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1.
Polyploidy is common in many plant species. Up to date, few studies were reported on photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), which has considerable value for agriculture and forest. This study compared photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure on two black locusts. The values of Pn and Ci in tetraploid were significantly higher than those in the corresponding diploids. Significantly lower stomata dimensions (6.0 μm in length and 2.4 μm in width) and tomatal density were observed in 4×. Leaf trichome density was statistically different between 2× and 4×. However, no substantial difference in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and mitochondria between diploid and tetraploid was observed under any stress. These ultrastructural characteristics may contribute to tetraploid a better protection mechanism than diploid. 相似文献
2.
In the present paper we report a mycorrhizal association between the hypogeous white truffle Terfezia terfezioides and the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) growing at various sites in Hungary. The mycorrhiza can be considered as being of the endo- or ectendo-type, since both
mantle and Hartig net are absent. Morphological features of the septate hyphae colonizing cortical root cells were investigated
by light microscopy on cryosections and on ultra-thin sections studied by transmission electron microscopy. Artificial infection
of micropropagated black locust plantlets with the mycelium of the fungus was successful and had the same characteristics
as naturally occurring associations.
Accepted: 8 March 1996 相似文献
3.
《Flora》2006,201(7):547-554
We studied the field response of Robinia pseudoacacia L. to light, total soil nitrogen, available soil phosphorus and soil pH. Results indicated that there was very strong clonal integration between mother and daughter ramets. Mother ramets can provide nitrogen and phosphorus to daughter ramets sufficient for their continued growth through strong clonal integration, but cannot provide enough photosynthate. With clonal integration, soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability had no effect on biomass allocation to roots, number of ramets and length of connection roots. Biomass allocation to roots increased markedly and responded to nitrogen and phosphorus availability, when the connections were severed. Light had a significant effect on the percent of biomass allocation to leaves and number of ramets, but no effect on the length of connection roots. Daughter ramets allocated more resources to leaves, and clones placed more daughter ramets in high light patches than in low light patches. Soil pH had a significant effect on ramet number and connection root length. Clones concentrated in alkaline patches and escaped from acid patches through selective placement of daughter ramets and changing the length of connection roots. We suggest that the clonal integration may be very strong and provide sufficient soil resources to daughter ramets, then affect the daughter ramets’ morphology and placement, if the size of a specific ramet is significantly larger than the other ramets in an arbor clone. 相似文献
4.
Effects of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on soil properties in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) has been widely planted in the Loess Plateau for soil and water conservation. The effects of black locust on soil properties has significant role in land use and ecosystem management. However, this beneficial effect has been little studied in the Loess Plateau. The soil properties below black locust and native grass growing in Nanxiaohe and Wangdonggou watersheds, located in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau, were studied for changes in soil properties after establishment of black locust. The black locust significantly increased soil cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate, and carbon:nitrogen and carbon:phosphorus (P) ratios, as well as some enzymes like alkaline phosphatase and invertase in 0–20 cm or 0–80 cm depths of soil compared to the native grassland in Nanxiaohe and Wangdonggou watersheds. However, the effects on ammonium, total P, and extractable P and potassium were not consistent in both watersheds. There were more obvious differences in soil properties between black locust land and grassland for Nanxiaohe watershed than for Wangdonggou watershed, suggesting that the effects of black locust on most soil properties increase with black locust age. The results indicate that black locust has potential to improve soil properties in the loessial gully region of the Loess Plateau and the improvements were greater in long-term than middle-term black locust stands. 相似文献
5.
Takeshi Taniguchi Ryota Kataoka Shigenobu Tamai Norikazu Yamanaka Kazuyoshi Futai 《Mycorrhiza》2009,19(4):231-238
The nitrogen-fixing tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seems to affect ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonization and disease severity of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) seedlings. We examined the effect of black locust on the distribution of ECM and pathogenic fungi in soil. DNA was
extracted from soil at depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm, collected from the border between a Japanese black pine- and a black locust-dominated
forest, and the distribution of these fungi was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The effect of soil
nutrition and pH on fungal distribution was also examined. Tomentella sp. 1 and Tomentella sp. 2 were not detected from some subplots in the Japanese black pine-dominated forest. Ectomycorrhizas formed by Tomentella spp. were dominant in black locust-dominated subplots and very little in the Japanese black pine-dominated forest. Therefore,
the distribution may be influenced by the distribution of inoculum potential, although we could not detect significant relationships
between the distribution of Tomentella spp. on pine seedlings and in soils. The other ECM fungi were detected in soils in subplots where the ECM fungi was not detected
on pine seedlings, and there was no significant correlation between the distribution of the ECM fungi on pine seedlings and
in soils. Therefore, inoculum potential seemed to not always influence the ECM community on roots. The distribution of Lactarius quieticolor and Tomentella sp. 2 in soil at a depth of 0–5 cm positively correlated with soil phosphate (soil P) and that of Tomentella sp. 2 also positively correlated with soil nitrogen (soil N). These results suggest the possibility that the distribution
of inoculum potential of the ECM fungi was affected by soil N and soil P. Although the mortality of the pine seedlings was
higher in the black locust-dominated area than in the Japanese black pine-dominated area, a pathogenic fungus of pine seedlings,
Cylindrocladium pacificum, was detected in soil at depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm from both these areas. This indicates that the disease severity of pine
seedlings in this study was influenced by environmental conditions rather than the distribution of inoculum potential. 相似文献
6.
