Effects of livestock grazing intensity on soil biota in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia

Intensive livestock is known to significantly affect soil physical and chemical parameters in steppe ecosystems. However, the effects on soil biological parameters still remain unknown. We hypothesized that intensive grazing would significantly decrease the size and diversity of soil biota due to deterioration of the soil environment and reduction in vegetation cover, while the adapted grazing intensity would improve the biological parameters. Soil samples were collected from five sites with different grazing intensities and history in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia in August 2005. Two sites were long-term ungrazed since 1979 (UG79) and 1999 (UG99), one had been moderately grazed in winter (WG), one continuously grazed moderately (CG) and one long-term site was heavily grazed (HG). Soil microbial biomass carbon (C), basal respiration (BR), catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities, protozoa and nematodes abundance were measured. Soil physicochemical variables were also measured to establish the relationships between soil biological parameters and key soil physical and chemical properties. Soil microbial biomass C, BR, biomass specific respiration (qCO₂) and soil protozoa abundance were significantly lower at the HG site compared to the UG79 site, but no clear differences were found in the other sites. However, soil nematodes abundance increased with increasing grazing intensity, and the abundance of soil amoeba were greater in CG than in the other sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) of Biolog data revealed large differences in catabolic capacity of soil microbial communities between UG79, HG and UG99, WG, CG. However, Shannon??s diversity index did not indicate marked effects of grazing intensity on substrate catabolic community structure. In conclusion, heavy grazing negatively affected soil microbial biomass, activity and protozoan abundance, but positively influenced soil nematodes abundance and did not affect soil microbial catabolic diversity. Based on these results, CG may provide an appropriate grazing intensity to be used in the long term in the semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia.     

放牧对滇西北高原纳帕海沼泽化草甸湿地土壤氮转化的影响

选择位于滇西北高原纳帕海国际重要湿地内的典型沼泽化草甸湿地为研究对象,采用原位土柱室内控制实验法研究了放牧干扰(猪翻拱扰动和牲畜践踏)对沼泽化草甸湿地土壤氮转化的影响。研究结果表明,放牧活动显著提高了沼泽化草甸湿地表层土壤的容重和pH值,降低了土壤含水率、TOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量,而对NO_3~--N含量影响不显著。放牧干扰下沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化速率和硝化速率均表现为猪翻拱扰动样地(ZG)牲畜践踏样地(JT)对照样地(CK);表现为ZGJTCK。放牧干扰促进了沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化和硝化作用,猪的翻拱活动比牲畜践踏活动对土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的促进作用更显著。放牧干扰下沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的反硝化速率表现为ZGCKJT,猪的翻拱活动促进了土壤N_2O气体的排放,而牲畜践踏活动抑制了土壤N_2O气体的排放。相关性分析表明,受放牧干扰的沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化和硝化速率均与土壤容重、pH呈显著正相关,与土壤含水率、NH_4~+-N、TOC、TN含量呈显著负相关;反硝化速率与TOC含量呈显著负相关。     

湘西石漠化区3种造林模式土壤真菌群落结构差异

湘西石漠化地区是我国生态系统脆弱而又敏感的区域,土壤微生物在维持石漠化区森林生态系统结构和功能稳定中发挥重要作用。选取石漠化地区立地条件相同的32年生的马尾松纯林、光皮桦纯林及马尾松-光皮桦混交林为研究对象,以立地条件相似的未造林荒地演变成的灌草群落作为对照,比较分析石漠化地区不同造林模式对土壤真菌群落结构和多样性的影响及其主要驱动因素。采用Illumina HiSeq第二代高通量测序技术,分析了3种森林土壤真菌群落组成及多样性。结果表明,不同造林模式下土壤真菌优势类群不同,光皮桦、马尾松-光皮桦混交林以及石漠化灌草地土壤真菌优势门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),且在石漠化灌草地相对丰度最大,为64.0%;马尾松则以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势类群,其相对丰度占57.9%。混交林土壤真菌物种总数和Shannon指数显著高于马尾松和光皮桦林地,整体上真菌群落多样性表现为：未造林灌草地>混交林>马尾松林>光皮桦林。与未造林灌草地相比,马尾松-光皮桦混交林和光皮桦纯林显著提升了土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量。Mantel test检验结果显示,...     

