肿瘤相关成纤维细胞与成纤维细胞活化蛋白在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

除了依赖于肿瘤细胞自身的恶性增殖以外,肿瘤的发生和发展还依赖于肿瘤细胞与肿瘤间质微环境的相互作用。肿瘤间质中存在的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（tumor-associatedfibroblasts,TAF）能够诱导免疫抑制,是肿瘤免疫治疗中的一大障碍。在TAF上存在一种成纤维细胞激活蛋白（fibroblast activationprotein,FAP）,它在细胞表面发挥作用,是一种膜丝氨酸肽酶,是Ⅱ型丝氨酸蛋白酶家族成员之一,具有二肽肽酶及胶原酶活性,在肿瘤微环境中表达FAP的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞是最早被鉴定的一种肿瘤间质细胞类型。它由肿瘤问质中的成纤维细胞与癌细胞相互作用而活化,是肿瘤微环境中最主要的宿主细胞,具有促进肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭及免疫抑制的作用,而且基因组稳定不易耐药,有望成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新靶标。就靶向TAF和FAP在肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究做一综述,为基于肿瘤间质微环境的免疫治疗提供参考。     

成纤维细胞生长因子研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子（ＦＧＦ）家族至少有七个成员,有些成员是原癌基因的产物。它们对多种细胞的生长与分化具有调节作用。该家族存在两类受体,高亲和力受体具有酷氨酸蛋白激酶活性,低亲和力受体为肝素受体。ＦＧＦ对神经生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子的表达有一定调控作用。     

成纤维细胞生长因子的临床转化及相关新药研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子;创伤修复;代谢调控;成纤维细胞生长因子受体抑制剂     

基因工程成纤维细胞的研究进展

基因工程成纤维细胞的研究进展唐展云陈诗书（上海第二医科大学人类基因治疗研究中心,上海２０００２５）关键词基因工程成纤维细胞基因治疗在基因治疗中,靶细胞的选择非常重要。靶细胞的选择必须具备以下条件：容易获得;能在体外培养和做遗传学修饰;便于植回体内和能...     

成纤维细胞及其异质性研究进展

成纤维细胞在免疫系统及疾病发生发展,尤其组织纤维化中的作用渐受到重视,成纤维细胞异质性研究为探讨有关疾病发病机理提供了理论基础。本文就肺、肾间质、牙周和皮肤等成纤维细胞的异质性研究进展作一综述。     

成纤维细胞生长因子与其受体相互作用及其抑制剂的研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）有许多重要的生理功能,并与肿瘤的形成有关.为了弄清FGF与成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)相互作用的机制,人们对FGF和FGFR的各个结合结构域进行了深入、细致的研究,定位了aFGF、bFGF的肝素结合区、bFGF的受体结合区、FGF受体的肝素结合区、配体结合区和FGF受体相互结合区,提出了两个FGF与FGFR相互作用的模型,在此基础上设计了FGF的核酸类、糖类和多肽类抑制剂,为寻找新一代抗癌药物打下了理论基础.     

成纤维细胞激活蛋白alpha与肿瘤免疫抑制的研究进展

成纤维细胞激活蛋白alpha（Fibroblast activation protein-alpha,FAP-alpha）是一种跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶,高度表达在90 %的上皮性肿瘤的间质--肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（Tumor association fibroblast,TAF）上。FAPalpha在促进上皮性肿瘤的恶性进展中起着十分重要的作用,近年来研究发现,FAP琢在肿瘤微环境中发挥免疫抑制的作用。研究FAPalpha在肿瘤免疫抑制中的作用,已成为肿瘤研究的新的热点。为基于以FAP-alpha为靶标的抗肿瘤免疫治疗提供参考,本文围绕引起肿瘤免疫抑制的因素、FAPalpha与肿瘤免疫抑制的研究进展以及FAP-alpha在肿瘤的发展进程的作用作一综述。     

