变灰青霉线粒体基因组特征及系统发育分析

本研究对一株分离自细虫草上的变灰青霉SFY00C3菌株线粒体基因组进行测定,分析其组成特征,并探究其与青霉属真菌的系统发育关系。结果表明,SFY00C3的线粒体基因组是一条长度为28 301 bp的环状DNA分子,共编码42个基因(15个蛋白编码基因、2个rRNA基因和25个tRNA基因),其碱基组成有显著的A-T偏好性,25个tRNA基因均可形成典型三叶草结构,并存在32处G-U错配。通过青霉属物种间共线性分析发现其线粒体基因组发生了基因重排;共有的14个蛋白编码基因的Ka/Ks值均小于1,表明受到了纯化选择压力的影响;系统发育分析表明：SFY00C3在青霉属中是一个独立的分支,应该是6种青霉祖先的姊妹。本研究丰富了变灰青霉的线粒体基因组序列信息,为青霉属的系统发育、资源保护及遗传多样性研究提供基础数据。     

分离自海藻的青霉属三个中国新记录种

报道了分离自青岛沿海潮间带海藻的青霉属3个中国新记录种:产红青霉Penicillium rubens、苏门答腊青霉P.sumatrense和葡萄生青霉P.viticola,并对其进行了形态学描述和系统发育分析。研究菌株保存于中国海洋大学海洋生物标本室(OUCMB)。     

乌拉尔甘草内生真菌拮抗菌株的筛选和鉴定

从乌拉尔甘草样品的根、茎中共分离出54株内生真菌,统计发现从根中分离得到的内生真菌的种类比茎中多.抑菌实验共得到20株活性菌株,其中编号为dG9-1的菌株对多种病原菌有抗菌活性.通过进一步对其培养特征,显微形态特征观察以及ITS序列测定和系统发育树构建与分析,发现该菌与灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseofulvum)的亲缘关系最接近,相似性为99.46 %.     

天山花楸内生真菌的分离及其抗菌活性物质的初步研究

采用组织块分离法从天山花楸茎、叶、果实中分离出17株内生真菌,分别运用对峙培养法和菌丝生长速率法进行初筛、复筛和抑菌活性试验,为抗菌活性菌株的应用以及抗菌物质的分离提纯奠定基础。结果表明:(1)菌株L18对棉花枯萎病菌和棉花黄萎病菌的抑菌作用较强。(2)形态学特征观察和rRNA ITS序列系统发育分析结果初步鉴定菌株L18为波兰青霉(Penicillium polonicum)。(3)该菌株发酵液中抑菌活性物质对温度较敏感,40℃处理后抑菌活性降低至对照的59.1%;对日光不稳定,而对紫外光较稳定;能被蛋白酶降解。(4)乙酸乙酯萃取该抑菌活性物质效果较佳,表明其极性较小,初步推测此活性物质属于蛋白质或肽类物质。     

木榄内生真菌菌株ZD6及其代谢产物的抑菌活性

根据形态学特征和ITS序列分析结果,将一株从木榄茎中分离到的内生真菌菌株ZD6鉴定为桔青霉Penicillium citrinum Thom.,该菌株在优化后的发酵培养基(1%麦芽糖,2%甘露醇,1%谷氨酸钠,0.5%蛋白胨,0.15%酵母膏,200g/L土豆汁,pH6.5)中28℃、160r/min振荡培养7d后的发酵液具有明显的抑菌活性。利用柱层析及重结晶等方法从该发酵液的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇提取物中分离得到4个化合物:大黄素、环(丙氨酸-甘氨酸)、赤藓醇和甘露醇,其中的大黄素和赤藓醇为首次在桔青霉中发现,它们对枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis的生长具有明显的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为25μg/mL和50μg/mL;大黄素对绿脓杆菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa的生长也具有一定的抑制作用,MIC为100μg/mL。     

青霉属真菌活性代谢产物研究进展

青霉属(Penicillium)真菌是我国重要的工业微生物资源,在生长过程中能够代谢产生多种不同结构的生理活性化合物。目前对青霉的研究主要集中在有关降血压、血糖、胆固醇和抑瘤抑癌、提高人体免疫力的活性代谢产物上。本文对近年来青霉属真菌代谢产生的各类活性物质及新型活性物质生产菌株来源的研究进展进行综述,以期为青霉属真菌次生代谢产物的研究提供参考。     

