形态指标并切片观察,电镜扫描分析雄花与两性花花粉粒。结果表明：（1）在北亚热带北缘内陆气候条件下油橄榄花期集中在5月,单株花期15~20 d,盛花期持续4~6 d;（2）油橄榄具有雄全同株的性系统且花器官较小,雄花及两性花都具有正常发育的雄蕊。通过制作石蜡切片观察,发现两性花的雌蕊正常发育,而雄花只有较小的子房和败育的柱头;（3）雌蕊是两种花型花器官生物量差异的主要部位,两性花雌蕊的生物量明显比雄花大（P<0.01）,树体分化出雄花投入的资源更少;（4）雄花与两性花在花粉量、花粉粒大小上差异不显著,在着生位置上,花序轴顶花全部为两性花,雄花出现在花序轴的中部和基部的几率分别是21.13%和30.77%。油橄榄品种城固32具有典型的雄全同株现象,雄花更倾向于在花序上出现的位置在行使它雄性功能方面并无优势可言,而且雄花花粉粒在数量、活力方面也没有优势,但是雄花的出现增加了花粉数量和P/O值,提高了植株的雄性适合度,雄花的出现也降低了两性花落花导致的树体资源浪费,保障其在资源有限的环境中能够繁殖最大化。     

大叶铁线莲大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

铁线莲属植物在花部形态和结构方面存在较大差异, 遗传背景相对复杂。因此, 在杂交育种前对其进行胚胎学研究具有重要意义。利用石蜡切片技术对大叶铁线莲(Clematis heracleifolia)大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程进行研究, 结果显示, 大叶铁线莲具雄株和两性花植株。雄花中, 雄配子体发育偶见败育现象; 而两性花中多数花粉发育异常, 形成功能性雌花。正常发育的两性花中, 雄蕊较雌蕊先发育完全。花药4室, 具腺质绒毡层, 偶见变形绒毡层。胞质分裂为同时型, 以四面体型四分体为主, 偶见左右对称型。成熟花药中, 花药壁由纤维状加厚的表皮及药室内壁构成, 花粉粒为2-细胞型, 近球状, 散沟型。子房1室, 内含少量退化胚珠及1个发育正常的胚珠, 倒生, 单珠被, 薄珠心, 蓼型胚囊, 具线形大孢子四分体及双核反足细胞。大叶铁线莲可能处于相对进化的过渡地位。在杂交育种中, 建议以雄花植株作为父本, 两性花植株仅用作母本; 在两性花花芽大小为0.5-0.8 cm时进行去雄处理。     

大叶铁线莲大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

铁线莲属植物在花部形态和结构方面存在较大差异, 遗传背景相对复杂。因此, 在杂交育种前对其进行胚胎学研究具有重要意义。利用石蜡切片技术对大叶铁线莲(Clematis heracleifolia)大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程进行研究, 结果显示, 大叶铁线莲具雄株和两性花植株。雄花中, 雄配子体发育偶见败育现象; 而两性花中多数花粉发育异常, 形成功能性雌花。正常发育的两性花中, 雄蕊较雌蕊先发育完全。花药4室, 具腺质绒毡层, 偶见变形绒毡层。胞质分裂为同时型, 以四面体型四分体为主, 偶见左右对称型。成熟花药中, 花药壁由纤维状加厚的表皮及药室内壁构成, 花粉粒为2-细胞型, 近球状, 散沟型。子房1室, 内含少量退化胚珠及1个发育正常的胚珠, 倒生, 单珠被, 薄珠心, 蓼型胚囊, 具线形大孢子四分体及双核反足细胞。大叶铁线莲可能处于相对进化的过渡地位。在杂交育种中, 建议以雄花植株作为父本, 两性花植株仅用作母本; 在两性花花芽大小为0.5-0.8 cm时进行去雄处理。     

文冠果可孕花与不孕花发育过程的比较研究简

利用半薄切片和透射电镜技术对文冠果可孕花和不孕花的发育过程进行观察和比较。结果显示：(1)小孢子发育初期,两种类型花花药形态无明显差别;小孢子发育双核期,可孕花花药内壁纤维层细胞壁带状加厚,无唇细胞形成。而不孕花花药同侧两个花粉囊之间唇细胞正在分化;小孢子发育成熟期,不孕花花药唇细胞完全形成;散粉期,不孕花花药开裂呈双心形,而可孕花花药则不能开裂散粉。(2)可孕花雌蕊子房内有两室,柱头细胞排列紧密,柱头逐渐发育成圆球形,周围密布乳突细胞,具中空花柱道;不孕花雌蕊柱头停止发育,无中空花柱道,子房室变小,胚囊发育退化。(3)不孕花花药绒毡层中含大量蛋白体,小泡以及乌氏体等细胞器,发育后期绒毡层解体。而可孕花花药绒毡层中细胞器和营养物质积累均较少,发育后期绒毡层解体不完全。(4)可孕花花药内花粉粒细胞壁连续无萌发孔,细胞内含物较少。不孕花花药内花粉出现3个向内凹陷的萌发孔,且花粉内含有大量造粉质体和脂类物质。     