成纤维细胞激活蛋白α与肿瘤发展进程的研究

肿瘤微环境对肿瘤的发生、发展具有重要的意义。选择性表达于肿瘤微环境重要组成部分——肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（carcinoma associated fibroblasts,CAFs）表面的成纤维细胞激活蛋白α（fibroblast activation protein-α,FAPα）广泛参与了肿瘤的生长、侵袭、转移以及肿瘤细胞外基质重建、血管生成、免疫逃逸等过程,从而促进了肿瘤的发展进程。FAPα具有蛋白水解酶活性,并作用于细胞信号通路,但FAPα在肿瘤微环境中发挥功能的具体分子机制还有待进一步研究。由于FAPα的表达具有肿瘤组织特异性,因此,以FAPα作为肿瘤基质标志物,对肿瘤进行病理诊断和免疫治疗将成为新兴的研究靶点。对FAPα的主要生物学性状进行概述,并综述了其对肿瘤细胞的生长、侵袭、转移以及肿瘤细胞外基质重建、血管生成、免疫逃逸等方面的重要影响。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子与肿瘤

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF) 作为多种细胞的致裂源,与肿瘤的关系近几年来受到关注,本文概述了有关bFGF与肿瘤关系的研究进展。     

Over-expression of fibroblast activation protein alpha increases tumor growth in xenografts of ovarian cancer cells

Fibroblast activation protein alpha （FAPα） is a 95-kDa serine protease of post-prolyl peptidase family on cell surface. FAPoL is widely expressed in tumor microenviron- ment. The wide spread association of FAPα expression with cancer suggests that it has important functions in the disease. However, the nature of FAPα＇s roles in cancer cell activity is not well-determined. It has been showed that FAPα silencing in SKOV3 cells induces ovarian tumors but significantly reduces tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. To further determine the role of FAPoL in epithelial ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3-FAPα and HO8910-FAPα cell lines, which over-expressed FAPα stably, were con- structed and then their biological behaviors were investi- gated. It was found that FAPoL promoted ovarian cancer cell proliferation, drug resistance, invasiveness, and migra- tion in vitro. Immunochemistry assay showed that FAPα significantly facilitated tumor growth in xenograft tumor tissues. These results suggested that FAPα might directly promote tumor growth and invasiveness in ovarian cancer cells.     

Fluorescent protein biosensors applied to microphysiological systems

This mini-review discusses the evolution of fluorescence as a tool to study living cells and tissues in vitro and the present role of fluorescent protein biosensors (FPBs) in microphysiological systems (MPSs). FPBs allow the measurement of temporal and spatial dynamics of targeted cellular events involved in normal and perturbed cellular assay systems and MPSs in real time. FPBs evolved from fluorescent analog cytochemistry (FAC) that permitted the measurement of the dynamics of purified proteins covalently labeled with environmentally insensitive fluorescent dyes and then incorporated into living cells, as well as a large list of diffusible fluorescent probes engineered to measure environmental changes in living cells. In parallel, a wide range of fluorescence microscopy methods were developed to measure the chemical and molecular activities of the labeled cells, including ratio imaging, fluorescence lifetime, total internal reflection, 3D imaging, including super-resolution, as well as high-content screening. FPBs evolved from FAC by combining environmentally sensitive fluorescent dyes with proteins in order to monitor specific physiological events such as post-translational modifications, production of metabolites, changes in various ion concentrations, and the dynamic interaction of proteins with defined macromolecules in time and space within cells. Original FPBs involved the engineering of fluorescent dyes to sense specific activities when covalently attached to particular domains of the targeted protein. The subsequent development of fluorescent proteins (FPs), such as the green fluorescent protein, dramatically accelerated the adoption of studying living cells, since the genetic “labeling” of proteins became a relatively simple method that permitted the analysis of temporal–spatial dynamics of a wide range of proteins. Investigators subsequently engineered the fluorescence properties of the FPs for environmental sensitivity that, when combined with targeted proteins/peptides, created a new generation of FPBs. Examples of FPBs that are useful in MPS are presented, including the design, testing, and application in a liver MPS.     

