Seasonal occurrence of Lernaea cyprinacea on fishes in Belews Lake, North Carolina

Prevalence, abundance, and mean intensity of Lernaea cyprinacea were monitored on 3 species of fishes from June 1984 through August 1986 in Belews Lake, North Carolina. Copepods were observed parasitizing fishes only during summer, when water temperatures exceeded 25 C. Infection levels in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and red shiners (Notropis lutrensis) were very low, but they were much higher in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Infection levels do not appear to be related to the size of the host. Host differences in parasite prevalence may be due to the host habitats.     

A new species of Lernaea L. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from Brazil,with notes on its ontogeny

A new species of Lernaea, closely related to L. cyprinacea, is described from both native and introduced fish species at a fish farming facility in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All life-cycle stages of the new species, L. devastatrix, can be distinguished from L. cyprinacea by the reflexed claw on its antenna. A partial scheme of homologies of the antennulary segments is proposed, and the development of the segmentation and setation patterns is traced from CoIII to adults of both sexes. New interpretations are proposed of the homology of the antennary claw and of the maxillipedal endopod in lernaeids.     

A new occurrence of the parasitical copepod Lernaea cyprinacea (L.)

The first occurrence of Lernaea cyprinacea (L.) in Scotland is given together with a summary of Lernaea records for Britain including one other unpublished record. Source of the infection is discussed and host fish involved listed. General characters of the Scottish specimens are compared with those of Demaree, Fryer, Hu and Wilson.     

Population dynamics of Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda) on four cyprinid species

A total of 217 Barbus graellsii, 54 Barbus haasi, 417 Cyprinus carpio and 85 Leuciscus cephalus captured at 9 sampling stations in the central basin of the Llobregat River (NE Spain) were studied for Lernaea cyprinacea parasitism. Prevalence (B. graellsii 39.2, B. haasi 31.5, C. carpio 8.4, L. cephalus 48.2), intensity of infection (B. graellsii range 1 to 39, mean 4.6; B. haasi range 1 to 7, mean 2.6; C. carpio range 1 to 16, mean 3.1; L. cephalus range 1 to 8, mean 2.4), and abundance (B. graellsii 1.80; B. haasi 0.83; C. carpio 0.26; L. cephalus 1.15) varied with the fish species studied. Correlations between abundance and host size were positive and significant for B. graellsii and L. cephalus. Correlation was positive but non-significant for B. haasi. Correlation between intensity and fish size was positive but not significant for B. graellsii, C. carpio, and L. cephalus. This is the first record of L. cyprinacea infecting B. graellsii and B. haasi.     

Effect of Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda) on stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Prevalence, intensity and pathogenesis of Lernaea cyprinacea (anchorworm) in stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings were monitored annually for 4 yr (1981 to 1984) in East Canyon Reservoir, Utah (USA). Anchorworms were first detected in midsummer each year and were most abundant in the fall. The mean parasite intensity was highest in October 1982 (19 anchorworms per fish); in other years, maximum density was 7 to 9. The dorsal and caudal areas of the fish were the most heavily parasitized. The histological response to parasite attachment included an infectious granuloma similar to that reported in other fish hosts. Bacteria were not found in the kidneys of fish before stocking, but afterward bacteria that were presumptively identified as belonging to the genus Aeromonas, were found in the kidneys of up to 45% of the parasitized fish. Most (94%) anglers noticed the anchorworms, but few (8%) discarded parasitized fish. Some 28% used special cleaning techniques to prepare fish but 49% did nothing special to clean them. Lernaeosis probably had little effect on the fishery management goals for the reservoir.     

Evaluation of gill nets, fyke nets, and mark-recapture methods to estimate the number of Hirudinea and Crustacea on fish.

Twenty species of fishes (n = 20,759) were collected from Dauphin Lake, Manitoba, Canada, to determine the types and numbers of ectoparasites they harbored. Counts of ectoparasites on fishes collected with different gear were compared to evaluate different methods of collection and to estimate rates of recruitment of ectoparasites by fishes. Ectoparasites were found on 11 species of fishes and the majority of these were parasitic leeches (Myzobdella moorei, Cystobranchus verilli, and Placobdella montifera) and parasitic Crustacea (Argulus appendiculosus and Lernaea cyprinacea). Some fishes also were infested by neascus-type metacercariae (blackspot) or had tumors (lymphocystis). The prevalence of ectoparasites was correlated with the abundance, feeding habits, and spatial distribution of fish species. Argulus appendiculosus and blackspot were more prevalent on benthic fishes, whereas M. moorei and tumors were more prevalent on limnetic fishes. Mark-recapture records showed that fishes occupying shallow (less than or equal to 1.5 m) water had a higher prevalence of infestation and 28 of 29 infected fishes caught by gill nets were captured in shallow water. Placobdella montifera was the only ectoparasite found on fishes from deep (1.5-3.5 m) water and the only species that was acquired by fishes previously released with no ectoparasite (2 of 239 fishes). The littoral zone (less than or equal to 1.5 m) comprises only 14% of the surface area and 3% of the volume of Dauphin Lake, yet 72% of all gill-netted fishes harboring ectoparasites were collected there. Intensities of ectoparasites estimated from gill net and pound net samples were similar, but prevalence of ectoparasites estimated from samples obtained with gill nets was lower.     

