中国与欧洲高卢蜜环菌的遗传多样性

高卢蜜环菌(Armillaria gallica)为北半球广布种,不同大陆间的菌株遗传相似性和多样性水平能反映出该种在洲际大陆尺度上的地理遗传变异关系。作者用ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记技术,对从中国和欧洲收集到的高卢蜜环菌79个菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。用6个ISSR引物扩增得到210个位点,其中多态性位点(频率<0.95)为202个,占96.2%,平均每个引物多态位点多达33.6个,表明ISSR标记在蜜环菌中存在较高的多态性。根据非加权类平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析,中国53个菌株中的49个在0.773的相似性水平上聚成了中国类群(China group);而欧洲26个菌株遗传分化较大,分别在0.775和0.763的相似性水平上聚成了欧洲类群A(Europe group A)和B(Europe group B);2个欧洲类群间的相似性水平仅为0.738,而欧洲类群A与中国类群间的相似性却达到了0.770;两个大陆均有少数菌株表现出较为明显的遗传分化,个别菌株的种内遗传相似性甚至低于蜜环菌种间的遗传相似性。结果表明,中欧两个大陆间的A.gallica菌株因地理隔离已经表现出明显的遗传分化,处于异域物种形成过程中;欧洲大陆的菌株遗传分化更为明显,可能是两个大陆A.gallica菌株的起源地。     

一种优化的蜜环菌分离与纯化方法

从分离材料的采集、蜜环菌索的室内培养条件、培养基的改良和分离技术的优化4个方面对前人的蜜环菌分离方法进行了系统的完善和改进。结果表明：采用蜜环菌生长良好的木本植物组织为分离材料,在15℃保湿的条件下培养可以得到健壮的菌索;按玉米粉：黄豆粉：蔗糖：水=6：1：1：26的质量比例制作的培养基不仅能满足蜜环菌生长的营养需求,而且对于其他杂菌具有明显的阻滞作用,有助于菌株纯化;分离前对菌索表面进行适当干燥可显著提高分离的成功率。     

蜜环菌发光条件的研究

对蜜环菌发光的条件进行了研究,结果表明：氧气是蜜环菌发光的必要条件;蜜环菌发光还需要适当的温度,37℃为发光的最适温度,45℃以上的温度会使蜜环菌丧失发光的能力;1％的乙醇浓度能够促进蜜环菌的发光,10％以上的乙醇浓度就会使密环菌的发光减弱乃至丧失;蜜环菌的发光可能是由荧光酶引起的。     

Nutrient Source of Sclerotia of Grifola umbellata and Its Relationship to Armillaria mellea

Ways nutrient-uptake of sclerotia of Grifola umbellata and the relationship between G. umbellata and Armillaria mellea were studied. At the primary stage of sclerotia of G. umbellate infected by A. mellea, the hyphae of G. umbellata could obtain nutrients by invading the one- to three-layer-cells of A. mellea cortex which existed in the sclerotia of G. umbellata, ar late stage of A. mellea infection, the nutrient source of sclerotia of G. umbellata mainly depended on its hyphae, adhering on the intercellular space of A. mellea, to suck the metabolic products of A. mellea. After being nourished the hyphae of sclerotia of G. umbellata outside of the rhizomorph of A. mellea began to reproduce, as their nuclear divisions were well observed. The results suggested that the mutual assimilation between G. umbellata and A. meIlea could be defined as a form of special Symbiotic relation.     

野生和人工培养的蜜环菌菌索营养成分比较

对野生和人工培养的蜜环菌菌索主要营养成分及氨基酸含量进行了测定和比较。结果表明：人工培养的蜜环菌菌索蛋白质、脂肪、多糖含量均高于野生菌索,二者的氨基酸组成相似,但人工培养的菌索氨基酸总量高于野生菌索。     

猪苓与蜜环菌高亲和性组合的筛选

猪苓与蜜环菌共生亲和性是猪苓人工栽培成功的关键因素。为获得猪苓与蜜环菌的高亲和性组合,本文采用了5株猪苓菌株与4株蜜环菌菌株进行筛选。通过将猪苓菌株与蜜环菌菌株共培养,比较不同组合的生长速度、拮抗线形成情况,以及两种菌丝生长过程中形态学变化等指标,结果发现组合GU-06&AM-08生长速度最快,为3.36mm/d。GU-06和GU-07-2菌株与每株蜜环菌共培养均可产生拮抗线,共培养28d后,产生拮抗的猪苓菌丝分枝较多,可以看到菌丝束。被蜜环菌菌索侵染的猪苓菌核,切面可以明显观察到侵入猪苓菌核中的蜜环菌菌索,侵染到猪苓菌核中的蜜环菌菌索分枝较多,中空,表皮细胞细长。发生侵染现象的组合有7组：GU-04与AM-06;GU-06与AM-06,AM-08,AM-13;GU-07-2与AM-06,AM-08;GU-15与AM-06,其中以GU-06与AM-06,AM-13两组组合侵染最严重,其余组合没有发现侵染现象。综合以上共生筛选指标获得GU-06&AM-08、GU-06&AM-06、GU-07-2&AM-08以及GU-06&AM-13 4组高亲和性的组合。     