一株玉米秸秆纤维素分解菌株的分离鉴定及酶学性质

【目的】筛选分离可以分解玉米秸秆纤维素的菌株。【方法】采用平板稀释法从土样中分离纯化得到能够分解玉米秸秆纤维素的菌株,对分离得到的菌株进行生理生化及分子鉴定,同时以菌株Penicillium spp.(CICC40361)作为对照,比较菌株纤维素酶和木质素酶的活性,研究不同因素对菌株纤维素酶活力的影响,确定菌株纤维素酶动力学常数Km值。【结果】分离得到的菌株命名为PL2#,经生理生化及分子鉴定后,确定菌株PL2#为羊毛状青霉(Penicillium lanosum)。菌株PL2#的纤维素酶和木质素酶活力高于对照菌株Penicillium spp.;菌株PL2#的最优酶活测定条件为:1%CMC底物浓度,pH 4.8,50°C,酶反应时间60 min以及2 m L DNS添加量。【结论】羊毛状青霉(Penicillium lanosum)菌株PL2#比对照菌株Penicillium spp.具有更好地降解玉米秸秆纤维素的性能。     

海鞘真菌的形态鉴定及其代谢产物抗菌活性研究

为寻找产生新颖抗菌活性物质的海洋真菌,以海鞘为原料,采用平板涂布法分离出14株真菌,并对其进行形态学鉴定和抗菌活性的初筛。结果显示:从海鞘中共分离出14株真菌,根据形态观察初步鉴定其分属青霉属(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、枝孢属(Cladosporium sp.)、麦轴梗霉属(Tritirachium sp.)等4个属。14株菌中有抗菌活性的共11株,优选出抗菌活性较强抗菌谱较广的4株菌分别是Asc-2-4(青霉属)、Asc-2-12(青霉属)、Asc-1-1(青霉属)和Asc-2-1(曲霉属)。青霉属菌株Asc-2-12的抑菌活性最明显,抑菌圈直径最大达到21.91 mm。海鞘共附生真菌是寻找抗菌物质的一个资源,其中的3株青霉属和1株曲霉属的抗菌活性有深入研究的价值。     

从麦草浆污泥中分离产木聚糖酶的木质纤维降解真菌

采用涂布平板法在马丁氏培养基平板上对麦草浆污泥作真菌分离研究,共分离纯化获得27株真菌,其中青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、麦轴梗霉属(Tritirachium)根霉属(Rhizopus)和毛霉属(Mucor)为其优势菌群;在麦芽提取物-OPP培养基平板上分离得到10株真菌,其中拟指突孢曲霉属(Emercellopsis)为其优势菌群。通过对麦草浆污泥连续富集培养得到真菌10株,经初步鉴定为曲霉属(Aspergillus)和青霉属(Penicillium)。对富集培养分离的菌种进行木聚糖酶产酶特性研究,结果表明:最优菌株为Aspergillussp.MC-JAⅡ,其木聚糖酶酶活性最高值达到2060 U/mL,发生在产酶培养的第84 h,相应纤维素酶活为99.5 U/mL。为国内首次报道麦草浆污泥中的降解木质纤维真菌的分离、鉴定和产酶研究。     

产黄酮番木瓜内生真菌的筛选和鉴定

为开发植物内生真菌这一微生物资源,采用组织分离法从番木瓜植株的叶片、果实和茎中分离内生真菌。通过黄酮类化合物显色反应、薄层层析法(TLC)、紫外光谱法(UV),对番木瓜内生真菌的次生代谢产物进行初步分析,筛选出1株产黄酮类物质的内生真菌菌株,并利用分生孢子形态特征和真菌内转录间隔区序列(Internal transcribed spacer,ITS)对该菌株进行分析鉴定。结果表明,从番木瓜果实中分离获得编号为G41的内生真菌菌株可归类为青霉属橘青霉(Penicillium citrinum)。研究证实番木瓜果实中存在可产黄酮类物质的内生真菌菌株,具有进一步开发利用的潜在价值。     

