Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of neuraminidase from Micromonospora viridifaciens.

Single crystals of neuraminidase from the bacterium Micromonospora viridifaciens were obtained using the hanging drop vapour diffusion method and polyethylene glycol as precipitant at pH 5.0 or 5.5. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions a = 48.14 A, b = 82.73 A, c = 84.75 A and with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Diffraction extends to at least 1.7 A.     

Enhancement of mycinamicin production by dotriacolide in Micromonospora griseorubida

Production of macrolide antibiotic mycinamicin was greatly increased by addition of sulfate ion into the culture medium of Micromonospora griseorubida. An O-sulfate ester compound, also produced by the strain, was shown to be dotriacolide. In an M. griseorubida dotriacolide non-producing strain, the production level of mycinamicin remained low, but increased to the level of dotriacolide producing strain by the addition of dotriacolide. Dotriacolide enhanced mycinamicin production in M. griseorubida by the formation of micelles with mycinamicin. As a result, dotriacolide played a critical role in mycinamicin production in M. griseorubida.     

Selective destruction of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors by neuraminidase

The responses of isolated frog skin to 5-hydroxytryptamine (increased active sodium transport and decreased passive chloride permeability) are diminished by incubation with the enzymes neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase but only in the absence of Ca²⁺ and presence of EDTA. The responses induced by oxytocin, adrenalin and aldosterone are unaffected by enzyme treatment.     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of the Micromonospora viridifaciens neuraminidase gene in Streptomyces lividans.

We have cloned the Micromonospora viridifaciens neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) gene (nedA) in Streptomyces lividans. This was accomplished by using the vector pIJ702 and BglII-BclI libraries of M. viridifaciens chromosomal inserts created in S. lividans. The libraries were screened for the expression of neuraminidase by monitoring the cleavage of the fluorogenic neuraminidase substrate 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Positive clones (BG6, BG7, BC4, and BC8) contained the identical 2-kb BclI-BglII fragment and expressed neuraminidase efficiently and constitutively using its own promoter in the heterologous host. From the nucleotide sequence analysis, an open reading frame of 1,941 bp which encodes a polypeptide with an M(r) of 68,840 was detected. The deduced amino acid sequence has five Asp boxes, -Ser-X-Asp-X-Gly-X-Thr-Trp, showing great similarity to other bacterial and viral neuraminidases. We have also identified the catalytic domain by using truncated proteins produced in S. lividans.     

Contribution of the active site aspartic acid to catalysis in the bacterial neuraminidase from Micromonospora viridifaciens

A recombinant D92G mutant sialidase from Micromonospora viridifaciens has been cloned, expressed and purified. Kinetic studies reveal that the replacement of the conserved aspartic acid with glycine results in a catalytically competent retaining sialidase that possesses significant activity against activated substrates. The contribution of this aspartate residue to the free energy of hydrolysis for natural substrates is greater than 19 kJ/mol. The three dimensional structure of the D92G mutant shows that the removal of aspartic acid 92 causes no significant re-arrangement of the active site, and that an ordered water molecule substitutes for the carboxylate group of D92.     

小单孢菌属的分类及应用研究

小单孢菌在自然界分布广泛,但由于分离、分类方法所限,绝大多数还没有被人们所认识。在小单孢菌的分类学研究中,最初主要依据的是形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征,随着“多相分类”的广泛应用,分子分类在小单孢菌的分类学研究中起到了越来越重要的作用。小单孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生抗生素,如庆大霉素、利福霉素、新霉素等;某些种能降解天然橡胶和纤维素。近年来的研究表明,小单孢菌能产生具有独特化学结构的生物活性物质,对肿瘤细胞有靶向和识别作用,并能有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。     

Human lymphocyte membrane proteins treated with neuraminidase

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were surface-iodinated, treated with neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae and lysed with non-ionic detergent. In addition, surface membrane fractions were isolated from surface-iodinated cells in the absence of detergents and treated with neuraminidase after membrane isolation. The effect of neuraminidase treatment on the membrane proteins was studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One surface-labelled protein of 45 000 molecular weight which is characterized by its association with the detergent-resistant matrix of the cells and by its specific enrichment in an isolated membrane fraction, was found to be particularly sensitive to neuraminidase treatment both of intact cells and isolated membranes. A prominent labelled protein of apparent molecular weight of 60 000 is observed in the soluble fraction after neuraminidase treatment of intact cells. The analogous protein is detected when isolated membrane fractions are treated with neuraminidase.     

