濒危植物乐东拟单性木兰的分布现状与保护策略

对中国特有珍稀濒危植物乐东拟单性木兰（Parakmeria lotungensis）的分布现状、资源量、种群结构和群落特征进行了全面的野外调查。结果表明,乐东拟单性木兰零星分布在我国18°44′～29°24′N,107°50′～119°09′E之间的热带至亚热带森林中,估测个体数量不足15000株,其中成年植株数量不足2500株。生境破碎化与乐东拟单性木兰自身的生物学和生态学特性是影响种群更新的重要因素。人为破坏是造成乐东拟单性木兰种群急剧缩减的直接原因,对乐东拟单性木兰的分布现状提出了保护策略和建议。     

仙湖苏铁野生种群的报道

深圳塘朗山分布的仙湖苏铁种群是首次发现的该物种的野生种群,具有极高的研究价值,可填补仙湖苏铁野外研究的空白,但目前已处于濒危状态。笔者对该种群在塘朗山的分布状况以及群落特征作了初步报道．     

黄山濒危植物小花木兰生态位与年龄结构研究

基于对黄山风景区濒危植物小花木兰（Magnolia seiboldii）分布群落的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,研究了小花木兰群落中主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和小花木兰种群的年龄结构．结果表明：（1）分别用Levins和Shannon weiner两指数测得的主要优势种群的生态位宽度结果基本一致;重要值大的种群一般具有较宽的生态位。生态位重叠与生态位宽度有关,具较宽生态位的种群一般与其他种群具有较高的生态位重叠,另外,具有相似生境要求和相似生物学特征的种群间也具有较大的生态位重叠,如都是耐萌种的小花木兰与四照花（Dendrobenthamia japonica）的生态位重叠值较高。种群间生态位重叠程度较高,物种间关系复杂,对资源共享趋势明显。（2）小花木兰为星散间断分布,在群落中处于伴生从属地位,生存易受群落变化的影响。对生境要求相似的种群在同一生境下当资源充分时能形成良好的共生关系,支持林思祖等人的生态位重叠与竞争不成相关关系的学说。（3）通过对小花木兰年龄结构的统计发现,小花木兰年龄结构不完整,属于衰退型,幼苗储备严重不足,成为该种群更新的一大瓶颈。（4）它的高海拔分布显示了低温是它生存的一个重要保证;水分也是影响小花木兰种群动态的重要因子。散花坞生境中小花木兰生长良好,呈增长趋势,而清凉台生境小花木兰则表现为年龄老化,呈衰退趋势。散花坞和清凉台可视为重点保护生境,其间生境差异导致的种群动态差异有待于进一步探讨。     

广东廉江野生荔枝种群结构和分布格局

采用空间序列代替时间变化的方法研究广东廉江谢鞋山野生荔枝的种群结构,并采用方差/均值比的t检验法判定其分布格局。结果表明,野生荔枝种群呈随机分布,种群内低龄和高龄植株较少,中龄级植株较多,种群更新能力不足,存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅰ型,属衰退种群,亟待保护。     

中国麋鹿遗传多样性现状与保护对策

通过对麋鹿野生种群的绝灭过程、圈养历史、种群增长及遗传多样性状况的分析研究,认为麋鹿脱离野生种群成为完全的圈养群体约有100多年的历史,捕猎和栖息地丧失是其绝灭的根本原因。麋鹿最初引入欧洲时曾经历了严重的近交衰退阶段,目前其耐受近交的能力显著增强。截至1994年我国麋鹿已达近500只,其遗传变异量约为其野生种群的70%。在我国重建麋鹿自然种群不仅完全可能,而且也只有如此才能使麋鹿在自然中进化并丰富其受损的遗传多样性。     

2016至2019年朱鹮野生种群收容救护现状分析

朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)野生种群目前仅分布在陕西省洋县及邻近的城固、西乡、南郑、汉台、勉县、宁强、留坝、汉阴等9个县区,数量达到2 500余只,但对其野外伤病和收容救治状况报道较少.陕西汉中朱鹮国家级自然保护区在2016至2019年的巡护和监测过程中,共发现并收容救治野生朱鹮伤病个体362只.本文利用双因...     