中国六种重要药用真菌名称的说明

对我国6种重要药用真菌的名称进行了考证,按照国际命名法规及《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》对这些种类的拉丁和汉语学名进行了讨论。建议下列汉语名称和拉丁名称为规范的汉语学名和拉丁学名：樟芝Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu et al.,桦褐孔菌Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát,木耳Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.,刺槐多年卧孔菌Perenniporia robiniophila (Murrill) Ryvarden,滑子蘑Pholiota microspora (Berk.) Sacc.,冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.,其他相关名称均应为异名。     

New teleomorph combinations in the entomopathogenic genus Metacordyceps

The genus Metacordyceps contains arthropod pathogens in Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales) that formerly were classified in Cordyceps sensu Kobayasi et Mains. Of the current arthropod pathogenic genera of Hypocreales, the genus Metacordyceps remains one of the most poorly understood and contains a number of teleomorphic morphologies convergent with species of Cordyceps s.s. (Cordycipitaceae) and Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae). Of note, the anamorph genera Metarhizium and Pochonia were found to be associated only with Metacordyceps and demonstrated to be phylogenetically informative for the clade. Several species of Cordyceps considered to have uncertain placements (incertae sedis) in the current taxonomic framework of clavicipitoid fungi were collected during field expeditions mostly in eastern Asia. Species reclassified here in Metacordyceps include Cordyceps atrovirens Kobayasi & Shimizu, Cordyceps indigotica Kobayasi & Shimizu, Cordyceps khaoyaiensis Hywel-Jones, Cordyceps kusanagiensis Kobayasi & Shimizu, Cordyceps martialis Speg., Ophiocordyceps owariensis Kobayasi, Cordyceps pseudoatrovirens Kobayasi & Shimizu and Ophicordyceps owariensis f. viridescens (Uchiy. & Udagawa) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora. Incorporation of these species in a multigene phylogenetic framework of the major clades of clavicipitoid fungi more than doubled the number of species in Metacordyceps and allowed for refinement of morphological concepts for the genus consistent with the phylogenetic structure. Based on these findings we then discuss evolution of this genus, subgeneric relationships, anamorph connections, and suggest additional species that should be confirmed for possible inclusion in Metacordyceps.     

中国珠蕨属的分类修订

对国产珠蕨属Cryptogramma R.Br.的分类进行了修订,承认2种1变种,即稀叶珠蕨C.stelleri（Gm l.）Prantl,高山珠蕨C.brunoniana Wall.ex Hook.&Grev.和珠蕨C.bru noniana var.sinensis（Christ）G.M.Zhang。将峨眉珠蕨C.emeiensis Ching&K.H.Shing并入高山珠蕨。同时对该属的系统位置进行了讨论。     

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang & J.C.Zhao,sp. nov. (Bryaceae,Bryopsida) from Xizang,China

Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao, a new moss species from Xizang, China, is described and illustrated. Previously, specimens of H. zangii have been identified as Mielichhoferia himalayana Mitt. However, H. zangii is distinctly different from M. himalayana in having excurrent costae with short awns (vs long denticulate awns), short-pyriform capsules, 0.8–1?mm (vs long-pyriform capsules, 2.5–3?mm), and densely papillose exostome teeth (vs smooth or vertically striped exostome teeth). Haplodontium zangii is similar to H. macrocarpum (Hook.) J.R.Spence, which was traditionally placed in Mielichhoferia Nees &; Hornsch. as M. macrocarpa (Hook.) Bruch &; Schimp. The main differences between H. zangii and H. macrocarpum are in the morphology of the leaves, capsules, guide cells, and stomata. Mielichhoferia himalayana and another Chinese species of Mielichhoferia, M. sinensis Dix., are also transferred to Haplodontium Hampe, a new genus in the bryoflora of China, as H. himalayanum (Mitt.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao and H. sinensis (Dix.) X.R.Wang &; J.C.Zhao. A morphological comparison and a key to the three species of Haplodontium in China as well as to H. macrocarpum, a species that is likely to be found in China, are provided.     

