Real-time PCR检测黄牛、牦牛、犏牛睾丸组织中Boule、Dazl基因mRNA表达

旨在探讨DAZ基因家族Dazl和Boule基因与犏牛雄性不育的关系.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中DAZ基因家族Boule和Dazl基因mRNA表达并进行分析.结果表明,Boule和Dazl熔解曲线扩增产物呈现单特异峰,具有较高的灵敏度和特异性;标准曲线显示Ct值与重组质粒浓度间线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999;mRNA表达分析显示,3种牛中Dazl基因在犏牛睾丸组织中表达量最低,其中黄牛与牦牛、黄牛与犏牛差异显著(P＜0.05),犏牛与牦牛差异不显著(P＞0.05);Boule基因在3种牛睾丸组织中的表达量显示,黄牛与牦牛差异不显著(P＞0.05),黄牛、牦牛与犏牛差异显著(P＜0.05).结果提示,Dazl和Boule基因可作为研究犏牛雄性不育的候选基因.     

牦牛和雄性不育犏牛睾丸PPP2CA、PME-1基因mRNA水平的比较

蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)参与细胞中蛋白质的可逆磷酸化作用,在磷酸化信号通路调控方面具有重要功能,其活性受蛋白磷酸甲酯酶-1(PME-1)和其他因素的调控。为阐明牦牛杂交雄性不育的分子机制,本研究从牦牛睾丸中克隆了PP2A催化亚基α基因(PPP2CA)和PME-1基因c DNA序列,编码区长度分别为930 bp和1 143 bp,编码的氨基酸序列保守;定量PCR检测显示,犏牛(n=7)睾丸中PPP2CA与PME-1基因的m RNA水平均极显著低于牦牛(n=13,P0.01)。根据本研究结果,推测犏牛睾丸中这2个基因的显著下调可能会影响一些重要信号通路,且与犏牛雄性不育有关。     

黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中Boule基因片段进化分析

目的:揭示黄牛、牦牛和犏牛与其他物种的系统发育关系。方法:通过PCR扩增和克隆测序获得黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织Boule基因片段序列,并运用生物信息学软件与NCBI已报道的其他17个物种Boule基因编码区片段序列比对分析。结果:黄牛、牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织Boule基因RT-PCR扩增特异性条带为154bp,与引物设计源序列进行同源性比较,发现同源性达99%,系统发育树显示,牛科中的牦牛、犏牛和黄牛交错聚在一起(BP=99%),然后与哺乳纲的其他物种相聚,而犏牛与爬行纲和鸟纲动物的亲缘关系较远。结论:Boule基因在动物体上同源性高,可应用于系统发生研究。     

牦牛和雄性不育犏牛睾丸ERK1、ERK2、P38基因mRNA水平的比较

MAPK信号通路对哺乳动物的精子发生与凋亡有重要的调节作用,被认为是精子发生的重要决定因素之一。本研究通过比较MAPK信号通路中ERK1、ERK2、P38基因在牦牛及其杂交后代犏牛睾丸组织中的相对表达量,探索犏牛雄性不育的分子机制。实验从成年雄性牦牛(n=10)和犏牛(n=7)的睾丸组织中提取总RNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中ERK1、ERK2、P38基因mRNA水平。结果表明:牦牛睾丸中ERK1、ERK2基因的表达量极显著高于犏牛(P0.01),P38基因在牦牛和犏牛睾丸中均有表达,但差异无统计学意义。提示ERK1、ERK2基因作为MAPK信号通路的重要成员,可能与犏牛睾丸精子发生障碍有一定关联。     