天女木兰遗传多样性微卫星标记的研究

以中国7个省份9个天女木兰种群为研究对象,采用微卫星技术(SSR)探讨天女木兰分子遗传多样性。结果显示:(1)9个天女木兰种群间存在较低的遗传多样性,种群平均Nei基因多样性指数(H)0.098 5,平均Shannon信息指数(I)0.146 8;种群间基因流为0.597 9(1),处于很低的水平。(2)天女木兰不同种群在长期进化过程中发生了一定的遗传分化,9个天女木兰种群的遗传距离为0.068 8~0.214 2,遗传相似度介于0.82~0.93之间。(3)聚类分析结果显示,9个天女木兰种群在进化上形成2个主要分枝,贵州麻江种群为一支,其他地区的种群为另一支,其中贵州麻江的天女木兰生存状况较差。(4)天女木兰的遗传多样性与种群分布的经度呈正相关。研究表明,天女木兰种群间的遗传多样性低,缺乏基因交流,可能是导致其濒危的主要遗传学机制。     

吉林长白山区的天女木兰

天女木兰（Magnoliasieboldii）又称小花木兰、天女花,为木兰科树种,在我国间断分布于东北、华北、华东、中南及西南一些省区个别山地较阴湿的环境中。由于天女木兰花朵艳丽、芳香,枝叶秀美,观赏价值较高,是美化园林的理想花木。其花、叶、根均可提取高级香料,该种也是很有开发利用前景的珍贵野生芳香资源植物。但小花木兰的野生种群较少,生存环境受到一定威胁,已处于渐危状态,被列为国家三级重点保护植物和吉林省一类保护植物。吉林是小花木兰在我国分布最北的省份,目前仅见于长白山脉南部的集安县境内。为了更好地保护天女木兰…     

黑龙江省野生东北虎调查管理信息系统的构建

文章以黑龙江省野生东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）野外调查数据为基础,利用地理信息系统技术、计算机技术与野生动物资源调查管理技术,构建了黑龙江省野生东北虎调查管理信息系统。主要运用面向对象程序设计语言C#和ArcGIS Engine嵌入式组件技术以及SQL Server数据库技术,设计并构建东北虎调查管理系统,实现了对野生东北虎调查数据的图形可视化操作管理。同时,结合研究区域内的自然因素和人文因素对调查资源进行动态的空间分析,及时准确地反映出东北虎的种群数量和空间变化规律,并制作出相应的分类专题图及野外分布信息统计图表等。该管理信息系统将有助于野生东北虎种群及栖息地调查数据与资料的科学管理,对于推动我国野生东北虎就地保护和科学管理具有重要意义。     

珍稀濒危树种峨眉含笑种群结构与动态特征

珍稀濒危植物峨眉含笑是中国特有树种,国家二级重点保护野生植物。为摸清其种群生存现状,了解其种群结构、动态及空间分布格局,首次对分布于中国四川省峨眉山、沐川县国有林场和平武县宽坝林场3个现存地点的峨眉含笑天然种群进行野外调查。依据空间代替时间理论和匀滑技术,建立各种群的年龄结构和静态生命表、绘制种群存活曲线、死亡率曲线和损失度曲线等阐明其种群结构特征,通过种群动态量化分析方法量化种群结构动态变化规律,并基于种群空间格局分析的多种方法分析各种群的空间分布特征。结果表明:峨眉和平武种群属于增长型,沐川种群属于衰退型;峨眉和沐川种群的存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅲ型,平武种群的存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型。同一种群死亡率曲线和损失度曲线的变化趋势一致。平武种群密度最大,但小树的死亡率最高;沐川种群密度最低,幼苗严重不足,幼树、小树缺乏,中树死亡率最高,种群存在衰退的风险。峨眉种群密度介于沐川和平武之间,但幼苗、幼树的死亡率最高。因此,需针对不同分布点的种群,采取不同的保护措施。建议对峨眉种群进行人工育苗,获得该种群的实生幼苗,待幼苗长成小树后将小树移植回该种群;对沐川种群,宜采用人工优化生境及人工辅助育苗相结合的措施,促进种群更新;对平武种群应制订适宜的保护栖息地的有力措施,并呼吁当地相关部门及村民加强对该树种的保护。     

岩溶植物光合-光响应曲线的两种拟合模型比较

用直角双曲线和非直角双曲线两种模型,对桂林岩溶区石山植物红背山麻杆（Alchornea trewioides）、九龙藤（Bauhinia championii）、青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii）和圆叶乌桕（Sapium rotundifolium）光合作用的光响应曲线进行拟合。结果表明,直角双曲线拟合的表观量子效率（α）、最大净光合速率（Pmax）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）、光补偿点（Lcp）和光饱和点（Lφ）数值均高于相应的非直角双曲线拟合结果;直角双曲线模型拟合的参数值大小和曲线变化趋势不符合实际情况;非直角双曲线模型拟合结果更符合生理意义。红背山麻杆和九龙藤具有较高的表观量子效率和较低的光补偿点,对光能的利用效率和耐荫性均强于圆叶乌桕和青檀。     

