Neutralisation of herbicides. Effects on wall vegetation

The chemical control of wall vegetation growing on monuments has been stated as a suitable instrument of conservative intervention. However, often the use of herbicides has not been the most suitable, endangering either the environment or the monument in question. In particular, when dealing with limestone monuments, the chemical control has to be made very carefully because all the carbonate rocks are particularly sensitive to the weathering action of acids. Thus, to prevent this damage, two acid herbicides were neutralised with potassium hydroxide. This neutralisation did, in fact, decrease the damage caused by their acidity on the limestone. This paper deals with the effects of these neutralised herbicides on higher plants. Several experiments were made to determine whether the efficiency of the herbicides was affected. Also, the neutralisation did not affect the ability of the herbicides to eliminate the wall vegetation.     

Capillary electrophoresis of herbicides. III. Evaluation of octylmaltopyranoside chiral surfactant in the enantiomeric separation of phenoxy acid herbicides

A chiral alkylglucoside surfactant, namely n-octyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (OM), was evaluated in the enantiomeric separation of phenoxy acid herbicides. The enantiomeric resolution of the phenoxy acid herbicides could be manipulated readily by adjusting the surfactant concentration, ionic strength, pH, the percent organic modifier and separation temperature. The optimum surfactant concentration needed for maximum enantiomeric resolution varied among the different analytes, and was an inverse function of the hydrophobicity of the phenoxy acid herbicides with the most hydrophobic solute requiring less surfactant concentration for attaining a baseline enantiomeric resolution. Due to the ionic nature of the phenoxy acid herbicides, increasing the pH of the running electrolyte increased the degree of ionization of the acidic herbicides thus decreasing their association with the chiral micelles and in turn their enantiomeric resolution. Increasing the ionic strength of the running electrolyte seems to enhance both the solubilization of the solute in the micelle and the chiral interaction of the solute with the micelle with a net increase in enantiomeric resolution. The percent of added methanol had a varying effect on the resolution of the various enantiomers in the sense that it enhanced the enantiomeric resolution for the most hydrophobic solutes while it decreased the enantiomeric resolution for the weakly hydrophobic ones. Thermostating the capillary column at subambient temperature improved enantiomeric resolution. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Enantiomeric separation of drugs and herbicides on a beta-cyclodextrin-bonded stationary phase.

A chemically bonded beta-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase for HPLC was prepared in a "one pot" process by the reaction of a phenylated beta-cyclodextrin with silica gel. Various racemic analytes such as drugs (aminoalcohol adrenergic beta-blockers, benzodiazepine anxiolytics, arylpropionic acid antiinflammatory agents) and herbicides (aryloxypropionic acids and esters) were separated on the prepared material. The column showed good chiral recognition ability for most of the solutes tested when using heptane and either 2-propanol or chloroform as organic mobile phase modifiers.     

几种除草剂对入侵生物少花蒺藜草的防治效果

【背景】2009~2012年辽宁省草原沙化治理工程在辽西北展开,以彰武县为重点治理地区。由于长期缺乏对草原毒害草的重视,少花蒺藜草在彰武县全县范围内扩散蔓延,并已发展到难以控制的局面,给草原生态环境带来极大影响。【方法】对精喹禾灵、烯禾啶、咪唑乙烟酸、烟嘧磺隆、乙草胺＋烟嘧磺隆、乙氧氟草醚、高效氟吡甲禾灵等几种除草剂（组合）进行筛选,并进行大面积示范,调查其防治效果。【结果】供试的7种药剂（组合）对少花蒺藜草均有一定的防除作用。其中,精喹禾灵和高效氟吡甲禾灵2种芳氧苯氧基丙酸酯类除草剂防除入侵生物少花蒺藜草效果最为理想,能够有效控制其生长和危害,施药15 d后防除效果分别可达到89%和79%。此外,药剂筛选试验结果还显示：咪唑乙烟酸、烟嘧磺隆和乙草胺＋烟嘧磺隆对少花蒺藜草也有较好的防治效果,施药19 d后防效基本达到80%以上;乙氧氟草醚最差,防治效果只有66%。【结论与意义】5%精喹禾灵乳油除草效果较好,虽然对试验区内的其他禾本科牧草有一定的杀害作用,但对区内的补播牧草草木樨、小叶锦鸡儿等未产生任何药害。这对草原补播改良区少花蒺藜草的综合治理有着积极意义。     

Photodynamic herbicides: 1. Concept and phenomenology

A new approach to the design of conceptually and phenomenologically new herbicides is described. It involves the joint utilization of tetrapyrrole precursors, such as δ-aminolaevulinic acid (a biodegradable amino acid) and activators of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, such as 2,2′-dipyridyl, in order to induce treated plants to biosynthesize and accumulate massive amounts of tetrapyrrole intermediates of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway in the dark (i.e. at night). During the subsequent light period (daylight) the accumulated tetrapyrroles act as potent photodynamic sensitiziers, which in turn result in the death of susceptible plants in a matter of hours. We have therefore proposed to name herbicides that act via this mechanism as photodynamic herbicides, or more pictorially as laser herbicides. From a limited survey of agricultural plant and weed species it appears that photodynamic herbicides exhibit a very pronounced organ, age and species-dependent selectivity. For example, dicotyledonous weeds such as mustard, red-root pigweed, common purslane and lambsquarter are very susceptible while monocotyledonous plants such as corn, wheat, barley and oats are not. The biochemical basis of this selectivity seems to lie, among other things, in the rates of tetrapyrrole turnover and in a differential enhancement by the applied chemicals of the monovinyl and divinyl tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways in the various species. A survey of various groups of chemicals (herbicides and other selected biochemicals) that are likely to exhibit photodynamic herbicidal properties is currently under investigation.     

Effect of herbicides on bracken rhizome survival

Glyphosate sprayed at 1.1, 2.2, 4.5 or 6.7 kg/ha on to bracken decreased the total carbohydrate content of the storage rhizome 20 months after spraying, the decrease being greater when spraying was carried out at the beginning rather than at the end of August. Asulam, benazolin and metribuzin, although reducing frond numbers, showed no significant effect on the rhizomes over the same period.