益生菌在水产养殖中的应用研究

益生菌是一种活性微生物或微生物制剂,由于其安全、无毒、无副作用等,目前在水产动物饲料中被广泛应用。本文概述了益生菌在水产养殖中的应用研究,主要从以下几个方面探究:养殖污染概况、益生菌在水产养殖中的应用、益生菌在水产养殖中应用存在的问题及本文的研究意义。     

水产动物行为及其在渔业中的应用研究进展

水产动物的行为研究是渔业领域的重要研究方向,对理解水产动物的行为表型与功能,对提升渔业生产效果有着重要的理论和应用价值。现阶段水产动物行为学的研究成果已被广泛应用于水产动物人工养殖、渔业资源保护和捕捞渔业等多个领域。文章综述了水产动物行为的研究现状,水产动物主要的行为类型,每种行为的发生及其机理,行为间的相互影响及行为在渔业中的应用状况。同时,针对当前水产动物行为学研究存在的问题,提出了今后水产动物行为学的研究方向和研究重点。文章旨在为水产动物行为学领域的研究提供借鉴与启发,并为水产动物行为学研究成果在渔业中的应用提供理论参考。     

药用植物资源在水产动物疾病控制中的研究进展*

随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对水产品的需求量日益增加,水产养殖业得到飞速发展。然而,各种寄生虫、细菌和病毒诱发的疾病给水产养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失,严重制约了水产养殖业的快速稳定发展。作为传统的防治手段,抗生素等化学合成药物常用于水产养殖过程。大量化学合成药物的滥用诱发了药物残留、耐药菌等环境污染问题,危害人类健康。因此,具有多种有效活性成分的中草药因其天然、安全、副作用小等原因,成为探索新型防控水产病害暴发手段的研究对象。当前,中草药常被用于调节水产动物的免疫力、生长速度和预防疾病暴发等。同时,中草药还可用于改善养殖环境,降低环境因子对水产动物的胁迫。然而,目前的研究主要集中在从中草药中获取防控疾病暴发的复合有效成分,存在药效不稳定、活性成分不明确等问题,无法满足生产高效、廉价、稳定防治剂的需求。论述了当前中草药在防控水产动物疾病暴发中的应用及其作用机制,揭示了对中草药活性分子作用机制研究的不足,强调了中草药作为一种更环保、更有效的水产养殖疾病防控手段进行应用的潜力,对其抗病机制的深入研究尤为重要。     

微生物发酵饲料在绿色养殖中应用的研究进展

微生物发酵饲料，目前是饲料工业和养殖业的关注热点之一，也是绿色安全养殖的重要条件。我国早在20世纪90年代开始研究。近年来，微生物发酵饲料在畜牧业生产中得到迅速发展，其生产和应用形式更加多样化。在水产畜牧养殖时，将日基础饲粮部分替换成微生物发酵饲料或经复合微生物发酵后直接饲用，因含有活菌及相关代谢产物，能进一步改善动物对饲料的营养吸收、提高动物的生产性能、防病治病和改善养殖环境。未来将在饲料替代抗生素、饲养高品质动物、畜禽防病等方面发挥必不可少的作用。本文阐释了微生物发酵饲料概念，作用机理及其在畜牧业、水产养殖应用中的最新研究现状，为微生物发酵饲料产品及新技术的研发提供参考。     

水产动物的病毒基因组及其病毒与宿主的相互作用

水产养殖是近30年来世界上增长最快的农业生产方式,但病毒已成为严重威胁水产养殖可持续发展的传染性病原.近10年来,已从水产动物中鉴定出大量不同的病原病毒,解析了100多株水产动物病毒的基因组及其遗传特征,并开始对这些病毒与宿主的相互作用有了系统和深入的认识.本文在作者20多年研究积累的基础上,重点评述水产动物的重要病毒如虹彩病毒、疱疹病毒、呼肠孤病毒和弹状病毒的基因组遗传信息特征以及这些病毒-宿主相互作用的研究进展.     