Effect of the infestation by Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) on the leucocytes of Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski, 1990 (Osteichthyes, Anostomidae)

Differential white blood cell counts from Schizodon intermedius infested by Lernaea cyprinacea were carried out and compared using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. The observations were performed in fish infested by 16-77 adult Lernaea, fish with parasitic lesions but without attached crustaceans, and non parasitized fish (control group). The specimens of Schizodon intermedius were obtained from the University of Londrina fish farming facilities. The following leucocytes were observed: lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and immature leucocytes. Intense lymphocytopenia and neutrophilia were observed in the infested hosts. Consistent increasing of monocyte percentage values occurred in the infested fish. The highest values for immature leucocytes counts were recorded from infested fish specimens.     

Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) from crucian carp Carassius carassius from the Dlinnoje Lake in the middle stream of the Vychegda River

Till 1996 the Vychegda River's flood lakes at the territory of the biological station of the Syktyvkar University were overflowed every spring by water so that fishing took place from time to time. In 1996 a low flood level and intensive fishing resulted in the change of the infection rate of crucians by Lernaea, as well as in the change of the size and sex ratios of the crucian population in the Dlinnoje Lake. Thus, the size pattern of the crucian population became simpler, and it led to the changes in parasite-host relation. As a result, the intensity of the invasion of crucians by Lernaea cyprinacea have increased and the distribution of the parasite in the host population does not fit by the negative-binomial distribution. Crucian females and males play an equal role in the maintenance of the parasite population. In 1984 crucian females of medium and large body length played the main role in that process. Functions of other host groups (fishes of small body length, males) were different. Up to 2001 a significance of "k"-exponent of the negative-binomial distribution, describing the number of copepods in the mature part of crucian population, changed with a small range that suggests a stability of parasite-host relationship in the investigated crucian groups. We suppose that after a period of an unstable state in 1997-2000 the population of the parasite reached a new stable state.     

Parasitic infections in freshwater ornamental fish in Sri Lanka

A total of 1520 ornamental fish of 13 species from 26 export farms in Sri Lanka were collected between October 1999 and March 2000 and examined for parasites. Fish species examined were guppy Poecilia reticulata, goldfish Carassius auratus, platy Xiphophorus maculatus, molly Poecilia sphenops, angel Pterophyllum scalare, swordtail Xiphophorus helleri, tetras Hyphessobrycon species, barbs Capeota and Puntius spp., gourami Colisa sp., carp Cyprinus carpio, fighters Betta spelendens and others (Brachydanio and Astronotus spp.). Nine species of monogenean trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, Dactylogyrus cf. extensus, D. vastator, Dactylogyrus cf. vastator Dactylogyrus spp., Gyrodactylus turnbulli, G. katherineri, Gyrodactylus cf. katherineri, Gyrodactylus spp.), 7 protozoan species (Trichodina nigra, Trichodina spp., Tetrahymena corlissi, T. pyriformis, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Ichthyobodo necator, Piscinoodinium spp.), 3 species of copepod arthropods (Lernaea cyprinacea, Ergasilus ceylonensis, Argulus foliaceus), 1 metacercarial stage of a digenean trematode (Centrocestus spp.) and 1 nematode (Capillaria spp.) were identified. Parasites were found in fish from 23 of the 26 farms with an overall prevalence of parasitism in 45.3% of fish. The variation in farm prevalence among different parasites was significant (p < 0.01). Fish infection rates with monogenean trematodes, protozoans, copepod crustaceans, digenean trematodes and nematodes were 28.3, 18.4, 4.8, 0.8 and 0.4%, respectively. In all, 50 out of 590 (50/590) guppies were infected with Tetrahymena, compared with 13/930 for all other species, which is a statistically significant result (p < 0.01). Similarly, 13/44 and 18/44 carp were infected with Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea cyprinacea, compared with 7/1476 and 15/1476, respectively, for all other species combined (p < 0.01). Capillaria spp. was found only in guppies (4/590) and angel fish (3/92) while Centrocestus spp. was found in goldfish (12/153) only.     

