The influence of aqueous extracts of burnt or heated soil on the activity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules

Summary Aqueous extracts of burnt soil, unburnt soil and oven-heated unburnt soil were tested as to their effects on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (spore germination, mycelial propagule activity and root colonization). The extracts of burnt or heated soil inhibited VAM spore germination and extrarrhizal mycelium activity.     

Effect of fungicides on mycorrhizal colonization and growth of onion

Summary Effect of five fungicidesviz Agrosan. Benlate, Captan, Ceresan and Plantavax on VA mycorrhizal symbiosis in onion was studied in a phosphorus deficient, sandy loam soil. Two levels of fungicides (2.5 g and 25 g/g soil) were applied to the soil. Agrosan, Benlate and Plantavax applied at 25 g/g soil reduced the mycorrhizal colonization significantly. All the fungicides, except Captan, applied at lower concentration reduced plant growth and P uptake. Captan applied at the lower concentration had no effect on mycorrhizal colonization, plant growth and P uptake, and when applied at higher concentration had least effect on plant growth compared to other fungicides.Contribution of U.A.S. Research project DR/AMB-1.     

我国东南沿海地区的VA菌根真菌 Ⅰ.四种硬囊霉

报道了从我国东南沿海地区山东、浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南等省分离的四种VA菌根真菌:枫香硬囊霉Sclerocystis liquidambaris Wu & Chen,台湾硬囊霉Sclerocystis taiwanensis Wu & Chen,悬钩子状硬囊霉Sclerocystis rubiformis Gerdemann & Trappe,弯丝硬囊霉Sclerocystis sinuosa Gerdemann & Bakshi。其中枫香硬囊霉,台湾硬囊霉和悬钩子状硬囊霉在我国大陆初次发现。本文详细记叙了以上四个种的形态特征及生境状况。     

VA菌根真菌与植物相互选择性的研究

采用土培试验了灭菌条件下同一菌种对不同植物和不同菌咱对同一植物的接种效应。试验结果表明,供试植物都能与ＶＡ菌根真菌形成共生体系,接种ＶＡ菌根真菌促进了植物的生长,植株干物质量显著是否 同ＶＡ菌根真菌与宿主植物形成共生体的能力及对植物的接种疚差异明显,由此可见,选择优势菌咱和宿主植物组合,对于ＶＡ菌根真菌的广泛应用及农业生产具有重要的实践作用。     

Dual inoculation with VA mycorrhiza and Rhizobium is beneficial to Leucaena

Summary Response ofLeucanea leucocephala to inoculation withGlomus fasciculatum and/or Rhizobium was studied in a phosphorus deficient unsterile soil.G. fasciculatum only inoculation improved nodulation by native rhizobia and Rhizobium only treatment improved colonization of roots by native mycorrhizal fungi. Dual inoculation with both the organisms improved nodulation, mycorrhizal colonization, dry weight, nitrogen and phosphorus content of the plants compared to single inoculation with either organism. Contribution of U.A.S. Research Project DR/AMB-1.     

VA真菌对构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)幼苗物质代谢的影响

石灰岩地区因其干旱瘠薄的生境特征,植被难以恢复,然而仍有一些适生植物如构树生长良好,原因可能与根际微生物有关。就石灰岩适生植物构树（Broussorretia papyrifera）进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseea）、地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme）、透光球囊霉（Glomus diaphanum）的单独接种、混合接种和不接种处理,幼苗生长3个月后测定其生理指标,以期从代谢水平上了解植物对VA真菌的生理响应。结果表明：构树幼苗叶片可溶性糖、蛋白质,脯氨酸和叶绿素均较非接种处理有不同程度的显著提高,丙二醛含量则较对照降低。各代谢物质存在一定相关性。在物质代谢水平上,构树幼苗对不同VA真菌处理有不同的生理响应。宿主植物和VA真菌之间存在一定的相互选择。接种VA真菌提高了石灰岩适生植物构树的抗逆性。     