上海海洋大学水产动物营养繁殖学研究团队简介

水产动物营养繁殖学团队是上海海洋大学水产养殖国家重点学科的骨干研究力量之一,也是省部共建水产种质资源发掘与利用教育部重点实验室的重要组成部分。健康苗种是水产养殖业的重要物质基础,因此苗种生产是水产养殖的重要研究内容之一。本团队负责     

部分水产养殖动物性别控制基因的研究进展

动物的性别是受遗传或环境等因素控制的。自从在哺乳动物中发现了性别决定基因SRY后,还发现了许多其他与性别控制和性腺发育相关的基因。由于海水养殖动物的性别控制技术在遗传育种和生产中十分重要,因此利用现代分子生物技术研究性别控制的基因成为热点。本文综述了鱼类、锯缘青蟹、海龟和海胆等水产养殖动物性别控制基因的研究进展。     

水产养殖环境微生物研究进展

近年来,水产养殖产业的迅猛发展在带来巨大经济效益的同时,也使周边水质持续恶化。在水产养殖中,微生物在生态平衡和环境保护方面的作用日益明显。着重介绍了养殖水域菌落结构的持续性变化、微生物在水产养殖中的作用以及水产养殖水域微生物群系组成变化的原因,并阐述了改善养殖水环境的生物修复技术,旨在为水产养殖环境微生物的相关研究及其管理提供参考依据。     

水产养殖动物遗传连锁图谱及QTL定位研究进展

自1997年美国农业部启动5种水产养殖动物基因组计划以来，在不到10年的时间里，世界各国都相继开展了本国主要水产养殖动物基因组研究。截至2005年底，有近17种海淡水养殖动物公布了遗传连锁图谱：属于高密度连锁图谱的有虹鳟和大西洋鲑(标记数超过1 000)；属于中密度遗传连锁图谱的有罗非鱼、沟鲶、黑虎虾、日本牙鲆和欧洲海鲈(标记数为400—1 000)；属于低密度遗传连锁图谱的有泰国的胡鲶，中国的栉孔扇贝、鲤鱼，日本的黄尾shi，美国的牡蛎等近10种养殖种类(标记数少于400)。水产养殖动物遗传连锁图谱的构建和发展，促进了一些与经济性状(如生长、抗逆、发育等)相关的数量性状位点(QTL)的定位研究。然而，QTL定位研究目前只在具有中高密度遗传连锁图谱的鲑科鱼类(虹鳟、大西洋鲑和北极嘉鱼)、罗非鱼、沟鲶和日本牙鲆等种类中开展，而且定位研究仍处在初级水平。遗传连锁图谱的高分辨率和QTL在图谱上的精确定位，是今后能否实现对主要水产养殖动物的经济性状进行遗传操作的技术保证，同时也是实现分子标记或基因辅助育种在水产养殖动物中成功运用的制胜法宝。     

水产养殖动物遗传连锁图谱及QTL定位研究进展

自1997年美国农业部启动5种水产养殖动物基因组计划以来,在不到10年的时间里,世界各国都相继开展了本国主要水产养殖动物基因组研究。截至2005年底,有近17种海淡水养殖动物公布了遗传连锁图谱：属于高密度连锁图谱的有虹鳟和大西洋鲑（标记数超过1000）;属于中密度遗传连锁图谱的有罗非鱼、沟鲶、黑虎虾、日本牙鲆和欧洲海鲈（标记数为400-1000）;属于低密度遗传连锁图谱的有泰国的胡鲶,中国的栉孔扇贝、鲤鱼,日本的黄尾鲕,美国的牡蛎等近10种养殖种类（标记数少于400）。水产养殖动物遗传连锁图谱的构建和发展,促进了一些与经济性状（如生长、抗逆、发育等）相关的数量性状位点（QTL）的定位研究。然而,QTL定位研究目前只在具有中高密度遗传连锁图谱的鲑科鱼类（虹鳟、大西洋鲑和北极嘉鱼）、罗非鱼、沟鲶和日本牙鲆等种类中开展,而且定位研究仍处在初级水平。遗传连锁图谱的高分辨率和QTL在图谱上的精确定位,是今后能否实现对主要水产养殖动物的经济性状进行遗传操作的技术保证,同时也是实现分子标记或基因辅助育种在水产养殖动物中成功运用的制胜法宝。     