Summary Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) immature seeds of different developmental stages were tested for the ability to initiate embryogenic cultures. Best results (average of 12% embryogenic cultures) were obtained when seeds collected 2–3 weeks post-anthesis were cultured for 3 weeks on modified Finer and Nagasawa medium containing 2,4-D (45–90 M) and BA (2.2 M) and then transferred to the same medium without growth regulators. Embryo conversion was obtained from naked or encapsulated somatic embryos derived from a long-term embryogenic line. Without cold treatment, 71% of naked embryos and 41% of the encapsulated embryos converted into plants. Fifteen days of cold treatment increased conversion rates up to 95% for naked embryos and 80% for encapsulated embryos. Recovered plantlets were acclimatized and grown in the greenhouse.Abbreviations BA
6-benzyladenine
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- FM
modified Finer & Nagasawa (1988) medium
- MS
modified Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium
- PEM
proembryogenic mass
- SH
modified Schenck & Hildebrandt (1972) medium 相似文献
7.
Halász G 《Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica》2002,49(2-3):249-260
From the pathological material of black locust trees showing symptoms of wilting of the foliage or canker of the bark the following Fusarium species were isolated: Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., Fusarium lateritium Nees., Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav., Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Fusarium sulphureum Schlecht. (syn.: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel f. 6 Wollenw.) The results of the provocation infections of one-year-old black locust seedlings showed that all of the species--except Fusarium solani--are able to cause considerable necrosis in living bark and phloem. Fusarium sulphureum had by far the highest pathogenecity among the tested species. Fusarium semitectum isolated from withered black locust tree also caused necrosis on significant bark area. In the course of the penetration assay Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium avenaceum were the most successful, and these species can cause cankers on the stem and twigs of black locust without frost effect. 相似文献
8.
Buds excised from the stems of five dormant, mature (20- to 30-year old) black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) trees were placed on MS basal medium with various levels of 6-benzylaminopurine. In all treatments, bud explants from two of the trees produced shoots which could be subcultured. Whole plants were obtained from cultures of these two trees. Explants from two other trees became vitrified or produced callus, respectively, when cultured on medium containing between 0.032 and 1.0 M 6-benzylaminopurine; subculturable shoots were only obtained when the buds from these trees were cultured on medium containing 3.2 M 6-benzylaminopurine. No shoot cultures which could be subcultured were obtained from the fifth tree used in these experiments. The whole plants produced in these experiments were transferred to a greenhouse, and were phenotypically normal five months after culture initiation (three months after transfer to the greenhouse).Abbreviations BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- IBA
indole-3-butyric acid
Michigan Ag. Exp. Station Journal Article No. 12351 相似文献
9.
The effects of elevated CO2 (0.5%) on chloroplasts in the tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
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Some ploidy plants demonstrate environmental stress tolerance. Tetraploid (4×) black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) exhibits less chlorosis in response to high CO2 than do the corresponding diploid (2×) plants of this species. We investigated the plant growth, anatomy, photosynthetic ability, chlorophyll (chl) fluorescence, and antioxidase activities in 2× and 4× black locusts cultivated under high CO2 (0.5%). Elevated CO2 (0.5%) induced a global decrease in the contents of total chl, chl a, and chl b in 2× leaves, while few changes were found in the chl content of 4× leaves. Analyses of the chl fluorescence intensity, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm), K‐step (Vk), and J‐step (VJ) revealed that 0.5% CO2 had a negative effect on the photosynthetic capacity and growth of the 2× plants, especially the performance of PSII. In contrast, there was no significant effect of high CO2 on the growth of the 4× plants. These analyses indicate that the decreased inhibition of the growth of 4× plants by high CO2 (0.5%) may be attributed to an improved photosynthetic capacity, pigment content, and ultrastructure of the chloroplast compared to 2× plants. 相似文献
10.
11.