封育对羊草草地土壤碳矿化激发效应和温度敏感性的影响

土壤碳矿化(或土壤异养呼吸)的温度敏感性和激发效应是深入揭示土壤呼吸控制机理及其对未来气候变化响应与适应的重要研究方向。该文以自由放牧(FG0)、封育11年(FG11)、封育31年(FG31)的羊草(Leymus chinensis)草地为研究对象, 通过0、5、10、15、20、25 ℃培养, 探讨了封育对羊草草地土壤碳矿化激发效应和温度敏感性的影响。结果表明: 封育年限、添加葡萄糖、培养温度和培养时间对土壤碳矿化速率均具有显著的影响, 不同因素间存在显著的交互效应(p < 0.000 1)。FG0的羊草草地土壤碳矿化累积量显著高于FG11和FG31的, 在添加葡萄糖处理下也呈现相同的趋势。长期封育降低了羊草草地土壤碳矿化的激发效应。在添加葡萄糖后, 培养前7天的土壤碳矿化的激发效应随温度增加而增加, 增加2.28-9.01倍; 在整个56天培养期间, 激发效应介于2.21-5.10倍, 最高值出现在10或15 ℃。土壤碳矿化速率可用经典的指数方程来表示, FG0草地的土壤碳矿化的温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)大于长期封育草地(FG11和FG31); 与未添加处理相比, 添加葡萄糖显著增加了土壤碳矿化速率的温度敏感性, 即在添加葡萄糖后土壤微生物呼吸受温度的影响更大。长期封育会降低羊草草地土壤的碳矿化速率、温度敏感性和激发效应, 从而降低土壤碳周转速率和释放速率, 使内蒙古地区长期封育草地仍然具有碳固持能力。     

Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: impacts of nitrogen species and land use type

Background and aims

Climate warming, nitrogen (N) deposition and land use change are some of the drivers affecting ecosystem processes such as soil carbon (C) and N dynamics, yet the interactive effects of those drivers on ecosystem processes are poorly understood. This study aimed to understand mechanisms of interactive effects of temperature, form of N deposition and land use type on soil C and N mineralization.

Methods

We studied, in a laboratory incubation experiment, the effects of temperature (15 vs. 25 °C) and species of N deposition (NH₄ ⁺-N vs. NO₃ ^?-N) on soil CO₂ efflux, dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), NH₄ ⁺-N, and NO₃ ^?-N concentrations using intact soil columns collected from adjacent forest and grassland ecosystems in north-central Alberta.

Results

Temperature and land use type interacted to affect soil CO₂ efflux, concentrations of DON, NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^?-N in most measurement times, with the higher incubation temperature resulted in the higher CO₂ efflux and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations in forest soils and higher DON and NO₃ ^?-N concentrations in grassland soils. Temperature and land use type affected the cumulative soil CO₂ efflux, and DOC, DON, NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^?-N concentrations. The form of N added or its interaction with the other two factors did not affect any of the C and N cycling parameters.

Conclusions

Temperature and land use type were dominant factors affecting soil C loss, with the soil C in grassland soils more stable and resistant to temperature changes. The lack of short-term effects of the deposition of different N species on soil C and N mineralization suggest that maybe there was a threshold for the N effect to kick in and long-term experiments should be conducted to further elucidate the species of N deposition effects on soil C and N cycling in the studied systems.     

Relationship of plant diversity with litter and soil available nitrogen in an alpine meadow under a 9-year grazing exclusion

Grazing exclusion is widely used globally to restore degraded grasslands. Plant diversity has important impacts on grassland ecosystem functions, including grassland productivity and carbon storage. In this study, we selected a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau to investigate how grazing exclusion affects plant diversity. Inorganic nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^?) was also measured because its availability impacts plant growth. We found that plant diversity in the meadow was significantly lower under grazing exclusion (fenced meadow) for 9 years compared with moderate grazing. Accumulated litter was significantly higher under grazing exclusion (386.41 g m^?2) compared with grazing (58.77 g m^?2). Soil inorganic nitrogen at 0–5 cm depth was significantly higher under grazing exclusion (13.60 × 10^?2 g kg^?1) than under grazing (9.40 × 10^?2 g kg^?1). The composition of the four functional groups (grasses, sedges, legumes, and forbs) might alter in response to significant changes in the amount of litter and soil available nitrogen content under grazing exclusion compared with grazing. However, the enhanced soil available nitrogen content showed weak feedbacks on plant diversity. In conclusion, light limitation induced by increased amounts of litter may be the main factor causing decreased plant diversity in grazing-excluded meadows compared with moderately grazed meadows.     