Direct detection of caspase-3 activation in single live cells by cross-correlation analysis

Dual color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) provides information about the coincidence of spectrally well-defined two fluorescent molecules in a small observation area at the single-molecule level. To evaluate the activity of caspase-3 in vivo directly, FCCS was applied to single live cells. We constructed chimeric proteins that consisted of tandemly fused enhanced green FP (EGFP) and monomeric red FP (mRFP). In control experiments, the protease reaction was monitored in solution, where a decrease in cross-correlation amplitude was observed due to specific cleavage of the amino acid sequence between EGFP and mRFP. Moreover, a decrease in cross-correlation amplitude could be detected in a live cell, where caspase-3 activation was induced by apoptosis. This is the first report of FP-based in vivo cross-correlation analysis. FP-based FCCS may become the most versatile method for analysis of protein-protein interactions in live cells.     

Dynamics of RhoA and ROKα translocation in single living cells

The RhoA-binding kinase (ROK) is one of the target kinases of RhoA and is known to play a critical role in regulating cytoskeletal rearrangement in cells. ROK translocates to the plasma membrane fraction; however, the mechanism of the translocation of ROK still remains obscure. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of the translocation of ROK, we co-transfected MDCK cells wity cyan fluorescent protein-tagged RhoA and yellow fluorescent protein-tagged ROKα, or their variants, and monitored the localization and translocation of the two different fluorescent tagged-molecules in single living cells during epithelial growth factor (EGF) stimulation. Both RhoA (wild-type) and ROKα (wild-type) translocated to ruffling membrane with EGF stimulation in several minutes. A ROKα mutant, in which Rho-binding ability is disrupted, is unable to translocate to the membrane with RhoA. However, RhoA mutant Q63L/C190R, an active form lacking membrane localization activity, abolished the translocation of wild-type ROKα, suggesting that the translocation of RhoA is critical for ROK translocation to the membrane. Another mutant lacking the pleckstrin homology domain failed in translocation as well. On the other hand, it was surprising that the kinase dead mutant succeeded in translocation to the membrane after EGF stimulation. Based on these results, we propose the following ROKα translocation mechanism. ROKα binds to RhoA in cytosol and translocates to the membrane based on the membrane-targeting ability of active RhoA. After ROKα associates with the membrane, the pleckstrin homology domain provides the stability of ROKα on the membrane. The activation of enzymatic activity or adenosine triphosphate binding, however, is not directly related to the translocation mechanism, although we found that the membrane association is critical for the activation of the kinase activity.     

Perturbing probes and the study of lipid-protein bilayer membranes

Recent experimental and theoretical developments concerning perturbing probes are outlined. The fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and nitroxide electron paramagnetic resonance spin labels attached to lipid hydrocarbon chains are taken as the most widely used examples of such probes. The reliability of these probes as indicators of the statics and dynamics of unlabelled lipid hydrocarbon chains is discussed, and the use of such probes in giving information about protein size, protein oligomerization and protein lateral distribution is outlined. Examples are given of studies to determine protein packing in lipid bilayers membranes.     

Intracellular pH change does not appear as a prerequisite for triggering activation of Barnea candida (Mollusca,Pelecypoda) oocytes

Barnea Candida oocytes, exposed to excess KCl, ammonia, or digitonin, exhibit germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and reinitiate meiosis, at least up to first polar body extrusion. While we confirm that KCl—but not ammonia-induced activation requires external calcium, our findings that digitonin is effective at any pH from 6 to 8, in the presence of calcium, while the phorbol ester TPA and diacylglycerol fail to reinitiate meiosis, strongly suggests calcium as the main trigger for this process. Preliminary experiments using the fluorescent probes fluorescein diacetate and Quin 2/AM show, moreover, that KCl and ammonia produce both an intracellular calcium surge (30 nM) and a slight alkalinization of the intracellular cytoplasm from 7.84 to 8.05.