Recharge and Groundwater Use in the North China Plain for Six Irrigated Crops for an Eleven Year Period

Water tables are dropping by approximately one meter annually throughout the North China Plain mainly due to water withdrawals for irrigating winter wheat year after year. In order to examine whether the drawdown can be reduced we calculate the net water use for an 11 year field experiment from 2003 to 2013 where six irrigated crops (winter wheat, summer maize, cotton, peanuts, sweet potato, ryegrass) were grown in different crop rotations in the North China Plain. As part of this experiment moisture contents were measured each at 20 cm intervals in the top 1.8 m. Recharge and net water use were calculated based on these moisture measurement. Results showed that winter wheat and ryegrass had the least recharge with an average of 27 mm/year and 39 mm/year, respectively; cotton had the most recharge with an average of 211 mm/year) followed by peanuts with 118 mm/year, sweet potato with 76 mm/year, and summer maize with 44 mm/year. Recharge depended on the amount of irrigation water pumped from the aquifer and was therefore a poor indicator of future groundwater decline. Instead net water use (recharge minus irrigation) was found to be a good indicator for the decline of the water table. The smallest amount of net (ground water) used was cotton with an average of 14 mm/year, followed by peanut with 32 mm/year, summer maize with 71 mm/year, sweet potato with 74 mm/year. Winter wheat and ryegrass had the greatest net water use with the average of 198 mm/year and 111 mm/year, respectively. Our calculations showed that any single crop would use less water than the prevalent winter wheat summer maize rotation. This growing one crop instead of two will reduce the decline of groundwater and in some rain rich years increase the ground water level, but will result in less income for the farmers.     

An analysis of the distribution of fish species in a large prairie lake

The distribution of fishes in Dauphin Lake, a large, shallow, turbid, prairie lake in west-central Manitoba, was examined using gillnets. Catch per unit effort was used to assess differences in distribution thai may be attributed lo year, season, lake zone (inshore, offshore), substratum, water depth, water temperature, turbidity and presence of other fish species. Although 13 species were caught, only the distributions of the six most abundant was analysed. Variation in number of species caught was attributed mainly to lake zone, water depth and water temperature. White sucker (Catastomus commersoni) distribution can be explained by zone and temperature. Shorthead redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) catches were related to depth and temperature. Cisco (Coregonus artedii) catches varied with year, zone and temperature. Variances in northern pike (Esox Indus) distribution reflected year and zone. Walleye (Stizostedkm vitreum) varied with year, depth and temperature and differences in the catches of yellow perch (Pertaflurescens) were attributed to year, depth, temperature and turbidity. They were also positively correlated to the numbers of northern pike caught.     

Leaf water potentials,fire and the regeneration of mallee eucalypts in semi-arid,south-eastern Australia

Summary Comparisons of predawn leaf water potential were made between adults, seedlings and coppicing lignotubers of yellow mallee, Eucalyptus incrassata Labill., during a period of severe drought between December 1981 and March 1983. Measurements were made on plants from areas which were one year, four years, and more than twenty years unburnt.Seedlings and coppice regrowth from sites burnt one year previously had significantly higher leaf water potentials than plants from older sites. Little change in water status of long-established plants occurred, despite the drought. There was no difference in the water potentials of plants from sites which were more than four years unburnt. Seedlings of both the one year old and four year old cohorts suffered mortality rates of more than 50% during the summer season towards the end of the drought when leaf water potentials had decreased to -4 MPa.It is suggested that the difference in plant water status, observed between sites which were one year unburnt and older sites, was due to a temporary cessation of the depletion of soil moisture reserves by the vegetation. Fire results in complete defoliation of established vegetation and it is some years before community evapotranspiration returns to pre-fire levels.     