Integrated soil and plant phosphorus management for crop and environment in China. A review

In semi-arid grassland ecosystems, soil biogeochemical processes are controlled by seasonal and inter-annual rainfall variation and temperature, which may override the long-term impact of grazers on N availability and N dynamics. In a three-year (2004?C2006) case study of an Inner Mongolian grassland, we analysed time-integrated (ion-exchange resins) and instantaneous (soil mineral N extractions) inorganic N availability at three sites of varying grazing intensities and combined these data with information on soil water content (SWC), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and plant N uptake. Additionally, the effects of rainfall and grazing on N-form availability (NO ₃ ^? -N, NH ₄ ⁺ -N) were considered. Grazing had less impact on N availability compared to seasonal and annual rainfall distribution. One of the three study years (2004) showed a grazing effect with higher resin-N availability at the ungrazed site compared to the heavily grazed site. Inorganic N availability was low in the driest year (2005) and highest in a year of average rainfall amount and favourable distribution (2004). In general, we found a positive relationship between inorganic N availability and both plant productivity and plant N uptake. Rainfall also controlled the plant available NO ₃ ^? -N and NH ₄ ⁺ -N pools; NH ₄ ⁺ -N dominated the available inorganic N-form in times of low SWC, while the available NO ₃ ^? -N increased with SWC. We observed N availability and plant productivity in a temporal synchronized pattern. Increased rainfall variability and land-use practices affecting SWC will likely alter N availability dynamics (and the relation of N-forms) and, therefore, important processes of semi-arid natural grassland carbon and N cycling.     

Chemistry and Microbial Functional Diversity Differences in Biofuel Crop and Grassland Soils in Multiple Geographies

We obtained soil samples from geographically diverse switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) crop sites and from nearby reference grasslands and compared their edaphic properties, microbial gene diversity and abundance, and active microbial biomass content. We hypothesized that soils under switchgrass, a perennial, would be more similar to reference grassland soils than sorghum, an annual crop. Sorghum crop soils had significantly higher NO₃ ^? -N, NH₄ ⁺ -N, SO₄ ^2? -S, and Cu levels than grassland soils. In contrast, few significant differences in soil chemistry were observed between switchgrass crop and grassland soils. Active bacterial biomass was significantly lower in sorghum soils than switchgrass soils. Using GeoChip 4.0 functional gene arrays, we observed that microbial gene diversity was significantly lower in sorghum soils than grassland soils. Gene diversity at sorghum locations was negatively correlated with NO₃ ^? -N, NH₄ ⁺ -N, and SO₄ ^2? -S in C and N cycling microbial gene categories. Microbial gene diversity at switchgrass sites varied among geographic locations, but crop and grassland sites tended to be similar. Microbial gene abundance did not differ between sorghum crop and grassland soils, but was generally lower in switchgrass crop soils compared to grassland soils. Our results suggest that switchgrass has fewer adverse impacts on microbial soil ecosystem services than cultivation of an annual biofuel crop such as sorghum. Multi-year, multi-disciplinary regional studies comparing these and additional annual and perennial biofuel crop and grassland soils are recommended to help define sustainable crop production and soil ecosystem service practices.     

Effect of fencing and grazing on a Kobresia-dominated meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Grazing is one of the most important factors influencing community structure and productivity in natural grasslands. Fencing to exclude grazers is one of the main management practices used to protect grasslands. Can fencing improve grassland community status by restraining grazing? We conducted a field community study and indoor soil analyses to determine the long-term effects of fencing and grazing on the above-ground community and soil in a Kobresia-dominated meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, NW China. Our results showed that fencing significantly improved above-ground vegetation productivity but reduced plant density and species diversity. Long-term fencing favored the improvement of forage grass functional groups and restrained the development noxious weed functional groups. There were significant positive effects of fencing on below-ground organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. The productivity of grazed meadow showed a weak decrease over time. There were long-term decreasing trends for plant density both in fenced and grazed meadows. Our study suggests that grazing can be considered as a useful management practice to improve species diversity and plant density in long-term fenced grasslands and that periodic grazing and fencing is beneficial in grassland management.     

