2-芳基-1,3-二氧环戊烷的合成与表征

以3-硝基-4-甲基苯甲酸为主要原料,依次通过乙硼烷还原、氯代反应将其中羧基转化为氯甲基,又经过缩争、氧化、醛基保护将甲基转化为缩醛等步骤合成了2-[2-硝基-(4-氯甲基)]苯基-1,3-二氧环戊烷.目标产物及某些重要中间体的结构已通过红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振氢谱的方法进行了表征.     

对(艹孟)烷-3,8-二醇的合成与应用研究进展

对(艹孟)烷-3,8-二醇是一种具有生物活性的化合物,主要来源于柠檬桉精油,可直接用于香水、杀虫剂和药品等.通常采用化学和生物化学的方法合成对(艹孟)烷-3,8-二醇,以替代从柠檬桉叶油分离得到的天然产品.以香茅醛为原料通过Prins环缩合和水解,或者通过Solanum aviculare悬浮培养方式进行生物转化得到对(艹孟)烷-3,8-二醇;通过薄荷醇的氧化,或者以2-丁烯醛为原料与甲基锂、NaClO2等试剂经过较长步骤也可合成对(艹孟)烷-3,8-二醇.对(艹孟)烷-3,8-二醇可应用于制造驱虫剂、凉味剂、药物或者化妆品的添加剂以及海水防护涂料添加剂等.     

测定6-姜酚标样物质——6-姜酚肟的制取与鉴定

为了获得高纯度的6-姜酚肟,以姜油树脂为原料,通过溶剂萃取、肟化反应和硅胶柱真空层析,获得白色晶体,通过紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振谱、质谱等测定所得白色晶体为6.姜酚肟,并证实了其存在顺反异构.     

以L-天冬氨酸为原料制备D-天冬氨酸的新方法

以L-天冬氨酸为原料经过酯化、消旋、拆分和水解制备D-天冬氨酸。使L-2,3-二苯甲酰酒石酸(L-DBTA)与DL-天冬氨酸-β-甲酯在水溶液中于65~70℃反应形成非对映体盐,冷却到室温,D-天冬氨酸.L-DBTA盐析出,过滤后再经水解得到D-天冬氨酸,收率78.2%,旋光纯度达到99%以上。     

碱性离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氢氧化物催化地沟油制备生物柴油的研究

本研究合成了碱性离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氢氧化物,通过红外光谱和核磁共振检测与文献报道一致,以此离子液体为制备生物柴油的催化剂,发现具有很高的催化活性.在生物柴油的合成过程中,考察了离子液体的用量、醇与油物质的量比、反应温度和反应时间对酯交换反应的影响.结果显示,以地沟油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:醇油摩尔比8:1、反应温度70 ℃、反应时间110 min、催化剂用量为原料油质量的3.0 %.在此条件下, 脂肪酸甲酯转化率为95.7 %.由地沟油制备的生物柴油,其低温流动性能好,闪点高,除碘值较高外,其他主要性能符合0# 柴油标准,并且可以和0# 柴油进行调和使用.     

细菌3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物代谢的研究进展

3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物是重要的4碳平台化合物,以糖质原料为底物的生物法制备是当今研究与生产的主流。介绍了3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物2,3-丁二醇、丁二酮产生的主要细菌,这些细菌积累3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物的代谢途径,主要的代谢及调控方式,代谢关键酶:乙酰乳酸合成酶、α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶、2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶的结构与功能等国内外研究进展;并对3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物细菌代谢、发酵制备的未来研究提出了展望。     