差异蛋白质组学技术在水生动物应激反应研究中的应用

差异蛋白质组学是蛋白质组学的主要研究内容之一,着重于研究特定因素引起的不同样品间蛋白质组的差异,揭示并验证蛋白质组在生理或病理过程中的变化,并从理论上推断造成这种变化的原因。近年来,差异蛋白质组学已逐步应用到水生动物的应激反应研究中。在周围环境发生变化,如非生物环境因子改变以及病原微生物感染时,水生动物会通过特异的应激反应削弱或者抵抗其危害,其与环境的相互作用机理可通过蛋白质的差异表达体现出来。本文就差异蛋白质组学技术在水生动物应激反应研究中的应用及进展进行了回顾和综述。     

微塑料污染对浮游生物影响研究进展

微塑料作为一种新型的环境污染物,大量存在于水环境中,给水生生物带来了极大的危害。浮游生物是水生食物链的基础,是水生生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要环节;同时,浮游生物也是对各种环境污染物最敏感的类群。了解微塑料对浮游生物的影响是评价其生态风险的重要依据。本文介绍了环境中微塑料来源、特征及水生态系统微塑料污染现状,阐述了微塑料对水生生物的直接和间接危害,并重点聚焦于浮游植物和浮游动物,从个体、种群和群落的层次详细总结了微塑料的影响及其作用机制。最后,本文指出当前针对浮游生物微观基因和蛋白质组学,以及宏观种群和群落响应等方面的研究还非常缺乏,为今后开展微塑料危害研究提供参考。     

Proteomic analysis of methyl parathion-responsive proteins in Sparus latus liver

The contamination of marine ecosystems by organophosphate pesticides is of great concern. The use of protein expression profiles may provide a good method to help us understand the methyl parathion (MP) toxicity to aquatic organisms. In this study, Sparus latus, was selected as the target organism. The toxicological effects of MP were investigated after 24 h exposure using proteomics to analyze their liver tissues. Certain enzyme activity parameters of the liver extracts were also examined, including CAT. After analyzing the proteomic profile of the liver using 2D gel electrophoresis, we found that the protein expression levels of 25 spots increased or decreased significantly in the exposed groups. Sixteen of the 25 protein spots were successfully identified using MALDI-TOF MS/MS. These proteins were roughly categorized into diverse functional classes such as cell redox homeostasis, metabolic processes and cytoskeleton system. These data demonstrated that proteomics was a powerful tool to provide valuable insights into the possible mechanisms of toxicity of MP contaminants in aquatic species. Additionally, these data may provide novel biomarkers for evaluation of MP contamination in the environment.     

基于“天河二号”的水产病原生物信息分析平台构建及其在水产病原分析中的应用

作为生命科学的关键组成,生物信息学已被广泛地应用于基因组学、转录组学和蛋白质组学中。然而,生物信息分析平台的构建需要高性能计算机而非普通的个人电脑,从而极大地限制了生物信息学在水产科学中的应用。本研究基于“天河二号”超级计算机,构建了水产病原生物信息分析平台。该平台由基因组与转录组测序数据分析、蛋白质结构预测和分子动力学模拟3个功能模块组成。为了验证该平台的实用性,以水生动物病原微生物为例进行了生物信息学分析。通过Blast检索、GO和InterPro注释,鉴定了约氏黄杆菌(Flavobacterium johnsoniae)M168株的功能基因并对其进行了注释。通过同源模建,构建了草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus,GCRV)HZ-08的5个小节段的蛋白结构模型。对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)外膜蛋白A进行了分子动力学模拟,并观察了平衡过程中系统温度、总能量、均方根偏差和环区构象的变化。以上结果均显示本研究成功建立了在“天河二号”超级计算机上运行的水产病原生物信息分析平台。此项研究将为其他学科生物信息分析平台的构建提供思路和线索。     

Fluorescent Proteins and Their Use in Marine Biosciences,Biotechnology, and Proteomics