Mycorrhizal Dependency of Various Kinds of Plants

Mycorrhizal dependency of various kinds of plants was estimated in pot cultures. Seeds or cuttings inoculated with Glomus spp. were grown in unsterilized sandy fluvo-aquic soil or sand, fertilized with dilute Hoagland's solution. Results showed that the weight of shoot and root of all mycorrhizal seedlings was significantly greater than that of uninoculated seedlings except chrysanthemum which was generally recognized as a nonmycorrhizal family. Mycorrhizal dependency of different plants decreased in the following order: grape, China rose, white clover, asparagus, violet, petunia, corn, cotton, soybean, tobacco, peanut, tomato, mungbean, lily and chrysanthemum. Mycorrhizal inoculation also enhanced the flowering of China rose and terminal bud growth of pomegranate. There was no correlation between the percentage of mycorrhizal infection and mycorrhizal dependency, although all plants were infected after inoculation.     

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on survival,penetration and development of root-knot nematode in tomato

Summary Effect of mycorrhizal colonisation byGlomus fasciculatum on survival, penetration and development of the root knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita in tomato was studied. The number of giant cells formed in mycorrhizal plants was significantly low. Mycorrhizal roots did not prevent the penetration by nematode larvae. Root extract from the mycorrhizal plants brought about 50% mortality of the nematode larvae in four days time.     

Effect of VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth of Asparagus Seedlings

Experiments on asparagus (Asparagus of)icinalis L.) inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi were conducted under two fluvo-aquatic phosphorus deficient soils. This study was to examine the growth response of VA mycorrhizae and fertilizer effects on the growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal asparagus seedlings in pots and under field conditions. Inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased mycorrhizal infection and enhanced seedling growth. In treatments of fertilization by different batches of NPK or by different amount of application it was shown that phosphorus was most favourable to VAM activity. Both the prevalance of mycorrhizal infection and the dry weight of seedlings in treatment with NPK in 1:0:1 was similar to that in 1:1:1 and 1:2:1 after inoculation. Further more the prevalance of infection, plant growth and P content in the treatment of 1/2 an amount of NPK in 1:1:1 were even higer than those in full amount of NPK and in non-fertilization. It is indicated that phosphorus uptake and plant growth benefit greatly by mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal plant requires only about half as much phosphorus to achieve maximum growth as the uninoculated plants.     

VA真菌对构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)幼苗物质代谢的影响

石灰岩地区因其干旱瘠薄的生境特征,植被难以恢复,然而仍有一些适生植物如构树生长良好,原因可能与根际微生物有关。就石灰岩适生植物构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseea)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)的单独接种、混合接种和不接种处理,幼苗生长3个月后测定其生理指标,以期从代谢水平上了解植物对VA真菌的生理响应。结果表明：构树幼苗叶片可溶性糖、蛋白质,脯氨酸和叶绿素均较非接种处理有不同程度的显著提高,丙二醛含量则较对照降低。各代谢物质存在一定相关性。在物质代谢水平上,构树幼苗对不同VA真菌处理有不同的生理响应。宿主植物和VA真菌之间存在一定的相互选择。接种VA真菌提高了石灰岩适生植物构树的抗逆性。     

Effect of carbamate herbicides on VA mycorrhizal infection and plant growth

Summary The effect of the carbamate herbicides Chlorpropham, Sulfallate and Phenmedipham, which are believed to inhibit photosynthesis, on VA mycorrhizal infection and on plant growth, were examined. Foliar spraying of Phenmedipham decreased the root concentration of total and reducing sugars and the fungal metabolism (using a staining reaction for succinate dehydrogenase as indicator) 48 h after application. However, all three carbamate herbicides tested, whether applied by foliar spray or directly to soil, did not affect the amount of VA mycorrhizal infection present at the end of the experiment. These herbicides decreased plant growth when they were applied to soil. But when the herbicides were sprayed only Phenmedipham, applied at high concentrations, decreased plant growth. Moreover, our results show that VA mycorrhizas may help plants recover from the deleterious effect of Phenmedipham.     