叶酸- 聚乙二醇- 阿霉素连接物及其制剂稳定性研究

目的:考察叶酸-聚乙二醇-阿霉素连接物(FA-PEG-hyd-DOX)及其制剂在不同实验条件下的稳定性,为其开发应用奠定基础。方法:参照2010版《中国药典》二部附录XIXC《原料药与药物制剂稳定性试验指导原则》,将DOX、FA-PEG-hyd-DOX连接物原料及其冻干粉制剂置于高温、高湿、强光照环境中,不同时间对样品的DOX质量百分含量、熔点、外观性状等指标进行考察分析。结果:DOX在高温、高湿、强光照环境中放置10天后,DOX质量百分含量分别为31.95%、66.36%和61.27%,熔点分别为195℃、194℃和194℃。FA-PEG-hyd-DOX连接物在高温、高湿、强光照环境中放置10天后,DOX质量百分含量分别为2.71%、3.85%和3.14%,熔点范围分别为169-175℃、170-175℃和170-175℃。FA-PEG-hyd-DOX冻干粉制剂在高温、高湿、强光照环境中放置10天后,DOX质量百分含量分别为3.80%、5.76%和4.80%。结论:FA-PEG-hyd-DOX连接物原料的稳定性高于DOX,FA-PEG-hyd-DOX甘露醇冻干粉制剂的稳定性高于其原料药。     

红花籽粕5-羟色胺衍生物的大孔树脂吸附研究及HPLC—MS结构鉴定

以红花籽粕的乙醇提取物为原料,通过比较D312、860021、DM131、LK002、LK001及XDA-1等六种大孔吸附树脂对5-羟色胺衍生物的静态吸附与解吸性能,以最大吸附量和解吸率为指标进行考察,XDA-1的吸附解吸综合效果最佳.通过HPLC-MS鉴定分析,红花籽粕中几种主要5-羟色胺衍生物分别为阿魏酰5-羟色胺、N-(p-香豆酰)5-羟色胺、N-(p-香豆酰)色胺β-D-葡萄糖苷和N-阿魏酰色胺β-D-葡萄糖苷.     

产γ_内酰胺水解酶菌株的筛选及发酵条件研究

(-)γ-内酰胺是合成两种抗艾滋病药物(-)carbovir和(-)abacavir的重要原料,具有重要的应用价值,微生物酶法拆分( /-)γ-内酰胺生产(-)γ-内酰胺的方法具有良好的应用前景。以N-乙酰苯丙氨酸为唯一碳源,从土壤中筛选得到了69株具有酰胺水解酶活性的菌株,利用液相色谱分析方法确定了其中20株有较高的酰胺水解酶活性,利用手性色谱分析的方法进一步得到了一株具有较高立体选择性,能拆分( /-)γ-内酰胺而获得(-)γ-内酰胺的菌株L29-9,对该菌株的产酶培养基的碳、氮源及初始pH值等进行了研究。结果表明:当选择碳源柠檬酸2g/L、氮源酵母提取物5g/Lp、H 7.0、培养时间40h时,通过完整细胞转化,在30℃下经过12h的反应,产物(-)γ-内酰胺产率达40%,ee值99.5%。     

微波辐射法合成苄基-2-萘基醚的研究

在微波辐射条件下,以2-萘酚和氯化苄为原料,用氢氧化钠作碱剂,碘化钾作催化剂,以水和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂合成了苄基-2-萘基醚;采用单因素实验法,考察了反应物的摩尔比、催化剂用量、微波功率、辐射时间等因素对苄基-2-萘基醚产率的影响。实验结果表明:在n(2-萘酚):n(氢氧化钠):n(氯化苄):n(碘化钾)=1:1.1:1:0.018,水7 ml,DMF 25 ml,微波功率320 W和辐射时间75 s的优化条件下,苄基-2-萘基醚的产率可达88.03%。     

（S）-（-）-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯的微生物法合成

采用酿酒酵母CGMCC No．2266菌体,不对称还原β-羰基苯丙酸乙酯制备光学纯（S）-（-）-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯。结果表明：采用初始pH为8．0的液体发酵培养基培养的CGMCCNo．2266菌体经过50℃预热处理30min后用于生物转化获得的（S）-（-）-G-羟基苯丙酸乙酯对映体过剩值可以达到100％ee。确定了合成（S）-（-）-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯的较佳转化条件为pH7．0,温度30℃,转化时间24h,底物浓度为3．63mmol／L,菌体用量为86g/L（干重／反应体积）。以10％葡萄糖为辅助底物,产率比不加辅助底物时提高了75．4％。在最佳转化条件下反应转化率及（S）-（-）-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯对映体过剩值可分别达到98．4％和100％ee。     