Callus initiation and subsequent shoot regeneration were obtained from cambial tissue of mature black locust trees. Shoot regeneration was highly tree specific, and was only achieved when calli derived from a particular genotype (tree #1) were transferred to medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine. The studies described here show that the immediate use of a mature genotype as starting material for tissue cultural manipulation is possible by using cambial explants with the proper in vitro conditions. We also found that stems could be stored at 4°C for 8 months prior to culture initiation, with no decline in the viability of the cultures. Tissue sources can thus be continuously available.Abbreviations BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- NAA
1-naphthyleneacetic acid
- IBA
indolebutyric acid 相似文献
12.
Fumikazu Akamatsu Koichi Ide Koji Shimano Hideshige Toda 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2011,7(1):109-115
Fixation of river flow passages and riverbed degradation may facilitate the development of higher floodplains with the establishment
of exotic species such as black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). We quantitatively evaluated the relationship between nitrogen (N) levels in black locust trees and in sediments under
different flood disturbance regimes in a riparian area of the Chikuma River. In this study, allometric equations were developed
for relating leaf N content to diameter at breast height of black locust. The amount of leaf N in black locust increased with
distance from the river, reaching 159 kg N ha−1 at 180 m from the river. There was a small difference in N content between green and fallen leaves (0.2%), and so the leaf
N was almost equivalent to N input to riparian sediments. Fine sediments accumulated on the riparian area, where the amount
of sediments N increased with distance from the river, ranging from 1091 ± 767 to 4953 ± 2953 kg N ha−1. The N accumulation rates also increased with distance from the river, corresponding with the amount of leaf N in black locust
per unit area, but the former exceeded the latter. The sediment N accumulation might be accelerated by sediment trapping effect
due to riparian vegetation itself. A large input of N provided by invaded black locust might alter nutrient dynamics and native
plant community structure in the riparian area. 相似文献
13.
Oimahmad Rahmonov 《生态学报》2009,29(4):237-243
Robinia pseudoacacia is a North American species and in Poland it is currently invasive in character. It is used to recultivate sand excavations and others, most often in order to make the process of plant and soil succession more advanced. It has been observed that in places were R. pseudoacacia dominated in plantations, the herbaceous vegetation under the trees is poor and sometimes other vascular plants are not appearing at all. Plants usually overgrow the space out of the canopy shade. The positive influence of R. pseudoacacia on a habitat is primarily connected with the chemical composition of plant litter, as well as with the biology of the species. Chemical composition of R. pseudoacacia litter has been researched. The greatest accumulation of elements has been observed in the following parts: green leaves (Ca > K > Mg > P > Si > Na > Fe > Zn > Al > Mn) and leaf litter (Ca > K > Mg > Si > Fe > P > Na > Al > Zn > Mn). Similar regularities are observed in the remaining litter of R. pseudoacacia. It must be emphasized that nitrogen occurs in similar quantities in particular samples and it varies from 1.01 to 2.65%. The plant litter reaction (pH) vary from acid to weakly acid. In a short period of time under the canopy of R. pseudoacacia a 10 cm organic and humus horizont (O/A) has developed. 相似文献
14.
Natural population of black locust maintains very high levels of genetic diversity within populations without any noticeable
geographic patterns. In order to assess the species' potential for manipulation through breeding programs, more detailed spatial
pattern analyses of fine-scale population structure was attempted in the two study sites (watershed 2 and 21) in the Coweeta
River Basin of southern Appalachian mountains using allozyme markers. Of the 200 and 420 plants examined in watershed 21 and
2 respectively, 13 and 15 major genotypes of clone were distinguished. Within watersheds 2 and 21, 60% of the pairwise clone
combinations had three or four loci differences out of the 8 loci investigated. No correlation between distance between clones
and the number of allele difference was found. The similarity values (16 highest and 0 lowest value) among clones for watershed
2 and 21 were 12.82 and 10.19 respectively. Typical distances between clones on both watershed 2 and 21 were from 90 and 190
m, but the range varied from several meters up to 300 m. An average distance among clones were 140.9±66.0 m and 239.4±108.6
m in watershed 2 and 21 respectively, whereas an average distance within clone was 38.7±36.2 m and 145.0±123.6 m in watershed
2 and 21. Genotype diversity indices (DG) for watershed 2 and 21 were 0.89 and 0.86 respectively. The largest clones on both
watersheds covered more than 100 m×100 m. On the other hand, some clones on watershed 2, which had a few fallen trees with
many young sprouts (up to 200 individuals), were 45 m×30 m in size under the open habitat. Although clonal substructure and
limited seed dispersal may cause near neighbor mating interaction, significant genetic patchiness among clones of black locust
was not evident. Although the first establishment of a black locust population would have relied on an off-site seed source,
it is more likely that asexual reproduction has occurred for many generations in these black locust populations because of
the presence of many different sizes of trees (or ages) in one clone despite widespread opportunities for sexual reproduction.