蜜环菌菌索多糖的免疫增强作用研究

研究了野生蜜环菌菌索多糖(polysaccharide from the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea,AMP)对小鼠免疫功能的影响.结果表明对小鼠分别灌胃(ig)剂量为100、200、300mg/kg·d的AMP均能增加小鼠体重、改变免疫器官重量、抵抗环磷酰胺(CY)对小鼠外周血白细胞数量的影响.实验显示灌胃AMP能提高小鼠单核巨噬细胞系统的吞噬功能,增强小鼠迟发型变态反应,促进溶血素的生成.上述结果表明AMP能增强机体免疫功能.     

Role of Lysosomal Vesicles in the Digestive Process of Armillaria mellea by the Large Cells of Gastrodia elata

The hyphae of Armillaria mellea Fr. invade the large ceils of Gastrodia elata BI. Through the wall pits of cortical cells. During early stage the plasmalemma of large cell invaginates and the cell wall forms papillary thickenings to restrain the hyphae from invading. When a hypha enters a large cell, it is encircled tightly by the invaginated plasmalemma which is surrounded by a large number of vesicles coated by a unit membrane. As these vesicles fusing with their membranes to the plasmalemma and discharging their contents into the space around the hypha, the space lined by the invaginated plasmalemma enlarges gradually and becomes a digestive vacuole in which a hypha is completely digested. Reaction product form acid phosphatase activities in the vesicles and digestive vacuoles testifies that the vesicles and digestive vacuoles are identical with primary and secondary lysosomes of plant lysosomal system respectively.     

蜜环菌提取物对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的治疗作用

本文通过对佐剂性关节炎大鼠原发性和继发性足肿胀度的测量、全身关节炎指数评分、体重及体态变化、免疫脏器指数、炎性踝关节切片的形态以及血清中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、前列腺素E2、一氧化氮和一氧化氮合成酶等指标来考察蜜环菌Armillaria mellea的5个不同提取物对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的影响及作用机理。结果表明,蜜环菌甲醇提取物对原发性和继发性足肿胀有明显的抑制;甲醇组能明显抑制佐剂性关节炎大鼠脾脏和胸腺萎缩,并能抑制血清中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6和前列腺素E2的分泌,抑制大鼠踝关节炎细胞的形成。因此蜜环菌提取物中甲醇提取物对佐剂性关节炎大鼠治疗效果最显著。     

Optimization of exopolysaccharide production from Armillaria mellea in submerged cultures

Aims: To study the optimization of submerged culture conditions for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Armillaria mellea in shake‐flask cultures and also to evaluate the performance of an optimized culture medium in a 5‐l stirred tank fermenter. Methods and Results: Shake flask cultures for EPS optimal nutritional production contained having the following composition (in g l^?1): glucose 40, yeast extract 3, KH₂PO₄ 4 and MgSO₄ 2 at an optimal temperature of 22°C and an initial of pH 4·0. The optimal culture medium was then cultivated in a 5‐l stirred tank fermenter at 1 vvm (volume of aeration per volume of bioreactor per min) aeration rate, 150 rev min^?1 agitation speed, controlled pH 4·0 and 22°C. In the optimal culture medium, the maximum EPS production in a 5‐l stirred tank fermenter was 588 mg l^?1, c. twice as great as that in the basal medium. The maximum productivity for EPS (Q_p) and product yield (Y_P/S) were 42·02 mg l^?1 d^?1 and 26·89 mg g^?1, respectively. Conclusions: The optimal culture conditions we proposed in this study enhanced the EPS production of A. mellea from submerged cultures. Significance and Impact of the Study: The optimal culturing conditions we have found will be a suitable starting point for a scale‐up of the fermentation process, helping to develop the production of related medicines and health foods from A. mellea.     

Cytological Studies on the Process of Armillaria Mellea Infection Through the Sclerotia of Grifola Umbellata

Adhering to the sclerotium of Grifola umbellata, Armillaria mellea could invade the sclerotium in a manner of rhizomorph without capsule, after which the sclerotium formed a deep coloured stereoscopic septate cavity outside of the rhizomorph. At the early stage of infection, segmentation was visualized either in the cortex or the apex of A. mellea rhizomorph to form a new rhizomorph which penetrated another parts of G. umbellata sclerotium. At the late stage of infection, the cortical hyphae of A. mellea rhizomorph produced a branch to invade the wall of the septate cavity of G. umbellata sclerotium and, in a manner of hyphae, it could further form new rhizomorph after its penetration through that wall. An alternate way of expanding A. mellea infection in sclerotium was to form a invading band which was composed of a few rolls of round ceils derived from cortical hyphae of A. mellea rhizomorph. The band could invade sclerotia to a farther distance and then could connect with each other.     