不同放牧条件下锡林郭勒典型草原土壤水分分布特征及降水入渗估算

由人类活动所导致的锡林郭勒草原草场退化、土地沙化等问题日趋严重, 区域土壤水资源评价及其科学管理显得尤为重要。为确定锡林郭勒典型草原不同放牧条件对深层土壤剖面水分动态及降水入渗补给的影响, 选取1979年以来禁牧(UG79)、1999年以来禁牧(UG99)和持续放牧(CG) 3个小区6个土壤剖面, 基于不同深度土层的质量含水量、Cl ^-浓度等数据, 分析了放牧对深层土壤水分特征的影响, 且利用氯质量平衡法估算了降水入渗补给量。结果表明: 1)禁牧可以提高土壤含水量, 且禁牧时间越长, 效果越显著, 尤以表层最为明显。整个土壤剖面(0-5 m)土壤质量含水量的平均值表现为UG79 > UG99 > CG, 但各处理间差异不显著; 0-2 m UG79处理土壤剖面质量含水量分别比UG99和CG处理高26.6%和33.7%, 储水量分别高87.19 mm和82.52 mm, 且UG79处理与UG99、CG差异显著, 但UG99与CG之间差异不显著; 除局部地区受土壤颗粒组成影响含水量不同外, 各处理2-5 m土层含水量和储水量差异较小; 2)不同处理土壤含水量影响因素不同, 0-2 m土层含水量主要受地表植被状况和土壤性质的综合影响, 而2-5 m土层则主要受土壤颗粒组成的影响, 但随着禁牧年限的增加, 土壤有机质(SOM)含量对土壤水分的影响越来越大。UG79整个土壤剖面含水量与土壤颗粒含量和SOM含量呈极显著相关关系, UG99与CG处理0-2 m含水量与SOM含量呈极显著相关关系, 2-5 m土壤含水量与土壤颗粒含量呈极显著相关关系, 而与SOM含量相关性不显著; 3)氯质量平衡法估算得出年降水入渗补给率为UG79 > UG99 > CG, 35年和15年禁牧分别将降水入渗补给率提高了130.2%和44.5%; 考虑干沉降的不确定性, 研究区年降水入渗补给率为1.95-7.61 mm·a ^-1, 仅占年降水量的0.55%-2.13%。总之, 禁牧能够增加土壤含水量和储水量, 增加降水对土壤水分的补给, 但降水不是该区地下水的主要补给源。     

Characteristics of soil water distribution and evaluation of recharge rate under different grazing history in the Xilin Gol Steppe

由人类活动所导致的锡林郭勒草原草场退化、土地沙化等问题日趋严重, 区域土壤水资源评价及其科学管理显得尤为重要。为确定锡林郭勒典型草原不同放牧条件对深层土壤剖面水分动态及降水入渗补给的影响, 选取1979年以来禁牧(UG79)、1999年以来禁牧(UG99)和持续放牧(CG) 3个小区6个土壤剖面, 基于不同深度土层的质量含水量、Cl ^-浓度等数据, 分析了放牧对深层土壤水分特征的影响, 且利用氯质量平衡法估算了降水入渗补给量。结果表明: 1)禁牧可以提高土壤含水量, 且禁牧时间越长, 效果越显著, 尤以表层最为明显。整个土壤剖面(0-5 m)土壤质量含水量的平均值表现为UG79 > UG99 > CG, 但各处理间差异不显著; 0-2 m UG79处理土壤剖面质量含水量分别比UG99和CG处理高26.6%和33.7%, 储水量分别高87.19 mm和82.52 mm, 且UG79处理与UG99、CG差异显著, 但UG99与CG之间差异不显著; 除局部地区受土壤颗粒组成影响含水量不同外, 各处理2-5 m土层含水量和储水量差异较小; 2)不同处理土壤含水量影响因素不同, 0-2 m土层含水量主要受地表植被状况和土壤性质的综合影响, 而2-5 m土层则主要受土壤颗粒组成的影响, 但随着禁牧年限的增加, 土壤有机质(SOM)含量对土壤水分的影响越来越大。UG79整个土壤剖面含水量与土壤颗粒含量和SOM含量呈极显著相关关系, UG99与CG处理0-2 m含水量与SOM含量呈极显著相关关系, 2-5 m土壤含水量与土壤颗粒含量呈极显著相关关系, 而与SOM含量相关性不显著; 3)氯质量平衡法估算得出年降水入渗补给率为UG79 > UG99 > CG, 35年和15年禁牧分别将降水入渗补给率提高了130.2%和44.5%; 考虑干沉降的不确定性, 研究区年降水入渗补给率为1.95-7.61 mm·a ^-1, 仅占年降水量的0.55%-2.13%。总之, 禁牧能够增加土壤含水量和储水量, 增加降水对土壤水分的补给, 但降水不是该区地下水的主要补给源。     

