Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内的富集及对其体内酶活性的影响

用Cry1Ab蛋白处理的果蝇喂养拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,在第1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、11d用酶联免疫（ELISA）检测技术测定实验组和对照组拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白含量,运用紫外分光光度法检测拟环纹豹蛛体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性,探讨拟环纹豹蛛体内Cw1Ab蛋白的富集作用与其体内3种酶活性的关系。结果表明,从第ld至第7dC~IAb蛋F1在拟环纹豹蛛体内均具富集作用（P〈0．05）,到第7d的时候达到最高值,达极显著差异（p〈0．01）,然后逐渐降低,但仍显著高于对照（p〈0．05）。SOD酶活性总体趋势是降低的,在第7d达到最低;用Cry1Ab蛋白处理拟环纹豹蛛后其体内的AChE和GSH—Px酶活性随饲养时间的延长而增加,并均高于对照组（p〈0．05）。该研究征明Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内具有富集效应,并且其体内Cry1Ab蛋白对其体内GSH—Px、AChE具铂一定诱导作用,对SOD酶具有一定程度的抑制作用。     

Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛胚胎发育过程中形态和化学物质含量变化的影响

利用稻田蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛为研究对象,检测Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛卵囊内的含量及Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛胚胎发育过程中形态特征的变化、化学物质含量和卵粒内4种保护酶活性的影响。结果表明：在胚胎发育过程中,卵粒中Cry1Ab蛋白含量随发育时间延长而减少,通过对卵粒中的化学物质的测定,发现蛋白质含量水平对照组要显著高于实验组（P〈0.05）,糖和脂肪含量对照组和实验组之间无显著差异。卵粒内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）4种酶活力除了GSH-Px酶活力实验组高于对照组外,其余3种酶活力均低于对照组。通过石蜡切片和液体石蜡透明观察,实验组较对照组胚胎发育历期延长。该研究证明在胚胎发育时期Cry1Ab蛋白影响了卵粒内SOD、AchE、GSH-Px和CAT酶的活力,且Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛的胚胎发育产生了一定程度的影响。     

田间施药对拟环纹豹蛛羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶分布及活性的影响

利用紫外分光光度法,对化学防治田(化防田)和生物防治田(生防田)中的拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的分布及其活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,生防田拟环纹豹蛛身体各分部的AChE活性[包括头胸部1.251 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.467 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.760 nmol/(mg·min)]均高于化防田蜘蛛[包括头胸部0.895 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.445 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.724 nmol/(mg·min)],而生防田豹蛛的CarE活性[包括头胸部0.122 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.593 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.073 nmol/(mg·min)]均低于化防田蜘蛛[包括头胸部0.158 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.708 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.115 nmol/(mg·min)],说明化防田拟环纹豹蛛产生了一定程度的抗药性。拟环纹豹蛛体内的AChE主要集中在头胸部,CarE主要集中在腹部,这种分布特征是与其抗药性机制相适应的,并对其抗药性机制的形成做出了初步解释。这些结果也提示,拟环纹豹蛛对甲胺磷等农药的抗性不能在短期内形成,必须经历水稻→害虫→蜘蛛的较长的适应演化过程。     

拟环纹豹蛛产卵前后卵巢组织学及酯酶同工酶的比较研究

利用解剖学和组织切片技术,对拟环纹豹蛛产卵前后卵细胞和卵巢发育的组织学进行了研究。根据细胞核以及核仁的形态及卵黄积累等情况,将卵细胞的发育分成4个时期：卵原细胞、卵黄合成期的卵母细胞、成熟前期和成熟期。观察发现,拟环纹豹蛛的卵巢南若干向卵巢腔内突起的卵巢小体构成,卵巢发育随着卵细胞的发育有一定的规律性。利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法研究了产卵前后和未成熟不同时期的卵巢酯酶同工酶,结果发现同工酶存在一定差异。     

黑腹狼蛛和拟环纹豹蛛各龄期的比较

黑腹狼蛛和拟环纹豹蛛为我国农田的重要害虫天敌。两种蜘蛛成蛛外形较易区别,但其各龄幼蛛形态变化较小,容易混淆。本文将这两种蜘蛛幼蛛各龄形态特征进行了比较。     

拟环纹豹蛛对白背飞虱的嗅觉反应

采用视觉屏蔽法和Y型嗅觉仪法研究了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata.雌性成虫对水稻害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera嗅觉反应.在视觉屏蔽的条件下,拟环纹豹蛛对被刺死猎物的捕食成功率为78.95%,高于没有视觉屏蔽蜘蛛的捕食成功率(68.18%),但2者间差异不显著;而在Y型嗅觉仪中,34.38%拟环纹豹蛛雌性成虫能正确选择猎物的方向,显著高于错误的选择(6.25%).因此,拟环纹豹蛛能依靠嗅觉正确判断猎物的方向而进行捕食活动.     

拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata卵黄蛋白的分离纯化及性质

用蒸馏水沉淀法、Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60葡聚糖凝胶层析、蛋白质电泳的方法提取和纯化了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata的卵黄蛋白,并对其性质进行了分析。用蒸馏水沉淀法能得到卵黄蛋白粗提液,将得到的卵黄蛋白粗提液用Sephacryl S-300 High Resolution Hiprep 26/60凝胶柱过滤,可以得到纯化的卵黄蛋白。电泳结合不同的染色方法证明拟环纹豹蛛卵黄蛋白是一种糖脂复合蛋白,它由2个亚基组成,亚基的相对分子质量分别为80.1 k D和57.4 k D。     

拟环纹豹蛛的生物生态学研究

运用田间观察和室内外饲养相结合的方法,对稻田蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata的生物生态学特性进行了研究。拟环纹豹蛛在湘西北1年发生2～3代,第3代不完整,以第2代历期最短,第3代（越冬代）历期最长;以成蛛、亚成蛛或幼蛛越冬,其分布图式为聚集分布;4月下旬即由田埂向稻田内迁移,在水稻生育期有3次数量高峰; 属游猎型蜘蛛,可步行在水稻、水面、陆地等处捕食飞虱、叶蝉等多种目标害虫; 受惊时潜入水中或潜伏。雌雄蛛均可多次交配,雌蛛一生最多可产卵5次,实验种群卵囊含卵量76～337粒,平均156粒。孵化的幼蛛,先群集在雌蛛背面,3～5天后开始扩散,6～7天扩散到高峰。幼蛛期47～158天;成蛛期121～236天,雌蛛较雄蛛长21～62天。性比除第2代外的各代均为雄性多于雌性。本文详细记述了拟环纹豹蛛的求偶与交配行为,产卵与护卵习性,孵化与携幼行为,幼蛛生长、蜕皮、各龄期形态特征及耐饥、耐旱能力等。     

不同环境因素对拟环纹豹蛛捕食猎物效率的影响

利用农田天敌与害虫的捕食关系进行生态防治的控虫方式有利于环境保护和食品安全。蜘蛛是农业生态系统中一类主要的捕食性天敌,而环境因素直接影响蜘蛛的捕食效率。通过采用单因素分析法和三因素三水平正交设计法,从光照强度、光照颜色、环境温度3个宏观角度对影响拟环纹豹蛛捕食效率的环境因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,拟环纹豹蛛捕食在环境因素组合为光照强度15 lx、环境颜色绿色、环境温度27℃时,捕食效率最高。     

2种杀虫剂对拟环纹豹蛛的毒力测定

采用浸渍法测定了2种杀虫剂对化学防治田（化防田）和生物防治田（生防田）中的拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa　pseudoannulata田间种群的毒力。结果表明,甲胺磷对拟环纹豹蛛杀伤较大,但锐劲特在高剂量下两地种群的死亡率也较高。甲胺磷对拟环纹豹蛛的毒力回归方程和LC50分别为：化防田y=1.387 7 x＋0.837 4, 999.09 mg/L,生防田y=1.778 4 x＋0.880 4, 207.23 mg/L;;锐劲特对拟环纹豹蛛的毒力回归方程和LC50分别为：化防田y=2．0215x＋0．0620,277．22mg／L,生防田y=2．0948x＋0．1568,205．11mg／L。锐劲特对两地稻田蜘蛛的毒力均大于甲胺磷,因此水稻生产中要合理使用农药,或与其他杀虫剂混配使用以达到最大限度的保护天敌。     

Effect of Cry1Ab protein on hemocytes of the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata

Studies on the effect of Cry1Ab protein on hemocytes of the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata revealed that Cry1Ab protein could accumulate in the four-instar and adult spiders via the food chain from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab protein through its prey brown planthoppers with approximate 20-time enrichment, but could not accumulate in hemolymph of the spider. The accumulated Cry1Ab had no significant effects on several elements of hemolymph including stored energy, calcium ion concentration and apoptosis rate of the hemocytes, indicating that Cry1Ab could not affect the hemocytes of P. pseudoannulata.     

Bioaccumulation of Cry1Ab Protein from an Herbivore Reduces Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Activities in Two Spider Species

Cry proteins are expressed in rice lines for lepidopteran pest control. These proteins can be transferred from transgenic rice plants to non-target arthropods, including planthoppers and then to a predatory spider. Movement of Cry proteins through food webs may reduce fitness of non-target arthropods, although recent publications indicated no serious changes in non-target populations. Nonetheless, Cry protein intoxication influences gene expression in Cry-sensitive insects. We posed the hypothesis that Cry protein intoxication influences enzyme activities in spiders acting in tri-trophic food webs. Here we report on the outcomes of experiments designed to test our hypothesis with two spider species. We demonstrated that the movement of CryAb protein from Drosophila culture medium into fruit flies maintained on the CryAb containing medium and from the flies to the spiders Ummeliata insecticeps and Pardosa pseudoannulata. We also show that the activities of three key metabolic enzymes, acetylcholine esterase (AchE), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly influenced in the spiders after feeding on Cry1Ab-containing fruit flies. We infer from these data that Cry proteins originating in transgenic crops impacts non-target arthropods at the physiological and biochemical levels, which may be one mechanism of Cry protein-related reductions in fitness of non-target beneficial predators.     