黄土旱塬区冬小麦土壤水库动态

土壤水库是旱作农业区粮食稳产和可持续发展的基础.本文结合长期田间定位试验,通过对黄土高原南部长武旱塬2012—2015年冬小麦土壤水分变化的研究,分析了土壤水库的年际与年内变化特征和动态规律.结果表明: 研究区冬小麦田间平均土壤含水量垂直分布曲线均呈“双峰双谷”形,第1处峰点在10～20 cm土层,第1处谷点在50 cm左右,第2处峰点在100 cm左右,第2处谷点在280 cm左右.无论何种降水年型下,土壤水库对降水的响应滞后且滞后的程度一致.降水年型对土壤水库的年际与年内动态变化影响较大.与丰水年相比,枯水年、平水年土壤水库对大气干旱的调节能力降低,表现为主要供水层上移;枯水年、平水年降水量虽少,但对土壤水分的补充作用较丰水年明显;丰水年土壤水库有较大盈余(84.2 mm),水分平衡出现正补偿,枯水年土壤水库稍有亏缺(1.5 mm),水分平衡出现负补偿,平水年土壤水库稍有盈余(9.5 mm),水分平衡出现正补偿.长武旱塬冬小麦田间土壤水分动态可分为4个时期:苗期耗水期、缓慢消耗期、大量消耗期、收获期,整体蒸散耗水大小顺序为:大量消耗期>苗期耗水期>收获期>缓慢消耗期.     

黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征与粮草轮作土壤水分恢复效应

实地测定了黄土高原半干旱区固原不同生长年限苜蓿草地和连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕轮作不同年限粮食作物后深层土壤水分特征,分析了苜蓿草地土壤干燥化特征和粮草轮作对土壤水分的恢复效应.结果表明:(1)苜蓿连作1a、5a、8a和12a等4类苜蓿草地0～1000cm土层平均土壤湿度值为6.6%,平均土壤水分过耗量702.8mm,平均土壤干燥化速率147.1mm/a,达到强烈干燥化程度,苜蓿连作5a土壤干层深度超过1000cm,苜蓿连作8a土壤干层深度超过1360cm,苜蓿草地合理利用年限为7a.(2)连作8a苜蓿草地翻耕并轮作4～7a和25a粮食作物等5类粮田0～1000cm土层土壤湿度介于6.74%～11.95%,土壤贮水量恢复值介于210.6～887.3mm,平均土壤水分恢复速率为80.8mm/a.轮作6a后粮田土壤干层轻度恢复程度以上深度达到1000cm.通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度需要13a以上.黄土高原半干旱区适宜的粮草轮作模式为:7a苜蓿→13a粮食作物.     

延河流域水供给服务供需平衡与服务流研究

水供给服务的供需定量评估与空间制图是当前研究的核心与前沿议题,然而耦合人类需求与自然过程进行供需时空关联分析和服务流模拟仍需进一步加强。以延河流域为研究区,基于GIS手段和SWAT模型,融合多源数据构建了水供给服务供需平衡与空间流动模型,从子流域尺度探究了延河流域水供给服务的供需空间匹配特征与流动规律,明确流域供给区和受益区的空间范围与流量。研究结果表明:1)2005—2015年延河流域水供给量先增多后减少,水需求量则逐年增多,供需平衡状况在逐年恶化。到2015年,流域的水资源安全指数(Freshwater Security Index,FSI)仅为0.095。2)延河流域水供给服务的供给与需求在空间分布上呈现显著的不匹配特征,尤其是位于延河中游的延安市区及周边地区,水资源供需矛盾突出。3)在水供给服务流研究的框架下,本文明确了流域内4个主要受益区的空间范围及其接受的相应上游子流域(供给区)提供的服务流量,分别为安塞城区、延安市区、青化砭镇、延长县城区及其附近城镇。本评估模型与研究结果不仅可以为实现延河流域水资源的合理配置和保障流域用水安全提供科学依据,也可以为其他流域的水资源管理提供参考。     

莫莫格国家级自然保护区地表水文连通性定量评估

水文连通性的定量评估是当前研究的热点和难点。本研究以欧盟联合研究中心发布的全球30 m分辨率逐月地表水遥感数据集为数据源,利用地统计学连通性、最大连通距离和季节性连通水体面积3个指标,定量评估了平水年的不同月份(2016年5—10月)、不同水文年(丰水年1998年、平水年2016年、枯水年2002年)的9月、不同方向(西-东、北-南)上莫莫格国家级自然保护区地表水文连通性。结果表明: 1)研究区平水年西-东方向的地统计学连通性优于北-南方向,8月和7月的地统计学连通性优于其他各月;各水文年西-东方向的地统计学连通性优劣次序为丰水年>枯水年>平水年,北-南方向的地统计学连通性优劣次序为丰水年>平水年>枯水年;平水年西-东方向6、7、9和10月的最大连通距离均集中在25.26 km,北-南方向最大连通距离则更为集中,所有月份均为10 km;平水年和枯水年的最大连通距离较为接近,但均远小于丰水年的相应值;2)研究区平水年月亮湖水库与嫩江之间、鹅头泡与其邻近湖泊之间频繁地发生季节性连通,其余绝大多数湖泊则始终保持孤立;不同水文年研究区的水文连通格局具有明显差异:丰水年形成了两个巨型连通体,平水年部分湖泊之间发生周期性连通,枯水年所有湖泊之间保持孤立;3)农田退水的承泄区鹅头泡连通体的地表水面积在春、夏、秋3个补水季节均发生了明显扩增。本研究从不同角度量化了多水源补给的莫莫格国家级自然保护区地表水文连通性,研究结果可为湿地保护修复和流域水资源综合管控提供科学依据。     