Regiospecific hydroxylation of 3-(methylaminomethyl) pyridine to 5-(methylaminomethyl) -2 (1H) -pyridinone byArthrobacter ureafaciens

Microbial production of a 6-hydroxy-3-pyridylmethyl compound from 3-pyridylmethyl compound was investigated. The hydroxylation of 3-(methylaminomethyl)pyridine to 5-(methylaminomethyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone, tautomer of 2-hydroxy-5(methylaminomethyl)pyridine, by resting cells ofArthrobacter ureafaciens JCM3873 was found to proceed regio- and chemo-selectively with an almost quantitative yield. The addition of molybdate ion and nicotine as an inducer to the culture medium was required for the preparation of cells containing high hydroxylation activity. The optimal temperature and pH for the hydroxylation by using resting cells were 35°C and around 7, respectively. This hydroxylation enzyme does undergo inhibition by the substrate. The inhibitory effect could be eliminated by stepwise feeding of the substrate. Under adequate conditions, 23 mg/ml of 5-(methylaminomethyl)-2(1H)-pyridinone was produced with a molar yield of nearly 100% from 3-(methylaminomethyl)pyridine.     

Introgression of qPE9-1 allele, conferring the panicle erectness, leads to the decrease of grain yield per plant in japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Panicle architecture is closely related to yield formation. The qPE9-1 gene has been proved to be widely used in high-yield rice cultivar developments, conferring erect panicle character in japonica rice. Recently, qPE9-1 has been successfully cloned; however, the genetic effect on grain yield per plant of the erect panicle allele qPE9-1 is controversial yet. In the present study, a drooping panicle parent Nongken 57, carrying qpe9-1 allele, was used as recurrent parent to successively backcross to a typical erect panicle line from the double haploid (DH) population (Wuyunjing 8/Nongken 57), which was previously shown to carry qPE9-1 allele. Thus a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) was developed. The comparison of agronomic traits between the NILs showed that, when qpe9-1 was replaced by qPE9-1, the panicle architecture was changed from drooping to erect; moreover, the panicle length, plant height, 1000-grain weight and the tillers were significantly decreased, consequently resulting in the dramatic decrease of grain yield per plant by 30%. Therefore, we concluded that the qPE9-1 was a major factor controlling panicle architecture, and qPE9-1 had pleiotropic nature, with negative effects on grain yield per plant. This result strongly suggests that the erect panicle allele qPE9-1 should be used together with other favorable genes in the high-yield breeding practice. In addition, the effect of qPE9-1 on eating and cooking quality was also discussed in the present study.     

毕赤酵母不对称合成阿托伐他汀中间体

阿托伐他汀可通过抑制HMG-CoA还原酶与底物的结合来抑制胆固醇的合成,而 (R)-3-羟基-5-邻苯二甲酰亚胺基戊酸乙酯是阿托伐他汀合成的重要中间体。通过对实验室保藏菌种进行筛选,得到一株巴氏毕赤酵母X-33可将5-邻苯二甲酰亚胺-3-氧代戊酸乙酯还原为 (R)-3-羟基-5-邻苯二甲酰亚胺基戊酸乙酯。在磷酸盐缓冲液体系中考察了初始底物浓度、反应时间、辅助底物、葡萄糖添加量、pH、温度等因素对产物收率和对映体选择性的影响,获得了较佳的反应条件。选择底物投料量为7 g/L时,当菌体浓度120 g/L,葡萄     

Yield of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate from various carbon sources: a theoretical study

The theoretical yield of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been estimated from the biochemical pathway leading to PHB when a carbohydrate (glucose), a C(1) compound (methanol), a C(2) compound (acetic acid), or a C(4) compound (butyric acid) is used as a carbon source. In estimating the yield, recycling (or regeneration) of NADP(+)/ (NADPH + H(+)) and NAD(+) /(NADH + H(+)) have been taken into account. A special emphasis is made on te regeneration of NADPH, which is the coenzyme of acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, one of three key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of PHB. As a NADPH-regenerating enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase is conceived. An equation which predicts the overall yield of PHB when non-PHB residual biomass is actually formed has been derived as a function of both the theoretical yield and PHB content of the dry cell mass. The ratio of the overall yield to the theoretical yield is roughly proportional to the PHB content. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Induction kinetics of delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts

Induction curves of the delayed light emission in spinach chloroplasts were studied by measuring the decay kinetics after each flash of light. This study differs from previous measurements of the induction curves where only the intensities at one set time after each flash of light were recorded. From the decay kinetics after each flash of light, the induction curves of the delayed light emission measured 2 ms after a flash of light were separated into two components: one component due to the last flash only and one component due to all previous flashes before the last one. On comparing the delayed light induction curves of the two components with the fluorescence induction curves in chloroplasts treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and in chloroplasts treated with hydroxylamine and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the component due to the last flash only is found to be dependent on the concentration of open reaction centers and the component due to all previous flashes except the last is dependent on the concentration of closed reaction centers. This implies that the yield of the fast decaying component of the delayed light emission is dependent on the concentration of open reaction centers and the yield of the slow decaying component is dependent on the concentration of closed reaction centers.     

L-鸟氨酸的混合菌种发酵研究

谷氨酸棒杆菌可发酵葡萄糖产L-鸟氨酸。通过连续筛选与驯化筛选到了产量较高的生产菌株CG1006。以GC/MS对发酵液成分的定性分析及鸟氨酸的产量为依据,优化了培养条件,产量从最初的14.346g/L提高到40.416g/L。初步考察了酵母菌CG1006-1对发酵液成分及产量的影响。结果表明混合菌种发酵可纯化发酵液成分。     

High-level production and characterization of a novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Aspergillus awamori and its potential application in the brewing industry

A novel β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene (AaBglu12A) from Aspergillus awamori was extracellularly expressed in Pichia pastoris. AaBglu12A showed amino acid identity of 96 % with a glycoside hydrolase family 12 cellulase from A. kawachii and 48 % with a β-1,3-1,4-glucanase from Magnaporthe oryzae. The highest β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity of 159,500 ± 500 U/mL with protein concentration of 31.7 ± 0.3 g/L was achieved in a 5-L fermentor. AaBglu12A was purified until homogeneous with recovery yield of 92 %. Its maximal activity was found at 55 °C and pH 5.0. The enzyme was stable up to 60 °C and within the pH range of 2.0-9.0. It also demonstrated strict substrate specificity towards oat- and barley-glucans as well as lichenan. The K_m values for oat-, barley-glucans, and lichenan were 2.82, 3.51, and 2.53 mg/mL, respectively. The V_max values for oat-, barley-glucans, and lichenan were 12,068, 10,790, and 7236 μmol/min·mg, respectively. AaBglu12A hydrolyzed oat- and barley-β-glucans to produce tetra- and tri-saccharides. However, lichenan was hydrolyzed to yield trisaccharides as the main end product. The addition of AaBglu12A to the mashing process substantially decreased filtration time by 34.5 % and viscosity by 9.6 %. Therefore, the high-level production of AaBglu12A might be a promising strategy for the brewing industry owing to its favorable properties.     

The back reaction in the primary electron transfer couple of photosystem II of photosynthesis

Changes of C-550, cytochrome b₅₅₉ and fluorescence yield induced in chloroplasts by single saturating flashes were studied at low temperature. A single saturating flash at −196°C was quite ineffective in reducing C-550, oxidizing cytochrome b₅₅₉ or increasing the fluorescence yield, presumably because most of the charge separation induced by the flash was dissipated by a direct back reaction in the primary electron transfer couple. The back reaction, which competes with the dark reduction of the oxidized primary electron donor by a secondary electron donor, becomes increasingly important as the temperature is lowered because of the temperature coefficient of the reaction with the secondary donor. The effect of the back reaction is to lower the quantum yield for the production of stable photochemical products by steady irradiation. Assuming a quantum yield of unity for the photoreduction of C-550 at room temperature, the quantum yield for the reaction is about 0.40 at −100°C and 0.27 at −196°C.