Isolation,structural characterization and neuraminidase inhibitory activities of polyphenolic constituents from Flos caryophylli

Neuraminidase (NA) is one of the key surface proteins of the influenza virus, which is an important target for anti-influenza therapy. In the present study, bioassay-guided fractionation led to isolation of two new compounds, rhamnetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester (1) and rhamnazin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester (2), along with seventeen known compounds (3-19), from the MeOH extract of Flos Caryophylli using in vitro NA inhibition assay. These isolated compounds exhibited significantly inhibitory effects on the NA with IC₅₀ values ranging from 8.4 to 94.1 μM and were found to protect MDCK cells from A (H1N1) influenza infections (EC₅₀ = 1.5–84.7 μM) with very low cytotoxicity to the host cells (CC₅₀ = 374.3–1266.9 μM)), with selective index (SI) ranging from 7 to 297. The primary structure-relationships of these isolates were also discussed.     

Production of cellulases and saccharification of lignocellulosics by A. Micromonospora sp.

A locally isolated strain of Micromonospora sp. when grown on different natural cellulosic substrates gave the highest activity of carboxymethylcellulase (34 U/ml) and Avicelase (0.9 U/ml) on rice straw. Sugar cane bagasse was also a good substrate for growth and cellulase production. With commercial cellulosic substrates, highest carboxymethylcellulase (90 U/ml) and Avicelase (2.8 U/ml) activities were when the organism grew on xylan. Saccharification of sugar cane bagasse and rice straw by enzyme preparations of the organism grown on the respective substrates released 5.6 and 5.8 mg reducing sugar/ml. With all enzyme preparations, bagasse was more easily saccharified than rice straw.The authors are with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; N.A. Chowdhury, M. Moniruzzaman, and N. Choudhury in the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, and N. Nahar in the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology.     

依纽小单孢菌接合转移体系的构建

以依纽小单孢菌HP变种基因组DNA为模板,扩增位于西索米星3′,4′-双脱羟基酶基因sisI上下游序列的两端同源交换臂,在两臂之间添加抗性筛选标记ermE基因,并在该基因上游加入组成型强启动子ermE*,以强化筛选标记.将该外源DNA序列插入到质粒pKC1139,构建重组质粒pFD57.转化大肠杆菌ET12567后,经接合转移导入依纽小单孢菌中,经抗性筛选得到两株阳性菌株,命名为HP-I-1和HP-I-2.经PCR验证和测序,结果表明,重组质粒已整合到染色体DNA上.依纽小单孢菌接合转移体系的构建达到了预期目的,并实现了对该体系的优化.     

大连地区海泥样品中分离的两株小单胞菌的研究

从大连不同地区的海泥样品中分离了2株具有广谱抗菌活性的小单胞菌。16S rDNA序列分析结果显示,2株小单胞菌均与Micromonospora aurantiaca DSM43813具有99%的相似性,但是这2株小单胞菌的培养特征和生理生化特性具有明显的差别。2株小单胞菌均在20℃下生长良好,而且能耐受6%的NaCl。这是有抗菌活性的Micromonospora aurantiaca菌株首次在我国大连地区海泥样品中得到分离。2株小单胞菌具有较好的抗菌活性,尤其是对白色假丝酵母和铜绿假单胞杆菌的活性,显示了进一步开发与应用的价值。     

炭样小单孢菌产抗生素对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的抗菌作用及其机理

【背景】水稻细菌性条斑病菌为水稻细菌性条斑病的病原菌,土壤中分离到的一株具有广谱抗菌活性的炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1,其发酵产物(即抗生素JX)对植物病原菌具有较强的抑菌活性。【目的】研究抗生素JX对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的抗菌作用及其机理。【方法】采用杯碟法测定抑菌圈大小,二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度,并且从菌体形态观察、电导率变化、培养液大分子漏出、蛋白质合成、核酸合成和膜电位变化6个方面探究其作用机理。【结果】抗生素JX对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的抑菌圈直径达18.84±0.28mm,最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度分别为1.39μg/m L和2.78μg/mL,且杀菌速度很快,作用12 h的杀菌率达100%。在抗生素JX作用下,水稻细菌性条斑病菌的细胞形态发生改变,培养液电导率、膜电位和大分子漏出量均随抗生素浓度增加而增大,但菌体蛋白质含量随着抗生素浓度增加而降低,同时,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测发现ef-p表达量下调。【结论】抗生素JX对水稻细菌性条斑病菌具有较强的抗菌作用,推测其抑菌机理是通过抑制菌体蛋白质的生物合成和影响细胞膜完整性而起作用。     

Ribosomal resistance as a wide-spread self-defence mechanism in aminoglycoside-producing Micromonospora species