空心莲子草雄蕊和雌化雄蕊发育的比较研究

采用形态解剖和石蜡切片法,对空心莲子草雄蕊和雌化雄蕊的形态和结构的发育过程进行了观察.结果显示:(1)在形态上,空心莲子草两性花雄蕊由聚药雄蕊和无药雄蕊构成,二者相间而生成一轮;而空心莲子草雌化雄蕊花的雌化雄蕊由雌化雄蕊和无药雄蕊构成,雌化雄蕊的外形如雌蕊状,其外轮为无药雄蕊,二者前后对应而生,成二轮;(2)在结构上,...     

A Simple Clear Technique in Observing Vascular Development of Grape Ovary

The vascular system of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) flower is a channel for transporting water and nutrients to the ovary. It plays an important role in the development of the ovary and fertilization through pollination. However, the vascular bundles in the flower are so tiny that they are difficult to sample and observe by traditional slicing techniques. In this study, ‘Summer Black’ grape flowers were selected as the test materials, and the tissue samples were treated by the optical clearing technique. After simple compaction, the structure and development of the vasculature were observed by common microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. The results showed that the transparency effects of 3% NaOH and a saturated trichloroacetaldehyde composite agreed well with the observations of the vascular structure and the developmental process of the flower in different periods. Moreover, the samples after optical clearing could be reconstructed in 3D, which helped us know more about its development and function. According to these observations, the vasculature of the ‘Summer Black’ flower can be divided into ovule vascular bundles, peripheral vascular bundles and central vascular bundles. The peripheral vascular bundles were composed of the first-order vascular bundles and the inferior vascular bundles which branched from the superior vascular bundles. These bundles branched in different directions with no discernible pattern. The two different branching methods were as follows. First, the inferior vascular bundle was directly connected to a superior vascular bundle. Secondly, some of the superior vascular bundles bent in different ways, forming the inferior vascular bundle connecting the superior vascular bundles by a metamorphosed vessel with a triangular shape. In a comparison of the developmental changes in various periods, the growth of vascular bundles at each period was directly proportional to the growth of the flower. Laser confocal scanning was used to explore the three-dimensional morphology of the peripheral vascular bundle and showed that the peripheral vascular bundle of grapes was not completely parallel to the flower’s epidermal cells. As a result, the optical clearing technique was convenient and authentic compared with the traditional slicing operation for tiny flower organs. With these advantages according to the observations, this study provides a feasible technique and useful information for the study of vascular bundle development in grape flower organs.     

Floral Morphology of Populus lasiocarpa Oliv and Its Phylogenetic Position in Populus

The results of this study, which involved macroscopic, microscopic and SEM investigation of flowers of Populus lasiocarpa Oliv., may be stated as follows: 1. Female, male and bisexual flowers possess well developed perianth greenish in color with obvious veins and glandular teeth. The branched vascular bundles and stomata apparatus are observed in the transection of the perianth. It suggests that the perianth is homologous with the leaf. 2. Each pistil of female and bisexual flowere possesses 3(–5) separate styles. The ovary is I-celled with 16–34 ovules. Each male flower has 41–110 stamens. The connective of stamen is protrusive. Presence of bisexual, polygamous flower and monoecism is not rare. 3. In comparison with several other species of Populus, P. lasiocarpa is supposed to be the most ancient and primitive species of the Populus. The central and south-west China perhaps is one of distributional center of Populus.     

MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOWERS OF BOOTTIA CORDATA,OTTELIA ALISMOIDES,AND THEIR SYNTHETIC HYBRID (HYDROCHARITACEAE)

The inferior ovary of Boottia cordata, Ottelia alismoides, and their hybrid is appendicular in nature, the carpels are congenitally only slightly connate, and they are unsealed. All floral organs except the sepals originate from common primordia in the female and bisexual flowers. A flat residual floral apex is pressnt. There is a vestigial superior ovary of three ontogenetically fused carpels in the male flower of Boottia cordata. The hybrid is intermediate in many characteristics and has partially fertile stamens and staminodia. The sequence of development in all flowers is acropetal. These plants appear to be related to the Butomaceae and they show evolutionary tendencies parallel to those in the Nymphaeaceae.     