Piwil2 及Stat3、Bcl-2 蛋白在雄性不育小鼠 睾丸组织中表达

本研究主要是探讨Piwil2、Stat3、Bcl-2蛋白在不育的雄性小鼠中的表达量及三者之间的表达位置相关性。取雄性昆明种小鼠60只,随机分为实验组与对照组,每组30只。实验组采用雷公藤多苷药物灌胃造小鼠不育模型28 d;对照组按照同样剂量的生理盐水进行灌胃,持续时间及频次同实验组。造模后将两组雄性小鼠分别与雌性小鼠交配;再处死雄性小鼠取出两组的睾丸组织,采用免疫组织化学染色法和蛋白印迹检测法分别检测样本中Piwil2、Stat3及Bcl-2蛋白的表达状况。将实验组与对照组的检测结果进行比较,观察两组的蛋白表达差异性及三个蛋白表达的相关性。H.E染色显示,实验组小鼠睾丸组织生精小管结构与对照组相比,明显被破坏,精原细胞及初次级精母细胞数量明显减少,结合与雌鼠交配后受精能力明显下降的结果,说明不育造模成功。免疫组化(IHC)染色结果显示,实验组Piwil2、Stat3及Bcl-2蛋白的染色程度及阳性细胞数均明显低于对照组(P 0.01)。Western Blot结果同样显示,三种蛋白在实验组的表达量明显低于对照组(Piwil2蛋白P 0.05,Stat3蛋白P 0.05,Bcl-2蛋白P 0.01)。本研究说明,Piwil2、Stat3及Bcl-2蛋白在雄性不育小鼠中表达量均显著降低,这三个蛋白对小鼠精子生成及小鼠不育的发生起到重要调节作用。     

苎麻atp6和atp9基因的克隆表达及与细胞质雄性不育的相关性

摘要: 根据GenBank报道的双子叶植物线粒体atp6和atp9基因编码区保守序列设计简并引物, 通过PCR技术从苎麻细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系(简称“三系”) mtDNA中扩增目的基因片段, 发现所得序列开放阅读框虽不完整, 但与GenBank报道的其他植物线粒体atp6和atp9基因同源性分别高于94%和85%。采用DNA Walking步移法分别从3′端和5′端扩增两个基因片段的未知侧翼序列, 分离出完整的苎麻线粒体atp6和atp9基因, 包含了完整的开放阅读框。其中“三系”的atp6基因在mtDNA水平、转录和翻译调控水平、蛋白质水平上均无差异。不育系atp9基因在编码区3′端与保持系和恢复系相比存在若干个碱基的差异和缺失; RT-PCR分析还表明, 不育系atp9基因在现蕾期和盛花期的表达量很高。推测不育系atp9基因的结构变异和/或异常表达与苎麻细胞质雄性不育(CMS)的关系密切。     

猪ACTA2基因的克隆、表达分析及其与生产性状的关联

为鉴定对猪生产性状有重要影响的新分子标记,文章采用电子克隆结合PCR方法获得了猪肌动蛋白α2(Actin alpha 2, ACTA2)基因编码区序列和部分基因组序列,建立了第2内含子C1554T替换的PCR-HinfⅠ- RFLP基因分型方法,在所检测的7个不同猪群中除大白和梅大群体外,其他群体中均是C等位基因频率高于T等位基因的频率。标记与性状关联分析发现ACTA2基因型与肩部背膘厚、臀部背膘厚、肥肉率、瘦肉率、股二头肌pH和肌内脂肪显著或极显著相关,TT基因型与CC基因型相比具有更高的瘦肉率以及更低的肥肉率和背膘厚。通过Real-time RT-PCR分析发现ACTA2在大白和梅山两个品种猪骨骼肌中的表达量都随着日龄的增加而降低,在各个阶段,梅山猪中的表达量都比大白猪中的表达量高。     

单纯性先天性心脏病中TBX5基因表达异常的机制

为探讨人类单纯性先天性心脏病患者中TBX5基因表达下调的可能原因, 应用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)方法检测100例单纯性先天性心脏病患者中TBX5基因上游1 200 bp调控区的突变情况; 应用甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶(MS-RE)法检测50例单纯性先天性心脏病患者和5例非先天性心脏病患者心肌组织TBX5基因启动子区两个CpG岛(转录起始点上游-49~-188 bp和-247~-464 bp处)的甲基化情况; 应用P-match软件预测小鼠Tbx5基因上游转录因子Nkx2-5的结合位点, 构建Nkx2-5表达载体转染小鼠H9C2(2-1)心肌细胞, RT-PCR及Western blotting检测Tbx5基因表达, 凝胶阻滞实验(EMSA)验证Nkx2-5和Tbx5基因的作用。结果在100例单纯性先天性心脏病患者中, 未检测到TBX5基因上游1 200 bp调控区突变; 非先天性心脏病患者和单纯性先天性心脏病患者在两个CpG岛存在相同的甲基化; 小鼠Tbx5基因转录起始点上游-312~-315 bp可能存在Nkx2-5的结合位点, 转染Nkx2-5表达载体后Tbx5基因在mRNA及蛋白质水平均有表达增高趋势, Nkx2-5在体外可以与Tbx5基因上游-312~-315 bp序列相结合。以上结果提示TBX5基因调控区突变和两个CpG岛的甲基化不是单纯性先天性心脏病患者心肌组织中TBX5基因表达下调的原因, TBX5基因表达下调可能由于NKX2-5的表达异常引起。     