Abstract The mechanism of self-defence against their own product was studied in five aminoglycoside-producing Micromonospora (M.) species: M. grisea (verdamicin producer); M. inyoensis (sisomicin producer); M. sagamiensis (sagamicin producer); M. rhodorangea (antibiotic G-418 producer) and M. zionensis (antibiotic G-52 producer). Analysis of cell-free extracts of these organisms showed that they were devoid of modification enzymes specific for aminoglycosides. They contained, however, high-level resistant ribosomes. Mixed subunit exchange experiments of ribosomes from the producer strains and from a sensitive non-producing species ( M. melanosporea ) demonstrated that it is the 30S subunit which confers resistance.     

棘孢小单孢菌和灰色链霉菌原生质体融合的研究

用庆大霉素产生菌——棘孢小单孢菌Micromonospora echinospora 814(Gm~r,Km~r)和链霉素产生菌Streptomyces griseus No. 45(Sm~r,Lm~r)进行了原生质体融合。以抗性为选择标记,选出了融合体。其融合频率在10~(-3)—10~(-4)之间。在电镜条件下,观察了原生质体融合的详细过程,测定了融合体的产抗生素能力,其中一株融合体F106的抗生素产量比亲本菌株814高58％。用羧甲基纤维素薄层对发酵液层析表明,有一个融合体的发酵液比亲本菌株814多一个组份,但没有测出其生物活性。     

依尼奥小单孢菌抗性基因sisR的克隆研究

从产西索米星的依尼奥小单孢菌中克隆高抗性新基因sisR,借助计算机设计PCR引物,从西索米星的产生菌依尼奥小单孢菌的染色体DNA中,经PCR扩增获得DNA序列长度不等的DNA片段。将这些DNA片段克隆至pUC19载体质粒并导入大肠杆菌,从中筛选到5个抗西索米星的转化子(其中一个命名为sisR)显示对西索米星的高抗性(超过1000μg/mL)。经DNA测序并通过互联网Biast比对,确认对该抗性负责的DNA片段是一个未见报道的新基因。     

Secondary Metabolites from Marine Micromonospora: Chemistry and Bioactivities

Marine Micromonospora was revealed to be a rather untapped and a rich source of chemically diverse and unique bioactive natural products. This review is aimed to make a comprehensive survey of secondary metabolites that were derived from marine Micromonospora including chemical diversity and biological activities. A total of 116 compounds from 41 marine Micromonospora species have been reported, covering the literatures from 1997 to 2019. These compounds contain several structural classes such as polyketides (PKS), nonribosomal peptides (NRPS), PKS‐NRPS hybrids, terpenes and others, and they present cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiparasitic, chemopreventive or antioxidant activities.     

The production of neuraminidase and fucosidase by Helicobacter pylori: Their possible relationship to pathogenicity

Abstract The pathogenicity of enterobacteria often correlates with their production of neuraminidase (sialidase). Forty-nine Helicobacter pylori isolates have therefore been examined for their production of neuraminidase and other glycosidases. All 49 isolates produced considerable neuraminidase (median 228 IU/μgmg protein, interquartile range 121–370), pH optimum 7.5. Nine of the 49 also produced fucosidase (median 23 IU/μgmg protein, interquartile range 12–39), pH optimum 7.0. Production of these enzymes did not correlate with bacterial Cag A expression or duodenal ulceration. Neutrophils exposed to neuraminidase show increased adherence to endothelium so the neuraminidase production by H. pylori could partly explain the predominant neutrophil inflammatory infiltrate seen in H. pylori -associated gastritis. Inhibition of this enzyme by use of neuraminidase-inhibitors could be a useful therapeutic approach.     

Production of Vitamin B12 by Micromonospora

Various species of Micromonospora produced yields of vitamin B(12) activity as high as 11 mug/ml under conditions of shaken flask fermentation.     

一株具有广谱抗菌活性炭样小单孢菌的全基因组序列测定

【目的】炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1是一株具有广谱抗菌活性的放线菌,研究揭示该菌的基因组序列信息。【方法】采用高通量测序技术对炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1的基因组DNA测序,利用SOAPdenovo软件组装,人工PCR修补基因组部分缺口,然后进行生物信息学分析。【结果】对炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1的全基因组序列进行了测定和注释,得到基因组精细图,相关序列已提交GenBank,获得登录号为JXSX00000000。【结论】研究为揭示炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1抗生素产生机制及其抗菌机理提供了基础数据,对进一步研发其抗生素具有重要的理论意义和巨大的应用价值。