蜡质芽孢杆菌AR156发酵培养基及发酵条件的优化

对前期筛选得到的在田间试验中防治根结线虫效果较好的蜡质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)AR156,通过单因素筛选及正交试验的方法进行了发酵培养基优化,得到的最佳配比为:麦芽糖0.25%,玉米粉0.5%,黄豆粉0.5%,胰蛋白胨0.5%,CaCl2·2H2O0.05%,MnSO4·H2O0.05%,K2HPO40.1%。同时对实验室摇瓶条件下液体发酵的主要影响因子温度、转速、初始pH值等进行实验探讨,确定了最佳培养条件:初始pH值7.0,装液量200mL/L,接种量5%,发酵温度28℃,转速200r/min,发酵时间48h。优化后芽孢产量为1.03×109CFU/mL,芽孢生成率在97%以上,明显高于初始发酵培养基发酵结果。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Bt 0601发酵条件的优化研究

应用正交实验和单因子实验,结合杀虫毒力测定,对携带杀虫基因cry1Ac和虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素基因Hwtx-I的苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌Bt 0601的发酵工艺条件进行研究。实验获得的苏云金芽胞杆菌Bt 0601工程菌的最佳发酵条件为:发酵初始酸碱度控制在pH 7.5、发酵温度(30±0.5)℃、转速200 r/min、通气量为30 mL/300 mL,接种量为4%,培养44 h。此外,本文还对Bt 0601菌株在30 L发酵罐中的发酵特性进行了研究,摸索了通气量对其大罐发酵的影响,确定大罐发酵的最佳通气量为1.75 L/min。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体20kbDNA中cry1Ac基因的克隆、高效表达和生物活性研究

已经证实苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)伴孢晶体结合20kb DNA,但其序列特异性及作用有待进一步研究阐明.研究了选择性溶解Bt 4.0718菌株Cry1类原毒素所形成的菱形伴孢晶体,从中抽提出与其结合的20kb DNA.经Nde Ⅰ酶切消化后亚克隆构建文库,通过PCR-RFLP及测序筛选出含cry1Ac基因的转化子.然后设计引物PCR扩增出cry1Ac基因的ORF并与pET30a连接,转化E.coli BL21(DE3),高效表达了141kD蛋白.表达蛋白占总蛋白量的50%以上,且90%以上以包涵体形式存在.利用穿梭载体pHT304构建表达质粒pHTX42,电转化Bt无晶体突变株XBU001,获得重组菌株HTX42,经SDS-PAGE分析,cry1Ac基因得到强表达,蛋白质定量分析显示目的蛋白量占总蛋白量的79.28%,且其在细胞中累积达细胞干重的64.13%,比文献报道的25%左右高了1倍以上.原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscopy,AFM)检测显示,目的基因在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中表达的包涵体呈不规则形状且较小,而在无晶体突变株中表达的晶体呈典型菱形晶体,大小约为1.2 μm×2.0 μm.生测结果显示,包涵体与晶体对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫均有高效杀虫活性.本研究为构建高效杀虫工程菌及进一步阐明Bt伴孢晶体中20kb DNA分子的来源、结构和功能奠定了重要的基础.     

分阶段调控关键因素提高白僵菌固态发酵产孢量

采用分阶段调控关键因素策略,对白僵菌固态发酵过程进行优化.优化后最佳发酵模式为:初始含水量为65％,发酵至48 h将含水量调为68％;发酵至20 h和40h分别适当翻料;0～48h(适应期)发酵温度为25℃,48 ～108 h(快速生长期)发酵温度为24℃,108 ～168 h(稳定期)发酵温度为28℃;同时,48 ～108 h按通气比1∶2通气,0～48 h和108 ～168 h不通气.采用上述关键因素调控策略后,白僵菌固态发酵产孢量达18亿孢子/g(干培养基),与优化前相比产孢量提高约360％,效果显著.     

响应面法优化枯草芽孢杆菌NHS1产芽孢发酵培养

为提高枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)NHS1菌株发酵液中芽孢含量,采用单因素试验与响应曲面法优化试验相结合的方式,对该菌发酵培养基中的碳源、氮源以及无机盐等组成成分进行了优化。通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验以及BoxBchnken试验构建响应方程,得到方程为:Y=-3.30+3.853X1+0.0928X2+0.623X3-0.913X1×X1-0.00704X2×X2-0.0433X3×X3-0.0033X1×X2-0.0700X1×X3+0.00167X2×X3。利用该方程预测得到最优培养基:淀粉1.88 g·L~(-1)、Na Cl 6.83 g·L~(-1)、玉米粉5.60 g·L~(-1),酵母粉10g·L~(-1),蛋白胨10 g·L~(-1),牛肉膏15 g·L~(-1),葡萄糖2 g·L~(-1),Mg SO43 g·L~(-1)。利用优化培养基,在36℃、170 r·min~(-1)条件下摇瓶发酵72 h,芽孢数达到2.42×109cfu·m L~(-1),比优化前提高1.5倍。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体20kb DNA中cry1Ac基因的克隆、高效表达和生物活性研究