Cdc25B蛋白过表达可使小鼠胚胎突破2-细胞期阻滞

目的：探讨Cdc25B蛋白过表达对小鼠2-细胞期胚胎发育的影响。方法：利用体外转录试剂盒将Cdc25B转录成mRNA,将mRNA显微注射入小鼠2-细胞期胚胎中,观察胚胎发育情况和卵裂率。用蛋白激酶活性测定方法和Western印迹分别检测Cdc25B蛋白过表达小鼠胚胎MPF的活性及Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化状态。结果：hCG后48 h,mRNA注射组有超过40%的2-细胞期胚胎分裂到4-细胞期而对照组仍停留在2-细胞期;激酶活性测定显示注射Cdc25B mRNA后,MPF的活性显著升高;Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化状态变化与激酶活性测定结果一致。结论：Cdc25B蛋白过表达可以激活有丝分裂促进因子（MPF）,从而使小鼠2-细胞期胚胎突破2-细胞期阻滞,发育到4-细胞期。     

亚麻中雄性不育基因同源序列MS2-F的克隆和表达分析

用同源序列克隆法从亚麻中克隆了雄性不育基因同源序列MS2-F cDNA(登陆号:EU363493).该cDNA全长1 91lbp,包含一个1 608 bp的ORF,编码535个氨基酸.推导的蛋白质序列中包含2个雄性不育保守区:NAD结合区域和雄性不育C-末端区域.该基因与油菜和拟南芥雄性不育基因的一致性分别为59.65%和59.16%,为花蕾特异表达基因,推测在亚麻花粉发育过程中与脂酰辅酶A还原酶有相似功能.MS2-F cDNA对应的gDNA大小为2 696 bp(登陆号:EU365361),含有8个内含子和9个外显子.     

Human Cdc14A phosphatase modulates the G2/M transition through Cdc25A and Cdc25B

The Cdc14 family of serine-threonine phosphatases antagonizes CDK activity by reversing CDK-dependent phosphorylation events. It is well established that the yeast members of this family bring about the M/G1 transition. Budding yeast Cdc14 is essential for CDK inactivation at the end of mitosis and fission yeast Cdc14 homologue Flp1/Clp1 down-regulates Cdc25 to ensure the inactivation of mitotic CDK complexes to trigger cell division. However, the functions of human Cdc14 homologues remain poorly understood. Here we have tested the hypothesis that Cdc14A might regulate Cdc25 mitotic inducers in human cells. We found that increasing levels of Cdc14A delay entry into mitosis by inhibiting Cdk1-cyclin B1 activity. By contrast, lowering the levels of Cdc14A accelerates mitotic entry. Biochemical analyses revealed that Cdc14A acts through key Cdk1-cyclin B1 regulators. We observed that Cdc14A directly bound to and dephosphorylated Cdc25B, inhibiting its catalytic activity. Cdc14A also regulated the activity of Cdc25A at the G2/M transition. Our results indicate that Cdc14A phosphatase prevents premature activation of Cdk1 regulating Cdc25A and Cdc25B at the entry into mitosis.     