Bioorganic Fertilizer Enhances Soil Suppressive Capacity against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases. Many strategies have been taken to improve soil suppressiveness against this destructive disease, but limited success has been achieved. In this study, a novel bioorganic fertilizer revealed a higher suppressive ability against bacterial wilt compared with several soil management methods in the field over four growing seasons from March 2011 to July 2013. The application of the bioorganic fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) reduced disease incidence of tomato and increased fruit yields in four independent trials. The association among the level of disease incidence, soil physicochemical and biological properties was investigated. The soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer increased soil pH value, electric conductivity, organic carbon, NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^--N and available K content, microbial activities and microbial biomass carbon content, which were positively related with soil suppressiveness. Bacterial and actinomycete populations assessed using classical plate counts were highest, whereas R. solanacearum and fungal populations were lowest in soil applied with the bioorganic fertilizer. Microbial community diversity and richness were assessed using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis profile analysis. The soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer exhibited higher bacterial community diversity but lower fungal community diversity. Redundancy analysis showed that bacterial community diversity and richness negatively related with bacterial wilt suppressiveness, while fungal community richness positively correlated with R. solanacearum population. We concluded that the alteration of soil physicochemical and biological properties in soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer induced the soil suppressiveness against tomato bacterial wilt.     

藏北古露高寒草地生态系统对短期围封的响应

过度放牧导致高寒草地生态系统退化,围封是生态保护和恢复的管理手段。以青藏高原那曲县古露镇过牧退化高寒草地为对象,系统分析了高寒草地生态系统的植被特征及土壤理化特性、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物生物量和群落结构对围封的响应。结果表明,短期围封后,(1)植被平均高度、盖度和地上生物量均有极显著增加(P0.01),而生物多样性指数则显著降低(P0.01);(2)土壤的水溶性有机碳含量、土壤物理结构(沙土与粉土的比例)及pH有显著变化(P0.05);(3)土壤酶活性没有明显改善;(4)土壤微生物生物量(细菌、放线菌、真菌)均呈显著增加(P0.05);(5)土壤中细菌的多样性有增加的趋势,其群落组成在门水平上也发生了变化;(6)Manteltest分析显示与土壤细菌群落结构的呈正相关性的环境因子主要为土壤有机碳含量(TOC)、总氮含量(TN)、碳磷比(C/P)与氮磷比(N/P)(P0.05)。这表明围栏封育有利于藏北草地植被、土壤理化特性的恢复,还能维持土壤微生物多样性,促进高寒草地生态系统的可持续发展。     

Assessment of the Bacterial Diversity in Fenvalerate-Treated Soil

The impact of the pesticide fenvalerate on the diversity of the bacterial community in soil was investigated in this study. After treatment with 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg fenvalerate g^–1 soil in three soils and incubation for a 40-day period, the changes in diversity were monitored by two different methods. The cultivable heterotrophic diversity was investigated by colony morphology on solid LB medium. Genetic diversity was measured as bands on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) gels by total genomic DNA extraction and purification, PCR-amplification of bacterial 16S rDNA fragments. The Shannon–Wiener index of diversity (H), richness (S) and evenness (E _H) were used to measure changes in the bacterial community in the soils. The results of the cultivable heterotrophic diversity and genetic diversity showed that there was an obvious decrease in diversity due to the application of fenvalerate to the soils, and the different amounts added had different impacts on the diversity. Bands appearing to be either enhanced or inhibited as a result of the fenvalerate treatments were excized and sequenced. Sequencing of excized DGGE bands indicated that application of fenvalerate had an obvious impact on several Pseudomonas spp., or Xanthomonas campestrisor Streptomyces avermitilis. This revealed that microbial community changes can occur due to the application of fenvalerate to soil.     