蜜环菌多糖对低能离子束诱变作用的恢复效应

水提法从密环菌Am99-1菌株人工发酵体分离得到密环菌多糖Aml,以低能N^ 离子束为诱变源,黑腹果蝇为受试动物,检测Aml对离子束诱变果蝇的恢复功能。实验结果经统计学分析表明,1.0%和1.5%浓度的密环菌多糖Aml可以提高受试果蝇蛹的孵出率和降低当代及F2代果蝇突变率。这说明密环菌多糖对于低能离子束诱变有一定程度的防护作用。染色体水平上的检测也证实了此结论。     

蜜环菌菌种分离新法——天麻组织分离法

报道了一蜜环菌菌种分离方法——天麻组织分离法,并对此法与常用分离法——菌索分离法进行比较试验。结果发现,天麻组织分离法分离成功率高（78％）,远高于常用的菌索分离法（16％）,且前者操作简便、难度低,所得菌种生活活力、生长形态均优于后法。     

黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体多糖分离纯化与含量测定

分离纯化黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体粗多糖,提高多糖含量,以进一步应用于工业化生产。采用DEAE-52纤维素层析柱分离纯化黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体多糖,依次用水、0.1 mol/L Na Cl、0.2 mol/L Na Cl、0.4 mol/L Na Cl、0.8 mol/L Na Cl进行洗脱;苯酚-硫酸法测定纯化后多糖含量,测定波长490nm,葡萄糖浓度与吸光度的回归方程为A=6.3137X+0.2156R2=0.9909。黄绿蜜环菌菌丝体水体粗多糖经DEAE-52纤维素层析柱分离纯化后,多糖含量达到99%以上。经过中试试验验证提取及分离纯化工艺适用于工业化生产。     

琼脂固体培养基培养蜜环菌菌索总DNA的提取

野外采集的蜜环菌[Armillaria mellea(Vahl.ex Fr.)Quel]在提取DNA前需要分离获得纯化的菌丝体。常规液体培养获得菌丝团的方法感杂率较高,采集固体培养基表面cellophane膜上形成的菌丝则难以获得足量的DNA提取材料。蜜环菌细胞内含有大量多醣类物质,也使得蜜环菌高质量DNA的提取存在一定的困难。本研究通过改进试验,提供一个直接从琼脂固体培养基培养的蜜环菌菌索中提取高质量DNA的方法。其中样品的预先冻融处理方法可以促使蜜环菌菌索与琼脂分离;而在裂解提取缓冲液裂解材料细胞后加入1.25 mol/L KAc溶液,则有利于除去蜜环菌细胞内的多醣类物质以及残留的少量琼脂。通过琼脂糖电泳、紫外分光光度计对DNA浓度及OD值的测定、ISSR引物的PCR扩增以及酶切产物的PCR扩增等方法的检测,结果均表明该方法提取的DNA质量较好,符合进一步进行分子生物学研究的要求。     

蜜环菌糖苷水解酶家族基因在菌索与菌丝间的差异表达分析

蜜环菌是一种兼性腐生和寄生的真菌,通过降解伴栽基质并为药用植物(天麻)或菌物(猪苓)提供营养物质,而糖苷水解酶是这一过程的主要酶类.本研究从蜜环菌Armillaria mellea 541菌株转录数据库中共获得糖苷水解酶家族基因170个,分布于39个亚家族.进一步分析发现,这些家族基因编码的糖苷水解酶家族蛋白(glyc...     

蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物抗神经炎症研究

蜜环菌是一种药食兼用真菌,其提取物有多种药用价值,本文通过动物体内实验对其抗神经炎症作用进行探究。利用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）建立了帕金森病小鼠模型,设置空白组、模型组、蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物高低剂量组（10mg/kg、20mg/kg）,连续灌胃给药12d,对小鼠体重、行为学指标、纹状体TH蛋白、Iba-1蛋白、iNOS酶活及相关mRNA表达进行探究。结果发现蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物组能缓解MPTP造模引起的体重减少,对小鼠行为迟缓有显著性改善,增加纹状体TH蛋白表达,抑制Iba-1蛋白过表达,同时对纹状体内炎症因子iNOS及相关mRNA表达有明显的抑制作用。因此,蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物有良好的抗神经炎症活性,可能是通过抑制小胶质细胞的过度激活,抑制iNOS酶活等途径发挥作用。     

Studies on the Character istic of the Structures in the Cortical Cells of Gastrodia clara after Infection of Armillaria mellea

Aided by the techniques of thin and ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy, the characteristic of structures in the cortical cells of Gastrodia elata was further investigated after infection of Armillaria mellea. It was found that the “hyphal coils”, observed with light microscope, in the cortical cells of G. elata were saccate structures deriv- ed from the cytoplasm of cortical cells and enclosed hyphae. And the cell walls of hyphae were digested in these sacs. Then, these hyphae without cell wall were cut into protoplast fragments in inner-most cortical cells. The results indicated that the cortical cells of G. elata possess digestive function.