Cdc25B在小鼠受精卵的表达和定位

为阐明细胞分裂周期(Cdc)25B调控小鼠受精卵发育的机制,利用Western印迹检测小鼠受精卵各时期Cdc25B的表达及Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化状态。利用间接免疫荧光技术观察Cdc25B在小鼠受精卵的定位。构建pEGFP-Cdc25B融合表达载体并显微注射到受精卵中,观察Cdc25B在受精卵M期的定位变化。结果表明Cdc25B在G1和S期被磷酸化,在G2和M期去磷酸化。Cdc2-Tyr15在G1和S期处于磷酸化状态,G2期只检测到Cdc2-Tyr15轻微的磷酸化信号,M期未检测到任何Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化信号。Cdc25B在G1期定位于细胞质和细胞核中,S和G2期定位于细胞质的皮质部分,M期由细胞质转向核区。证明Cdc25B核输出后激活有丝分裂促进因子,从而启动小鼠受精卵的有丝分裂。     

人源Cdc25C蛋白的融合表达及纯化

目的:表达并纯化有活性的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白,以用于Cdc25C功能研究。方法:利用RT-PCR克隆MCF-7细胞的cdc25c全长基因;在大肠杆菌中表达GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白;利用GSH交联的琼脂糖珠纯化GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白;通过体外磷酸酶活性分析检测GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白的磷酸酶活性。结果:克隆获得1465 bp的人源cdc25c全长基因,并克隆至pGEX-4T-1原核表达载体;在原核系统中可溶性表达了相对分子质量约87×103的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白;通过亲和纯化获得的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白具有较好的磷酸酶活性。结论:得到了有磷酸酶活性的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白,可用于后续的Cdc25C功能研究。     

小鼠受精卵微注射Cdc25b mRNA可提高卵裂率并促进受精卵发育

为了观察Cdc25B蛋白及PKA/Cdc25B 信号途径在小鼠受精卵发育中的作用,将突变型和野生型Cdc25b转录成 mRNA,显微注射到小鼠受精卵中,放入含有或不含有dbcAMP的M16中,相差显微镜下观察受精卵卵裂情况;用蛋白激酶活性测定方法检测MPF的活性;利用Western 印迹检测Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化状态.结果显示,未加dbcAMP的Cdc25b- S321A mRNA注射组与Cdc25b-WT组相比,能够提前使受精卵发生G ₂/M期转变,导致卵裂,并明显提高卵裂率;MPF的活性测定和Cdc2-Tyr15磷酸化状态的检测结果也显示,Cdc25b-S321A组先于Cdc25b-WT组提前激活MPF.此外, Cdc25b-S321A mRNA注射组可以有效恢复由PKA引起的受精卵G ₂期阻滞,显著增加卵裂率;MPF的活性测定和Cdc2-Tyr15磷酸化状态的检测结果也显示,在PKA持续激活的情况下,对比于Cdc25b-WT组,Cdc25b-S321A组提前激活MPF.因此,在小鼠受精卵发育过程中PKA主要通过磷酸化Cdc25B的321位丝氨酸,从而调控MPF的激活与失活来控制有丝分裂进程.     

A Cdc25A antagonizing K vitamin inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo

Thioalkyl containing K vitamin analogs have been shown to be potent inhibitors of hepatoma cell growth and antagonizers of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. We now show that they inhibit the activity of specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) in cell-free conditions in vitro, particularly the dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A. Using primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes that are in G0/G1 phase until stimulated into DNA synthesis by epidermal growth factor, we found that 2-(2-mercaptoethanol)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone or Compound 5 (Cpd 5) inhibited hepatocyte DNA synthesis and PTP activity in cell culture and in vivo after a two-thirds partial hepatectomy. We found a selective inhibition of Cdc25A activity in vitro, using both synthetic substrates and authentic cellular substrate, immunoprecipitated phospho-Cdk4. Intact Cpd 5-treated cells had decreased cellular Cdc25A activity and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk4, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb). Loss of Cdk4 activity was confirmed using Cdk4 immunoprecipitates from either Cpd 5-treated or untreated cells and measuring its kinase activity using GST-Rb as target. We found a similar order of activity for inhibition of growth and Cdc25A activity using several thiol-containing analogs. Cdc25A inhibitors may thus be useful for defining biochemical pathways involving protein tyrosine phosphorylation that mediate cell growth inhibition.     