中国球盖菇科(六):盔孢菌属

通过观察吉林农业大学菌物研究所标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)和广东微生物研究所标本馆(GDGM)及作者野外采集标本的宏观形态和微观结构,对中国盔孢菌属进行了分类学研究。对中国分布的16个种进行了形态学描述、显微线条图绘制,并编写了分组、分种检索表。其中,包括内蒙古新记录种2个:秋生盔孢菌[Galerinaautumnalis(Peck)A.H.Sm.&Singer]和单色盔孢伞[Galerina unicolor(Vahl)Singer];黑龙江省新记录种3个:异囊盔孢菌[Galerina heterocystis(G.F.Atk.)A.H.Sm.&R.Sin.]、黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)Singer]和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];吉林省新记录种2个:异囊盔孢菌[Galerina heterocystis(G.F.Atk.)A.H.Sm.&R.Sin.]和苔藓盔孢菌[Galerina hypnorum(Schrank)Kühner];辽宁省新记录种1个:黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)singer];浙江省新记录种1个:沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];湖北省新记录种1个:沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];湖南省新记录种1个:秋生盔孢菌[Galerina autumnalis(Peck)A.H.Sm.&Singer];广西省新记录种1个:沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vit-tiformis(Fr.)Earle];四川省新记录种3个:苔藓盔孢菌[Galerina hypnorum(Schrank)Kühner]、条盖盔孢菌[Galerina sulciceps(Berk.)Singer]和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];贵州省新记录种3个:单色盔孢伞[Galerina unicolor(Vahl)Singer]、毒盔孢菌(Galerina venenataA.H.Sm.)和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];西藏新记录种3个:单色盔孢伞[Galerina unicolor(Vahl)Singer]、黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)Singer]和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];新疆新记录种1个:黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)Singer]。     

rDNA-targeted PCR primers and FISH probe in the detection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis hyphae and conidia

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sung, Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (syn. Cordyceps sinensis) one of the entomopathogenic fungi, is a rare Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) found in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods are necessary to identify the mycelia or spores of O. sinensis from its habitat and to monitor its dispersal, colonization and infectivity. To develop both primers and probe specific to O. sinensis, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplified with universal primers from O. sinensis genomic DNA and seven closely related fungi were sequenced. According to these sequences, the upper and lower primers (OsT-F and OsT-R) were designed within internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) and ITS2 and flanked by universal primers ITS5 and ITS4, respectively. The designed primers were used for general PCR, touchdown PCR, or both together with the universal primers for nested-touchdown PCR. The results showed that only the extracted DNA of O. sinensis was specifically amplified. The sensitivity of nested-touchdown PCR with extracted DNA of O. sinensis is as low as 10⁻¹⁴ g (10 fg) and at least 1000 times higher than the other PCR methods. In addition, Cy5-labeled probe (OsLSU) for cytoplasmic LSU rRNA was hybridized with the ascospores of O. sinensis. It showed a strong red fluorescence throughout the whole cell but did not cross-react with other entomopathogenic fungi. Taken together, these methods were useful for studying the biology and ecology of O. sinensis.     

Pseudocayratia,a new genus of Vitaceae from China and Japan with two new species and three new combinations

Recent integrative systematic studies of Vitaceae support the recognition of a new genus Pseudocayratia J.Wen, L.M.Lu & Z.D.Chen. The genus consists of five species from China and Japan. We herein describe the following two new species: Pseudocayratia speciosa J.Wen & L.M.Lu, and P. pengiana Hsu & J.Wen, and make three new combinations: Pseudocayratia dichromocarpa (H.Lév.) J.Wen & Z.D.Chen, P. oligocarpa (H.Lév. & Van.) J.Wen & L.M.Lu, and P. yoshimurae (Makino) J.Wen & V.C.Dang. Phylogenetic analyses based on five chloroplast loci strongly support Pseudocayratia as sister to Tetrastigma. Morphologically, species of the genus have stigmas enlarged (but not 4‐lobed), pedicels at fruiting stage enlarged and fleshy, seeds with a crustaceous thin testa, circular cup‐like ventral infolds, linear chalaza extending ca. 2/3 to 3/4 of the seed length (from apex to base), lateral margin with thin edges, and T‐shaped endosperm in cross‐section. The genus is distributed in eastern Asia (China and Japan). The taxonomic novelties we report in this study at both the generic and species levels highlight the importance of collections‐based research in today's integrative systematics.     