湖北黄精大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

【目的】研究湖北黄精花部形态结构特征和大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程,以丰富黄精属植物的生殖生物学理论,为进一步开展湖北黄精的品种选育提供依据。【方法】以不同发育时期的湖北黄精花芽为试验材料,用显微观察法观察花部形态结构特征,石蜡切片技术对单花雌雄蕊进行切片观察。【结果】湖北黄精的花被为白色或淡黄绿色,花被筒近喉部稍缢缩;具6枚雄蕊,花丝下端与花被合生,花药开裂方式为纵裂;雌蕊子房上位,3心皮,花柱与子房等长。湖北黄精花药壁由4层细胞组成,成熟的绒毡层具多核,绒毡层发育类型为分泌型;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体呈左右对称型排列,成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型;存在小孢子发育不同步的现象。雌蕊胚珠具双珠被、厚珠心;四分体呈直线型排列,胚囊发育类型为蓼型;存在双胚囊胚珠现象。在雄蕊的花药壁和雌蕊的子房壁都观察到有束状草酸钙针晶。【结论】湖北黄精雌雄蕊具有较原始的发育特征,虽然在发育过程中都存在异常现象,但雄蕊最终能形成正常的雄配子体,雌蕊低频率的双胚囊现象对总体受精结果影响很小。湖北黄精杂交育种可以选择花药开裂前一时期的花粉,花药壁和子房壁观察到的束状草酸钙针晶无法作为湖北黄精物种鉴定的...     

倒地铃花的形态分化与花药结构研究

利用体视显微镜、半薄切片和超薄切片法对倒地铃(Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.)雄花和假两性花开花过程及花药发育过程进行了观察和比较研究。结果显示:(1)花蕾发育早期,倒地铃雄花和假两性花的花蕾形态没有区别;花蕾发育后期,雄花雌蕊退化,假两性花雌蕊继续发育,花蕾外部形态出现差异;开花时雄花花药开裂,假两性花花药不开裂。(2)倒地铃雄花和假两性花均具四室花药,呈蝶形;花药壁细胞从外到内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层(2层)和绒毡层;花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层为单核分泌型,四分体为四面体型,花粉粒两核;开花时雄花和假两性花中层都有残留;小孢子液泡化时,绒毡层开始降解,两核花粉粒时,假两性花绒毡层降解较快。(3)雄花药室内壁次生加厚完全,裂口区发育,连接同侧花粉囊的连接组织降解,花药开裂;假两性花药室内壁次生加厚不完全,具唇形细胞,药隔细胞壁未降解,同侧花粉囊未连通,花药四室,不开裂;假两性花成熟花粉粒细胞质稀少,内壁不完整。本研究结果表明,倒地铃的雄花是由两性花在发育早期雌蕊停止发育形成的,假两性花则由两性花在发育晚期雄蕊功能退化造成的。     

Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Development of the Organs of Litchi Flower

The pattern of development of the floral parts of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower was followed using scanning electron microscopy. Before making scanning electron microscopic observations, specimens were tannin-osmium impregnated and critical point dried. In the bisexual flower, floral organogenesis starts with the formation of protrusions near the floral apex. The two to three protrusions present at the apical region of the floral apex later expand and fuse to form the ovary. At the upper middle region of the ovary another protrusion develops which later becomes the style and the stigma. When the flower matures the tip of the style not only splits but also becomes twisted. On the upper side of the stigma there are numerous papillate cells. These cells are covered with mucilage when fully mature. The development of the filament and anther begins a little bit earlier than the gynoecium. The first sign of androecium development begins when protrusions start to develop around the floral apex. Each litchi flower possesses 6 to 10 anthers. In addition to forming bisexual flowers, litchi also produces a large number of male and female unisexal flowers. But under the scanning electron microscope it is very difficult to distinguish accurately between male and female flowers, because both flowers invariably give rise to some poorly developed organs of the opposite sex. Thus it seems that all flowers in litchi are potentially bisexual and only at the final stage of development (i.e. about 50 days after floral initiation) sex organs fail to develop properly in some flowers.     

极度濒危树种羊角槭花部形态特征及开花动态

以天目山自然保护区人工栽培的濒危树种羊角槭（Acer yangjuechi Fang et P.L.Chiu）为研究对象,于花期观察了花部形态特征、单株与群体水平开花动态,分析开花与结实的关系,结果表明：1.羊角槭花杂性、顶生花序着生有雄花和两性花,两性花多位于花轴顶端,雄花位于侧生轴顶端或下部,花序雄花与两性花数量比为三角槭的2.6倍,羊角槭枝条两性花偏少;2.观察到两种形态雄花,Ⅰ型雄花子房微型、柱头极度短缩呈黑点状、花盘较平,Ⅱ型雄花子房退化成一团白色绒毛,2裂柱头隐现,花盘较厚、辐射状凹裂;两性花子房成扁球状突出,柱头显著伸出,花丝长度短于雄花;3.单株两性花早于雄花开放,两性花集中于3日以内开放,呈集中开放模式,而对应此时同株上只有极个别雄花（7%以下）处于散粉阶段;4.群体两性花开放时期略早于雄花,二者间存在相对的间隔期。由此对羊角槭开花与种胚发育影响因素进行了探讨。