转基因水稻表达的Bt蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛（Pardosa pseudoannulata）体内保护酶活性的影响

把取食24h的转Cry1Ab／Cry1Ac基因水稻叶片的稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）幼虫,分别喂养拟环纹豹蛛3天、6天、9天、12天后,采用酶活力测定方法探究了转基因水稻表达的Bt蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛体内3种保护酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性的影响。结果表明：就整体来看,实验期间处理组蜘蛛体内3种保护酶（SOD、POD和CAT）的活性均受到Bt蛋白的影响,且前期3种保护酶活性均表现不同程度的被抑制,明显低于对照组。在实验过程中,SOD活性随着处理时间的增加而逐渐增强,至处理第9天时达到最大值;同时处理组POD、CAT活性也随着处理时间的增加而增强,实验初期（前6天）均显著低于对照组,而至第9天则均高于对照组。由此可见,Bt基因在水稻体内所表达的Bt蛋白能够沿食物链传递至次级消费者,并且在一定程度上对次级消费者产生影响。     

拟环纹豹蛛的视觉距离和颜色选择

为了探明拟环纹豹蛛（Pardosa pseudoannulata）的视觉距离与环境颜色选择情况,通过采用死果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)和拟环纹豹蛛为试验材料,自制试验设备,分别测定了拟环纹豹蛛的视觉距离（3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6 cm、7 cm）和其对红、橙、黄、绿颜色的选择。第一组试验中,在拟环纹豹蛛饥饿的情况下,观察记录其对不同距离下果蝇的选择停留时间,以此来确定它们的视觉距离。第二组试验中,观察记录拟环纹豹蛛对不同颜色的选择停留时间,以此来确定它们的环境颜色选择情况。第一组试验结果表明,拟环纹豹蛛在视觉上可以感知距离,它们的视觉对于3cm,4cm,5cm,6cm这4个距离的果蝇都具有敏感性。拟环纹豹蛛对距离3 cm和距离4 cm的果蝇的视觉敏感性相近且最好,对距离5 cm和距离6 cm的果蝇仍具有视觉敏感性,且敏感性相近,但对距离5cm比距离4cm的果蝇的偏爱选择指数明显下降（P<0.05）,说明敏感性显著下降,对距离7 cm以上果蝇的视觉感知几乎不存在。通过拟环纹豹蛛选择停留在有果蝇处的标准曲线y=-9.6770x 118.74,R2=0.8378和选择停留在无果蝇处的标准曲线y=9.6750x-18.729,R2=0.8377,可知随着果蝇距离的增加,拟环纹豹蛛视觉的感知性逐渐减弱,甚至消失,说明果蝇的距离与拟环纹豹蛛视觉的敏感性呈负相关的关系。第二组拟环纹豹蛛对颜色选择的试验中,通过计算出拟环纹豹蛛对4种颜色的偏爱选择指数,即红色为35.40%±1.60%,绿色36.03%±1.60%,黄色18.01%±1.60%,橙色10.56%±1.60%,得出拟环纹豹蛛对黄色和橙色的敏感性显著低于对红色和绿色的敏感性（P<0.05）,它们对红色和绿色最敏感,说明拟环纹豹蛛对不同波长的光色敏感性存在差异。     

Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticidal Proteins Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1

Bacillus thuringiensis strains are well known for the production of insecticidal proteins upon sporulation and these proteins are deposited in parasporal crystalline inclusions. The majority of these insect-specific toxins exhibit three domains in the mature toxin sequence. However, other Cry toxins are structurally and evolutionarily unrelated to this three-domain family and little is known of their three dimensional structures, limiting our understanding of their mechanisms of action and our ability to engineer the proteins to enhance their function. Among the non-three domain Cry toxins, the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins from B. thuringiensis strain PS149B1 are required to act together to produce toxicity to the western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte via a pore forming mechanism of action. Cry34Ab1 is a protein of ∼14 kDa with features of the aegerolysin family (Pfam06355) of proteins that have known membrane disrupting activity, while Cry35Ab1 is a ∼44 kDa member of the toxin_10 family (Pfam05431) that includes other insecticidal proteins such as the binary toxin BinA/BinB. The Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins represent an important seed trait technology having been developed as insect resistance traits in commercialized corn hybrids for control of WCR. The structures of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 have been elucidated to 2.15 Å and 1.80 Å resolution, respectively. The solution structures of the toxins were further studied by small angle X-ray scattering and native electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry. We present here the first published structure from the aegerolysin protein domain family and the structural comparisons of Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 with other pore forming toxins.