川西北高寒草地沙化过程中土壤氮素变化特征

草地沙化是我国最严重的环境问题之一,但关于草地沙化过程中氮素变化特征的研究报道多集中于干旱半干旱地区,而半湿润地区的相关报道还比较缺乏。通过野外调查,研究了川西北半湿润地区高寒沙质草地沙化过程中土壤氮素变化特征。结果表明,草地沙化对0—100cm土层土壤氮素具有显著影响,全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和微生物量氮(MBN)均呈现极显著下降的变化特征,极度沙化阶段较未沙化阶段分别减少了73.95%、77.72%、76.75%、79.77%和84.12%。其中,0—20cm土层变化最显著,全氮、碱解氮、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和MBN含量分别减少了86.43%、83.52%、82.11%、88.82%和91.77%。随着土层深度增加,不同程度沙化草地土壤氮素含量及其变化量逐渐减少;草地沙化过程中,不同沙化阶段土壤氮素损失数量不尽相同,其中,以轻度沙化阶段氮素损失最严重,全氮、碱解氮、NH_4~+-N、NO-3-N和MBN含量分别降低了41.18%、35.17%、46.74%、43.46%和46.88%。草地沙化过程中,土壤全氮、碱解氮、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和MBN含量与土壤粉粒、粘粒含量和植被群落盖度均呈极显著正相关特征,与土壤沙粒含量呈极显著负相关特征。研究区土壤氮素损失与风蚀选择性吹蚀土壤粉粒、粘粒及地表植物覆盖状况逐渐变差密切相关,因此该区域治沙的关键是采取措施降低风蚀对地表土壤吹蚀作用,提高沙化草地地表植被覆盖。同时,还应及时对沙化前期阶段及潜在沙化的草地进行生态治理,从而避免草地沙化继续恶化。     

基于高通量测序的鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤细菌群落特征分析

采用高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖典型湿地土壤细菌群落特征。测序结果表明,不同植被土壤细菌群落丰度与多样性的排序相同:苔草带苔草-虉草带芦苇带泥滩带藜蒿带。沿湖面至坡地,空间位置相近的土壤细菌群落结构具有更大的相似性,苔草-虉草带、苔草带和芦苇带的细菌群落结构相近,泥滩带和藜蒿带的细菌群落结构差异较大。变形菌门(30.0%)是湿地土壤平均相对丰度最高的门,其次为酸杆菌门(16.7%)和绿弯菌门(16.5%);多数门分类细菌相对丰度沿湖面至坡地存在一定变化趋势。硝化螺菌属是第一大属分类水平细菌群落。在土壤化学指标中,与鄱阳湖湿地细菌群落相关性较大的是总磷、铵态氮和有机质含量。以上研究结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地不同植被土壤细菌群落具有结构性差异,但沿湖面至坡地存在规律性变化。     

攀枝花不同海拔高度烤烟农田红壤中氨氧化细菌与氨氧化古菌的群落结构分析

为探究攀枝花干热河谷区农田土壤氨氧化古菌（Ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）与氨氧化细菌（Ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）群落对海拔高度的响应特征,深入认识该区域的氮素循环过程。以攀枝花米易县不同海拔（1600 m、1800 m和2000 m）农田红壤为研究对象,运用化学分析和末端限制性片段长度多态性（Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP）分别测定土壤理化性质、AOA和AOB群落组成及多样性,研究不同海拔农田土壤中AOA和AOB群落变异及其驱动因子。研究结果显示,不同海拔农田土壤pH均小于7,土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、速效钾（AK）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量随海拔升高而降低,碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量随海拔升高先增加后降低;随海拔升高,AOA群落多样性指数增加,而AOB群落多样性指数先增加后降低;AOA以亚硝基球菌属（Nitrososphaera）为优势菌群,AOB以亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）为优势菌群;土壤有机碳（SOC）、速效钾（AK）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是影响该区域农田土壤AOA和AOB群落发育的主要因子。总体而言,攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔农田土壤AOA和AOB群落结构变化明显,土壤硝态氮、速效钾和有机碳是影响AOA和AOB群落结构变异的主要因子;研究结果可为揭示干热河谷区农田红壤氮循环相关微生物的海拔分布格局提供理论依据。     