Books

Andrews , J.R.H. 1987. The Southern Ark. Zoological Discovery in New Zealand 1769–1900. Andru?aitis , G. (ed.) 1985. Red Data Book of the Latvian SSR: Rare and Endangered Species of Animals and Plants. (Latvian and Russian.) Bakeman , R. & Gottman , J. 1986. Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis. Bergmann , H.-H. 1987. Die Biologie des Vogels. Boag , D. & Alexander , M. 1986. The Atlantic Puffin. Boehme , R.L., Zhordania , R.G. & Kuznetsov , A.A. 1987. The Birds of Georgia. Bond , J. 198S. Birds of the West Indies. Buden , D.W. 1987. The Birds of the Southern Bahamas. Clews , B., Heryet , A. & Trodd , P. 1987. Where to Watch Birds in Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire & Oxfordshire. Croxall , J.P. (ed.) 1987. Seabirds: Feeding Ecology and Role in Marine Ecosystems. Dubois , P.J. &Mahéo , R. 1986. Limicoles Nicheurs de France. Eriksson , M.O.G. (ed.) 1987. Proceedings of the Fifth Nordic Ornithological Congress, 1985. Onsala, Sweden, 5–9 August, 1985. Gillham , E. 1987. Tufted Ducks in a Royal Park. Hails , C. 1987. Birds of Singapore. Illustrated by Frank Jarvis. Hill , D.J. (ed.) 1987. Breeding and Management in Birds of Prey. Hill , M. & Langsbury , G. 1987. A Field Guide to Photographing Birds in Britain and Western Europe. Hudson , P.J. & Lovel , T.W.I, (eds). 1986. 3rd International Grouse Symposium, York, 1984. Huntingford , F.A. & Turner , A.K. 1987. Animal Conflict. Isler , M.L. & Isler , P.R. 1987. The Tanagers: Natural History, Distribution, and Identification. Johnsgard , P.A. 1986. Birds of the Rocky Mountains. Johnston , R.F. (ed.) 1986. Current Ornithology Kenward , R.E. 1987. Wildlife Radio Tagging: Equipment, Field Techniques and Data Analysis. Lobkov , E.G. 1986. The Breeding Birds of Kamchatka. Peklo , A.M. 1987. The Flycatchers of the USSR. Pratt , H.D., Bruner , P.L. & Berrett , G. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Potapov , R.L. & Flint , V.E. (eds) 1987. The Birds of the USSR: Galliformes, Gruiformes. Orians , G. Blackbirds of the Americas. Ridley , M. (ed.) 1986. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Pheasants in Asia, Chiang Mai, Thailand, January 26–28 1986. Stephens , D.W. & Krebs , J.R. 1987. Foraging Theory. Taylor , D., Wheatly , J. & Prater , T. 1987. Where to Watch Birds in Kent, Surrey and Sussex. Whitmore , T.C. & Prance , G.T. (eds.) 1987. Biogeography and Quaternary History of Tropical America. Wink , M. 1987. Die Vögel des Rheinlandes, III. Atlas zur Brutvogelverbreitung.     

Resupinate basidiomycetes from Costa Rica. New or rare species of Atractiellales (Auriculariales s.l.), Exidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae y Tremellaceae

Species of Atractiellales (Auriculariaceae s.l.), Exidaceae, Sirobasidaceae and Tremellaceae are reported as new for Costa Rica or as new to science, Tremella coalescens L.S. Olive, Sirobasidium minutum Kisim., Oberw. & Gómez sp. nov., Heterochaete vitrea Kisim., Oberw. & Gómez sp. nov., Exidiopsis mucedinea (Pat.) K. Wells, Helicogloea aurea Baker, Saccoblastia sphaerospora M?ller and Occultifur internus (L.S. Olive) Oberw. All the new species are described and illustrated. Since the original material collected in Brazil by M?ller is lost, a neotype for Saccoblastia sphaerospora M?ller is proposed. This Costa Rican collection represents the first record since the discovery of the species in 1891. Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk is reported for the first time from Costa Rica as the fungal host of Occultifur internus.