Historical dynamics of a declining wolf population: persecution vs. prey reduction

Using records from archives detailing bounties for wolves killed in northern Spain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, we investigated demographic and spatial distribution parameters of the population to determine whether direct persecution or prey availability was responsible for the observed population decline. Captures of adult, subadult, and young individuals, including those of litters, showed a downward trend. Progressive decreases in age ratio and litter size, and the increase in the proportion of males, were compatible with a population under food stress, driven by the extinction of wild ungulates, the sharp reduction in livestock numbers, and the lack of alternative prey. The immigration and dispersal process does not seem to have functioned under such conditions. In the study area, where strychnine was not used until the end of the nineteenth century, the broadly accepted idea of human persecution having an exclusive or primary role in wolf decline does not necessarily apply.     

Beyond the point of no return? A comparison of genetic diversity in captive and wild populations of two nearly extinct species of Goodeid fish reveals that one is inbred in the wild

The relative importance of genetic and non-genetic factors in extinction liability has been extensively debated. Here, we examine the levels of genetic variability at 13 (seven informative) loci in wild and captive populations of two endangered species of Mexican Goodeid fish, Ameca splendens and Zoogoneticus tequila. Allelic diversity was higher in the wild populations, and F(IS) lower. Values of theta (=4Nemu) were estimated using a coalescent approach. These implied that the effective population size of all captive populations of A. splendens were smaller than that of the wild population; qualitatively similar results were obtained using an analytical method based on within-population gene identity disequilibrium. However, the wild population of Z. tequila did not show a significantly greater estimate of theta. We used the Beaumont approach to infer population declines, and found that both species showed clear evidence of a decline in effective population size, although this was stronger and probably occurred over a longer period of time in Z. tequila than in A. splendens. The decline in Z. tequila probably occurred before captive populations were established. We discuss implications for the conservation of critically endangered populations.     

Allozyme variation of Cyclobalanopsis championii (Fagaceae), a narrowly distributed species in southern Taiwan

Allozyme genetic variability in five natural populations of Cyclobalanopsis championii (Fagaceae) in Taiwan was investigated using 12 loci from 9 enzyme systems. The average values of parameters describing within-population variation, expected heterozygosity (He = 0.151), the percentage of polymorphic loci per individual (P = 50%), the average number of alleles per locus (A = 1.7), effective number of alleles per locus (Ae = 1.25), and the average number of alleles per polymorphic loci (AP = 2.2) are comparable to those of other long-lived woody plants. The overall fixation index (Fis = 0.208) indicates a significant deficiency of heterozygotes at the population level. Allelic frequency deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found for different loci in different populations. An exact test for population differentiation using the Tools for Population Genetic Analyses program also indicates that allelic frequencies among populations are significantly different (P < .001). Among-population variation, Gst, accounted for 9.2% of the total heterozygosity. The population at Shouchia and the southernmost population Nanjenshan had higher inbreeding coefficients (0.177 and 0.153, respectively) than did the northern populations. Genetic drift is supported by the observations of the variance components of linkage disequilibrium and a large proportion of loci in Nanjenshan and Shouchia that show pairwise locus disequilibrium. We believe continuous genetic drift in the southern populations will increase genetic divergence among populations of C. championii in Taiwan. Significant correlation was found between elevation and expected heterozygosity. We therefore inferred that temperature is the most important ecological factor to influence the genetic diversity of C. championii.     

When can the cause of a population decline be determined?

Inferring the factors responsible for declines in abundance is a prerequisite to preventing the extinction of wild populations. Many of the policies and programmes intended to prevent extinctions operate on the assumption that the factors driving the decline of a population can be determined. Exogenous factors that cause declines in abundance can be statistically confounded with endogenous factors such as density dependence. To demonstrate the potential for confounding, we used an experiment where replicated populations were driven to extinction by gradually manipulating habitat quality. In many of the replicated populations, habitat quality and density dependence were confounded, which obscured causal inference. Our results show that confounding is likely to occur when the exogenous factors that are driving the decline change gradually over time. Our study has direct implications for wild populations, because many factors that could drive a population to extinction change gradually through time.     