This review explores the field of fluorescent proteins (FPs) from the perspective of their marine origins and their applications in marine biotechnology and proteomics. FPs occur in hydrozoan, anthozoan, and copepodan species, and possibly in other metazoan niches as well. Many FPs exhibit unique photophysical and photochemical properties that are the source of exciting research opportunities and technological development. Wild-type FPs can be enhanced by mutagenetic modifications leading to variants with optimized fluorescence and new functionalities. Paradoxically, the benefits from ocean-derived FPs have been realized, first and foremost, for terrestrial organisms. In recent years, however, FPs have also made inroads into aquatic biosciences, primarily as genetically encoded fluorescent fusion tags for optical marking and tracking of proteins, organelles, and cells. Examples of FPs and applications summarized here testify to growing utilization of FP-based platform technologies in basic and applied biology of aquatic organisms. Hydra, sea squirt, zebrafish, striped bass, rainbow trout, salmonids, and various mussels are only a few of numerous instances where FPs have been used to address questions relevant to evolutionary and developmental research and aquaculture.     

Hepatic proteome sensitivity in rainbow trout after chronically exposed to a human pharmaceutical verapamil

Verapamil (VRP), a cardiovascular pharmaceutical widely distributed and persistent in the aquatic environment, has potential toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to these toxic effects are not well known. In the present study, proteomic analysis has been performed to investigate the protein patterns that are differentially expressed in liver of rainbow trout exposed to sublethal concentrations of VRP (0.5, 27.0, and 270 μg/liter) for 42 days. Two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was employed to detect and identify the protein profiles. The analysis revealed that the expression of six hepatic acidic proteins were markedly altered in the treatment groups compared with the control group; three proteins especially were significantly down-regulated in fish exposed to VRP at environmental related concentration (0.5 μg/liter). These results suggested that the VRP induce mechanisms against oxidative stress (glucose-regulated protein 78 and 94 and protein disulfide-isomerase A3) and adaptive changes in ion transference regulation (calreticulin, hyperosmotic glycine-rich protein). Furthermore, for the first time, protein Canopy-1 was found to be significantly down-regulated in fish by chronic exposure to VRP at environmental related levels. Overall, our work supports that fish hepatic proteomics analysis serves as an in vivo model for monitoring the residual pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment and can provide valuable insight into the molecular events in VRP-induced toxicity in fish and other organisms.     

Proteome modifications of juvenile beluga (Huso huso) brain as an effect of dietary methylmercury

Methylmercury (MeHg) is the most toxic form of mercury which is bioaccumulated in the aquatic food chain. It has been shown that one of the main targets of MeHg toxicity is the brain, but there is little knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of its toxic effects. In this work we used a proteomics analysis to determine the changes in the brain proteome of juvenile beluga (Huso huso) exposed to dietary MeHg. The juvenile beluga were fed the diet containing 0.8 ppm MeHg for 70 days. Proteins of the brain tissue were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. We found eight proteins with significant altered expression level in the fish brain exposed to MeHg. These proteins are involved in different cell functions including cell metabolism, protein folding, cell division, and signal transduction. Our results support the idea that MeHg exerts its toxicity through oxidative stress induction and apoptotic effects. They also suggest that chronic MeHg exposure would induce an important metabolic deficiency in the brain. These findings provide basic information to understand possible mechanisms of MeHg toxicity in aquatic ecosystems.     

Protecting our environment,a motivating outdoor game for proteomics!

The global Earth ecosystem faces many intertwined threats, primarily anthropogenic pollution, drastic reduction of wild spaces, faster spread of pathogens, and global climate warming. Ecotoxicology, the integration of toxicology and ecology, aims to describe the effects of toxicants on organisms, whether at the level of the population, the community, the ecosystem, or the biosphere. Sentinel species are employed to assess threats to life, giving advance warning of danger. In this issue of Proteomics, Wilde and collaborators (Proteomics 2022, 22, https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.202100289 ) present a comprehensive coverage of the proteome of the crustacean Daphnia magna, a species used to evaluate aquatic pollution. This study illustrates how current shotgun proteomics technology allows straightforward quantitation of any protein for whole animals or dissected organs, making global molecular phenotyping a reality for animals. Tandem mass spectrometry operated in data-independent acquisition can be used to compare the response of sentinels to various environmental conditions. The current low number of well-annotated animal or plant genomes, the high diversity of genetic backgrounds of each species, and the paucity of knowledge about protein functions for most of the relevant sentinels pose huge challenges for data interpretation. As a result, ecology and ecotoxicology today constitute an exceptional field for proteomics.