已经证实苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)伴孢晶体结合 2 0kbDNA ,但其序列特异性及作用有待进一步研究阐明。研究了选择性溶解Bt 4.0718菌株Cry1类原毒素所形成的菱形伴孢晶体 ,从中抽提出与其结合的 20kbDNA。经NdeⅠ酶切消化后亚克隆构建文库 ,通过PCR-RFLP及测序筛选出含cry1Ac基因的转化子。然后设计引物PCR扩增出cry1Ac基因的ORF并与pET30a连接 ,转化E .coliBL21(DE3) ,高效表达了14.1kD蛋白。表达蛋白占总蛋白量的50%以上 ,且 90 %以上以包涵体形式存在。利用穿梭载体pHT30.4构建表达质粒pHTX42 ,电转化Bt无晶体突变株XBU001,获得重组菌株HTX42 ,经SDS-PAGE分析 ,cry1Ac基因得到强表达 ,蛋白质定量分析显示目的蛋白量占总蛋白量的79.28% ,且其在细胞中累积达细胞干重的6.413% ,比文献报道的25%左右高了 1倍以上。原子力显微镜 (AtomicForceMicroscopy ,AFM)检测显示 ,目的基因在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中表达的包涵体呈不规则形状且较小,而在无晶体突变株中表达的晶体呈典型菱形晶体,大小约为1.2μm×2.0μm.生测结果显示,包涵体与晶体对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫均有高效杀虫活性。本研究为构建高效杀虫工程菌及进一步阐明Bt伴孢晶体中20kb DNA分子的来源,结构和功能奠定了重要的基础。     

生防用枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵工艺的研究

目的:提高一株生防用枯草芽孢杆菌固体发酵生产过程中的芽孢产量。方法:研究通过优化固体发酵培养基及发酵生产工艺条件等方法提高了固体发酵枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢产量。结果:固体发酵过程中,豆饼粉作用显著,能显著提高固体发酵枯草芽孢杆菌的芽孢数,可达到7.1×1010CFU/g。结论:该枯草芽孢杆菌的最优培养基为:麸皮84.4%、稻壳粉10%、豆饼粉5%、硫酸铵0.5%、硫酸镁0.1%、硫酸锰0.05%。生产工艺为料水比为1:1.2,发酵温度为37℃,发酵培养时间为52 h。     

特异性杀虫基因Bt cry3A在桑粒肩天牛幼虫两种肠道常驻内生菌中的转化和表达

[目的]将特异性杀虫毒蛋白基因Bt cry3A转入桑粒肩天牛(Apriona germari Hope,Ag)幼虫肠道常驻内生菌中,构建能在天牛幼虫肠道中定殖并表达特异性杀虫基因Bt cry3A的工程菌.[方法]以传统方法和16S rDNA分子生物学分析等方法分离、鉴定Ag幼虫肠道优势的常驻内生菌,从中筛选出适合转化的候选菌株.利用电转化技术将含有对鞘翅目昆虫具专一性毒力Bt cry3A基因的Escherichia coli-Bacillus thuringiensis穿梭表达质粒pHT305a和pHT7911分别转入Ag幼虫肠道常驻内生菌短短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis Ag12,Ag12)和苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis Ag13,Ag13)中.[结果]从Ag幼虫肠道共分离获得18个不同种的可培养细菌菌株,并从中选取菌株Ag12和Ag13作为出发菌株转入Bt cry3A基因.经质粒稳定性试验、转化子生长特性测试、伴胞晶体电镜检测、毒蛋白SDS-PAGE分析、工程菌定殖性分析以及生物毒力测试,结果显示cry3A基因已经成功转入Ag幼虫的常驻内生菌短短芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌中,并且工程菌Ag12-305a、Ag13-305a、Ag 12-7911和Ag13-7911都能在天牛幼虫肠道内稳定生长、繁殖并表达分子量约65kDa的伴孢晶体杀虫蛋白Cry3A.[结论]Bt cry3A基因已成功转入桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道优势常驻内生菌中,获得了四株能在桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道内定殖,并能表达目的杀虫基因Btcry3A的转基因工程菌.     

苏云金杆菌ZLL13晶体蛋白分析及其菌糠液态培养基的优化

食用菌栽培废料,简称菌糠(spent mushroom substrate, SMS)是食用菌栽培和生产的残留物,其含有丰富的甲壳素、木质纤维和蛋白质等,可为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)的生长提供所需的营养物质。本研究以优化后的前处理条件制备的菌糠浸提液(2%硫酸, 121℃, 1 h)作为主要碳源,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡和响应面分析等方法来优化最佳培养基组分,结果表明,54%SMS浸提液,31.9 g/L大豆饼粉、0.88 g/L CaCO3、0.4 g/L MnSO4、0.5 g/L K2HPO4和0.4 g/L吐温100为最佳培养基配方,且优化后培养基(1.8×108/mL)产生的孢子数是原始SMS培养基(0.065×108/mL)的27倍,这不仅为菌糠的二次利用提供一种新的有效方法,而且也可以大大降低生产Bt所需要的发酵成本,具有良好的应用前景。     

地衣芽孢杆菌TS-01固态发酵培养基的优化

分离到一株饲用地衣芽孢杆菌TS-01,初步研究了该菌的固态发酵培养基,得到的最优发酵培养基为(g/kg干固体物料)含水量600、红糖7、米糠420、麸皮580.当采用此种配比的培养基,接种量为10%(v/w),发酵2 d后,菌体浓度可达9.15×109CFU/g鲜曲,芽孢浓度可达7.50×109CFU/g鲜曲,芽孢形成率在80%以上.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.