Human Cdc25A phosphatase has a non-redundant function in G2 phase by activating Cyclin A-dependent kinases

Cdc25 phosphatases activate Cdk/Cyclin complexes by dephosphorylation and thus promote cell cycle progression. We observed that the peak activity of Cdc25A precedes the one of Cdc25B in prophase and the maximum of Cyclin/Cdk kinase activity. Furthermore, Cdc25A activates both Cdk1-2/Cyclin A and Cdk1/Cyclin B complexes while Cdc25B seems to be involved only in activation of Cdk1/Cyclin B. Concomitantly, repression of Cdc25A led to a decrease in Cyclin A-associated kinase activity and attenuated Cdk1 activation. Our results indicate that Cdc25A acts before Cdc25B - at least in cancer cells, and has non-redundant functions in late G2/early M-phase as a major regulator of Cyclin A/kinase complexes.     

MPF Amplification inXenopusOocyte Extracts Depends on a Two-Step Activation of Cdc25 Phosphatase

The activation of Cdc2 kinase induces the entry into M-phase of all eukaryotic cells. We have developed a cell-free system prepared from prophase-arrestedXenopusoocytes to analyze the mechanism initiating the all-or-none activation of Cdc2 kinase. Inhibition of phosphatase 2A, the major okadaic acid-sensitive Ser/Thr phosphatase, in these extracts, provokes Cdc2 kinase amplification and concomitant hyperphosphorylation of Cdc25 phosphatase, with a lag of about 1 h. Polo-like kinase (Plx1 kinase) is activated slightly after Cdc2. All these events are totally inhibited by the cdk inhibitor p21^Cip1, demonstrating that Plx1 kinase activation depends on Cdc2 kinase activity. Addition of a threshold level of recombinant Cdc25 induces a linear activation of Cdc2 and Plx1 kinases and a partial phosphorylation of Cdc25. We propose that the Cdc2 positive feedback loop involves two successive phosphorylation steps of Cdc25 phosphatase: the first one is catalyzed by Cdc2 kinase and/or Plx1 kinase but it does not modify Cdc25 enzymatic activity, the second one requires a new kinase counteracted by phosphatase 2A. Furthermore we demonstrate that, under our conditions, Cdc2 amplification and MAP kinase activation are two independent events.     

Pro-apoptotic Role of Cdc25A: ACTIVATION OF CYCLIN B1/Cdc2 BY THE Cdc25A C-TERMINAL DOMAIN*

Cdc25A is a dual specificity protein phosphatase that activates cyclin/cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) complexes by removing inhibitory phosphates from conserved threonine and tyrosine in Cdks. To address how Cdc25A promotes apoptosis, Jurkat cells were treated with staurosporine, an apoptosis inducer. Upon staurosporine treatment, a Cdc25A C-terminal 37-kDa fragment, designated C37, was generated by caspase cleavage at Asp-223. Thr-507 in C37 became dephosphorylated, which prevented 14-3-3 binding, as shown previously. C37 exhibited higher phosphatase activity than full-length Cdc25A. C37 with alanine substitution for Thr-507 (C37/T507A) that imitated the cleavage product during staurosporine treatment interacted with Cdc2, Cdk2, cyclin A, and cyclin B1 and markedly activated cyclin B1/Cdc2. The dephosphorylation of Thr-507 might expose the Cdc2/Cdk2-docking site in C37. C37/T507A also induced apoptosis in Jurkat and K562 cells, resulting from activating cyclin B1/Cdc2 but not Cdk2. Thus, this study reveals that Cdc25A is a pro-apoptotic protein that amplifies staurosporine-induced apoptosis through the activation of cyclin B1/Cdc2 by its C-terminal domain.     

植物来源的蛋白磷酸酶Cdc25C的新抑制剂

蛋白磷酸酶Cdc25C能够使有丝分裂激酶CDK1/cyclin B去磷酸化,从而促进细胞周期的进程.已经在一些肿瘤细胞中检测到Cdc25C的过量表达,这使得Cde25C成为肿瘤治疗中的潜在靶标.通过随机筛选,发现了八个CAe25C的天然新抑制剂(1-8),其IC50值在1.66～75.07umol/L之间.肿瘤细胞毒试验结果表明,其中四个化合物(化合物3,4,5,7)对十种肿瘤细胞株显示一定的细胞毒活性,其IC50值皆小于10ug/ml.