The management of populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem

Topsoil stockpiled for 4 years resulted in an accumulation of NH₄-N at depths of 1m or more in mound, as measured by an ammonia gas-sensing electrode. When leached with water these soils were also found to contain high concentrations of dissolved organic C below 1m. Both NH₄-N and DOC were products of microbial mineralisation of soil organic matter that accumulated under anaerobic conditions. When these soils were restored a flush of decomposition took place, fuelled by labile organic matter and soluble nitrogen.Stockpiled soil which underwent an ammonium-rich perfusion regime in the laboratory indicated that in-mound soils rapidly attained greater nitrification potential than surface mound soils and also had greater potential for further mineralisation of organic matter to NH₄-N. This further production was seen as a contribution from the bacterial flush, stimulated by the large labile-C pool already present.As the bulk of stored soil was anaerobic, restored soils were seen as potentially wasteful of their N-reserves; the fate of nitrogen and soluble carbon compounds in restored soils is discussed.     

氮素添加对内蒙古羊草草原净氮矿化的影响

为了更好地了解天然草原氮素矿化对全球氮沉降背景和草原施肥管理模式的响应, 从2000年起对内蒙古典型草原羊草 (Leymu schinensis) 群落开展了长期的氮素添加实验, 分别设置对照 (N0), 添加5gNH4NO3·m-2 (N1.75) 、30gNH4NO3·m-2 (N10.5) 和80gNH4NO3·m-2 (N28) 4个氮素添加梯度。2002年, 从相邻的同时进行施肥的两个生态系统类型, 即1979年围封的样地A和1999年围封的样地B进行土壤取样, 在最佳温度 (25℃) 和最适土壤湿度 (即60%田间持水量) 下进行5周的室内培养, 并用阶段性淋溶方法研究了氮素添加对土壤氮矿化动态的影响。在A和B两个样地内, 氮素添加都显著改变了土壤的累积氮矿化量。最高氮素处理N28对应于最低的累积氮矿化量, 而低氮素处理N1.75使得累积氮矿化量达到最高。在N0和N1.75处理中, 硝态氮的含量高于铵态氮;在N28处理中, 却表现出相反的趋势。氮素添加显著降低了土壤的pH值, 但累积氮矿化量与土壤pH值、有机碳和全氮均没有显著的相关性。大多数氮素添加处理水平在样地A具有比样地B更高的土壤累积氮矿化量。     

蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化的影响

蚂蚁作为生态系统工程师能够调节土壤微生物及理化环境,进而对热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率及其时间动态产生显著影响。以西双版纳白背桐热带森林群落为研究对象,采用室内需氧培养法测定土壤有机氮矿化速率,比较蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态,揭示蚂蚁筑巢活动引起土壤无机氮库、微生物生物量碳及化学性质改变对有机氮矿化速率时间动态的影响。结果表明：（1）蚂蚁筑巢显著影响土壤有机氮矿化速率（P<0.01）,相较于非蚁巢,蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率提高了261%;（2）土壤有机氮矿化速率随月份推移呈明显的单峰型变化趋势,即6月最大（蚁巢1.22 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.41 mg kg^-1 d^-1）,12月最小（蚁巢0.82 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.18 mg kg^-1 d^-1）;（3）两因素方差分析表明,不同月份及不同处理对土壤有机氮矿化速率、NH₄-N及NO₃-N产生显著影响（P<0.05）,但对NO₃-N的交互作用不显著;（4）蚂蚁筑巢显著提高了无机氮库（NH₄-N与NO₃-N）、微生物生物量碳、有机质、水解氮、全氮及易氧化有机碳等土壤养分含量,而降低了土壤pH值;（5）回归分析表明,铵态氮和硝态氮对土壤有机氮矿化速率产生显著影响,分别解释87.89%、61.84%的有机氮矿化速率变化;（6）主成份分析表明NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质是影响有机氮矿化速率时间动态的主要因素,而全氮、NO₃-N、易氧化有机碳、水解氮及pH对土壤有机氮矿化速率的影响次之,且pH与土壤有机氮矿化速率呈显著负相关。总之,蚂蚁筑巢活动主要通过影响土壤NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质的状况,进而调控西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态。研究结果将有助于进一步提高对土壤氮矿化生物调控机制的认识。