Seasonal Varrations of VA Mycorrhizae in the Rhizospheres of Welsh Onion (Allium fistulosum) and Corn (Zea mays) in Beijing and Their Relationship to Several Environmental Factors

Seasonal variations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infections and VAM fungal (endogonaceous) spore densities were systematically investigated in the rhizospheres of Welsh onion Allium fistulosum) and corn (Zea mays) in Beijing from 1986 to 1987. The relationships among the occurrence of VAM and VAM fungi, several soil factors (contents of N, P, and organic matters, pH) and climatic factors (soil and atmospheric temperature, accumulated temperature, precipitation, photoperiod and relative humidity) were tentatively evaluated with linear correlation and relational grade. The results obtained showed that mycorrhizal infection rate of the two plants was gradually increased with the extention of their growth period, especially in June and September during the whole year the infection rate was the highest. Spore densities in the rhizospheres of two plants varied greatly and two 'peaks appeared in June, July and October respectively throughout the year. In the rhizospheres of Welsh onion and corn in Beijing, the investigated soil factors showed little Change during the whole growth period of plants, so it was considered that climatic factors were more important to the seasonal variations of VAM occurrence in the:same.region. Analytical results of linear correlation and relational grade indicated that the occurrence of VA mycorrhizae was most closely related to the accumulated temperature during the whole year.     

云南热带,亚热带蕨类植物根际土壤中的VA菌根真菌

对云南热带,亚热带地我的２５６种蕨类植物的ＶＡ菌根状况进行了调查;从具有ＶＡ菌根的蕨类植物根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于无梗２囊霉巨孢囊霉球囊霉,硬囊霉属和盾孢囊霉属的２５种ＶＡ菌根真菌,其中,８种属于国内新记录种。本文对这些植物的ＶＡ菌根状况及其进化进行了讨论,并对２５种真菌的分类特征进行了描述。     

Selection of efficient vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for wetland rice — a preliminary screen

Eighteen different VA mycorrhizal fungi were screened for their symbiotic responses with wet land rice cultivar Prakash (IET 2254) under pot culture. Of the 18 fungi, Acaulospora sp. (ICRISAT), Glomus fasciculatum (Riverside) and G. mosseae (Invermay) were found to be the best in improving plant height, tiller number, total biomass, panicle number, grain weight and plant P and Zn concentrations. Increases in grain yield caused by inoculation with Acaulospora sp. (ICRISAT), G. fasciculatum (Riverside) and G. mosseae (Invermay) were 62%, 59% and 35%, respectively.     

犬腺病毒基因组缺失VA RNA编码区的发现

将两株１型犬腺病毒（Ｃａｎｉｎｅ ａｄｅｎｏｖｉｒｕｓ ｔｙｐｅ １,ＣＡｄｌ）ＤＮＡ片段（２９￣４０ｍ．ｕ．）和两株２型犬腺病毒（ＣＡｄ２）ＤＮＡ片段（２８￣４４ｍ．ｕ．）,分别克隆到质粒ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ ＳＫ中。经核苷酸序列测定和计算机分析表明,在上述克隆片段内,两株ＣＡｄｌ（ＣＬＬ和Ｇｌａｘｏ）的序列相同,两株ＣＡｄ２（Ｔｏｒｏｎｔｏ和Ｃｈｉｎａ）的序列也相同;ＣＡｄ１与ＣＡｄ２具有９     

构树幼苗对接种丛枝菌根真菌的生长响应

利用石灰岩适生植物构树进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(GM)、地表球囊霉(GV)和透光球囊霉(GD)的单独接种(SI)、混合接种(CI)和不接种(N)处理试验,测定了构树幼苗生长3个月后的形态及生长指标.结果表明:接种VA真菌促进了宿主构树的生长,单株地上部分、地下部分生物量和全株生物量等生长指标均较对照组显著提高,4种处理下构树幼苗生物量较对照提高了2.49～8.19倍,其中CI处理生物量最大,而单株叶片数目与对照组没有显著差异.不同接种处理的构树幼苗生长响应不同.在SI处理中,GD对构树幼苗生长效应最大,而CI处理较SI处理对构树幼苗的促进效应更加明显.CI处理中地径、苗高和总叶面积分别是对照组的1.5、2.2和6.0倍.各处理中根冠比最大的为CI(0.446).说明宿主植物与菌种存在一定的选择性.