Presence of three or four different sizes of trees within a clone implies that the trees has developed from a clone at each
different time. The current study suggested that the amount of sexual reproduction and dispersal rate (especially seed dispersal)
should be determined. It would be useful to examine whether or not clonal strategies and patterns of clonal growth of black
locust are influenced by density dependent regulation of ramet recruitment and death. 相似文献
15.
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is an economically and ecologically important tree species in the world. We isolated seven polymorphic microsatellite loci from R. pseudoacacia using a dual‐suppression‐PCR technique. These loci provided microsatellite markers with high polymorphism ranging from three to 12 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity between 0.538 and 0.944. The markers are now available for more detailed investigation of population genetic structure and pollen and seed dispersal. 相似文献
16.
Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on biomass production and N2 fixation were investigated using black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia ). Seedlings were grown in growth chambers maintained at either 350 μmol mol−1 or 710 μmol mol−1 CO2 . Seedlings were inoculated with Rhizobium spp. and were grown with or without AM fungi. The 15 N isotope dilution method was used to determine N source partitioning between N2 fixation and inorganic fertilizer uptake. Elevated atmospheric CO2 significantly increased the percentage of fine roots that were colonized by AM fungi. Mycorrhizal seedlings grown under elevated CO2 had the greatest overall plant biomass production, nodulation, N and P content, and root N absorption. Additionally, elevated CO2 levels enhanced nodule and root mass production, as well as N2 fixation rates, of non- mycorrhizal seedlings. However, the relative response of biomass production to CO2 enrichment was greater in non-mycorrhizal seedlings than in mycorrhizal seedlings. This study provides strong evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the extent to which plant nutrition of symbiotic N2 -fixing tree species is affected by enriched atmospheric CO2 . 相似文献
17.
Summary Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a member of the legume tribe Robinieae, has indeterminate root nodules and is primarily an amide exporter. However, in greenhouse-grown seedlings inoculated with rhizobia, ureide-N comprises approximately 8% of the total soluble-N in the xylem sap. Ultrastructurally, young interstitial cells (i.e., uninfected cells in the infected region near the nodule meristem) develop enlarged peroxisomes and abundant tubular ER, properties heretofore found to be characteristic only of members of the Phaseoleae, which have determinate nodules and are exporters principally of ureides. Many of the peroxisomes in the interstitial cells of black locust nodules react strongly for uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) activity in a cytochemical test employing diaminobenzidine, but some of the peroxisomes, particularly those farther back from the meristem, react weakly or not at all, even though enlarged. The ultrastructural specializations of the interstitial cells seem disproportionately large in comparison to the relatively low levels of ureides in the xylem transport stream. We suggest that similar specialization of some of the interstitial cells might be found in other legumes that export low amounts of ureides.Abbreviations DAB
3,3'diaminobenzidine
- ER
endoplasmic reticulum
Dedicated to the memory of Professor Oswald Kiermayer 相似文献
18.
19.
Fumikazu Akamatsu Midori Makishima Yuki Taya Satoru Nakanishi Junji Miwa 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2014,10(1):47-54
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)—an invasive alien species in riparian forests—is becoming more prevalent in many rivers of eastern Japan. Riparian black locust forests are typically cut down to maintain river-flow capacity. However, such forests often reproduce rapidly by stump sprouting and root suckering and regenerate by germination. Thus, more effective riparian forest management approaches are required. To regulate the reproduction of black locust forests after clear-cutting, we examined the regrowth-inhibiting effects of glyphosate herbicide application to stumps, in accordance with current river management protocol (i.e., winter logging operation). Further, we investigated the concentrations of glyphosate leaching into the soil at a depth of 30 cm in a riparian area of the Tenryu River. Our results showed that glyphosate application to stumps completely inhibited stump sprouting but not root suckering or seedling germination. The glyphosate concentration leaching into the soil reached a maximum (2.6 ± 0.7 mg kg?1, mean ± standard error) on day 1 after the application, and subsequently declined to below the detection limit on day 2. Thus, the rapid degradation of glyphosate was confirmed, despite the fact that the herbicide leached into the soil after application to the stumps. The glyphosate application has limited effectiveness against root suckering and germination of riparian black locust forests after clear-cutting in winter, in accordance with the current river management protocol. 相似文献
20.
V. Chalupa 《Biologia Plantarum》1983,25(4):305-307
Willows were rapidly propagated by repeated division of cultured rooted shoots into a larger number of nodal segments. Rapid
clonal propagation of mountain-ash and black locust was achieved by induction of shoots from axillary buds and a multiple
shoot culture was used for rapid multiplication. Excised shoots were rooted in an agar medium with a low concentration of
auxin and rooted plantlets were transplanted to soil. 相似文献