Very Low Population Structure in a Highly Mobile and Wide-Ranging Endangered Bird Species

The loss of biodiversity following fragmentation and degradation of habitat is a major issue in conservation biology. As competition for resources increases following habitat loss and fragmentation, severe population declines may occur even in common, highly mobile species; such demographic decline may cause changes within the population structure of the species. The regent honeyeater, Anthochaera phrygia, is a highly nomadic woodland bird once common in its native southeast Australia. It has experienced a sharp decline in abundance since the late 1970s, following clearing of large areas of its preferred habitat, box-ironbark woodland, within the last 200 years. A captive breeding program has been established as part of efforts to restore this species. This study used genetic data to examine the range-wide population structure of regent honeyeaters, including spatial structure, its change through time, sex differences in philopatry and mobility, and genetic differences between the captive and wild populations. There was low genetic differentiation between birds captured in different geographic areas. Despite the recent demographic decline, low spatial structure appears to have some temporal consistency. Both sexes appear to be highly mobile, and there does not seem to be significant genetic differentiation between the captive and wild populations. We conclude that management efforts for survival of this species, including habitat protection, restoration, and release of captive-bred birds into the wild, can treat the species as effectively a single genetic population.     

Heavy rainfall increases nestling mortality of an arctic top predator: experimental evidence and long-term trend in peregrine falcons

Although animal population dynamics have often been correlated with fluctuations in precipitation, causal relationships have rarely been demonstrated in wild birds. We combined nest observations with a field experiment to investigate the direct effect of rainfall on survival of peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) nestlings in the Canadian Arctic. We then used historical data to evaluate if recent changes in the precipitation regime could explain the long-term decline of falcon annual productivity. Rainfall directly caused more than one-third of the recorded nestling mortalities. Juveniles were especially affected by heavy rainstorms (≥8 mm/day). Nestlings sheltered from rainfall by a nest box had significantly higher survival rates. We found that the increase in the frequency of heavy rain over the last three decades is likely an important factor explaining the recent decline in falcon nestling survival rates, and hence the decrease in annual breeding productivity of the population. Our study is among the first experimental demonstrations of the direct link between rainfall and survival in wild birds, and clearly indicates that top arctic predators can be significantly impacted by changes in precipitation regime.     

长白山区濒危植物朝鲜崖柏种群数量特征及动态

朝鲜崖柏为国家二级重点保护植物,是长白山区特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值.在对朝鲜崖柏主要分布区野生资源进行调查基础上,首次利用个体基径和年龄数据建立不同群落朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构、静态生命表和生存函数,用动态指数和时间序列分析预测其种群发展趋势.结果表明: 朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构呈“∩”型,属衰退型;分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,纯林群落种群趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型;种群生存分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的生存函数呈现不规则的波动状态,种群分布表现为早期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的动态特征,纯林群落中,种群分布表现为早期稳定、中期增长、后期缓慢衰退的特点;动态指数和时间序列分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的衰退速度略高于纯林群落.综合分析表明,朝鲜崖柏种群具有一定的恢复能力,应适当采取人工抚育,促进其种群正常更新.     

Temporal change in genetic integrity suggests loss of local adaptation in a wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population following introgression by farmed escapees

In some wild Atlantic salmon populations, rapid declines in numbers of wild returning adults has been associated with an increase in the prevalence of farmed salmon. Studies of phenotypic variation have shown that interbreeding between farmed and wild salmon may lead to loss of local adaptation. Yet, few studies have attempted to assess the impact of interbreeding at the genome level, especially among North American populations. Here, we document temporal changes in the genetic makeup of the severely threatened Magaguadavic River salmon population (Bay of Fundy, Canada), a population that might have been impacted by interbreeding with farmed salmon for nearly 20 years. Wild and farmed individuals caught entering the river from 1980 to 2005 were genotyped at 112 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and/or eight microsatellite loci, to scan for potential shifts in adaptive genetic variation. No significant temporal change in microsatellite-based estimates of allele richness or gene diversity was detected in the wild population, despite its precipitous decline in numbers over the last two decades. This might reflect the effect of introgression from farmed salmon, which was corroborated by temporal change in linkage-disequilibrium. Moreover, SNP genome scans identified a temporal decrease in candidate loci potentially under directional selection. Of particular interest was a SNP previously shown to be strongly associated with an important quantitative trait locus for parr mark number, which retained its genetic distinctiveness between farmed and wild fish longer than other outliers. Overall, these results indicate that farmed escapees have introgressed with wild Magaguadavic salmon resulting in significant alteration of the genetic integrity of the native population, including possible loss of adaptation to wild conditions.