Smolting and seasonal variation in the smolt characteristics of one- and two-year-old Saimaa landlocked salmon under fish farm conditions

Silvering of the skin, reduced condition factor, elevated gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity and well-developed capacity to regulate the osmotic and ionic balance in sea water were observed in 1 and 2 year old hatchery-reared Saimaa landlocked salmon Salmo salar m. sebago during April-June. Loss of hypoosmoregulatory ability and gill Na⁺K⁺-ATPase activity was observed earlier in 2 year than 1 year old fish. Coincident with changes associated with smolting both age groups showed diminished osmoregulatory capacity in fresh water. Slow growth during May-June may also be attributed to osmoregulatory difficulties in fresh water. These results support the suggestion that the developmental changes at smolting are seasonal and unrelated to any salinity changes and the idea of smolting as evidence of maladaptation of the fish to fresh water.     

Predicting fish yield in the Czechoslovakian section of the Danube river based on the hydrological regime

The authors found quite a close relationship between hydrological regime and fish yield in the Czechoslovakian Danube stretch. This relationship is not only true with the corresponding years but also for water level of the preceding year and the yield of the year to come. The equations characterizing the latter may, to quite a reliable extent, be applied to the prediction of fish yield in the next year. Biological mechanisms of the relationships investigated are discussed and examples of their utilization are given.     

黄土区荒草地和裸地土壤水分的循环特征

在人工、天然降雨条件下,研究了黄土高原地区荒草地和裸地土壤水分循环特征.结果表明,干旱年(天然降雨条件),荒草地和裸地剖面内土壤水分变异系数随土层深度的增加而降低,基于标准差和变异系数两个指标,采用聚类分析可以将土壤剖面水分垂直变化划分为4层.丰水年(人工降雨条件),由于持续降雨入渗和强烈的蒸发蒸腾作用,荒草地和裸地剖面内土壤水分变异系数随土层深度的增加呈现“降-升-降”的变化趋势,且表层土壤水分变异程度明显降低.与裸地相比,荒草地土壤水分循环深度和强度加剧,表现为活跃层、次活跃层深度和蒸散量增大.土壤水分的动态变化主要受降雨和蒸散过程的影响,尤其是浅层,而深层具有相对滞后性.土壤水分的动态变化具有明显的季节性,一般可划分为3个主要时期,如春季失墒期、夏秋增失交替期和冬季相对稳定期.干旱年,土壤水分收支负平衡,入渗雨量全为蒸发蒸腾所消耗;丰水年,土壤水分收支正平衡,但入渗雨量的大部分(＞80%)为强烈蒸发蒸腾所消耗.     

The Seasonal Succession of Biotic Communities in Wetlands of the Tropical Wet-and-Dry Climatic Zone: I. Physical and Chemical Causes and Biological Effects in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso,Brazil

The tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone is characterized by aquatic environments that cover extensive areas during part of the year and shrink to small standing water bodies or rivers with minimal water levels during the dry seasons. Even in the small permanent water bodies, the conditions fluctuate radically during each annual cycle. While there are often strong currents in the water courses during the high water periods, most aquatic habitats are strictly lentic during the dry seasons. Studies conducted in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, one of the largest wetlands of the world, revealed major features of changes in physical and chemical parameters during the annual cycle. The general features of the climate include a hot, rainy period usually lasting from late October through late April, a cool, dry period from late April through late August, and a hot, dry period from late August through late October. Considerable year to year variations are encountered in the dates of onset and end of the various seasons, however. Four annual periods are recognized according to the water level in the Pantanal. Generally, the concentrations of dissolved inorganic substances are very low and stable during the high water period and variable and usually high in the remaining standing water bodies when much of the region has dried out. The amount of mineral nutrients increases as the water level rises during the early rainy season but decreases again as the aquatic macrophyte populations develop. Some of the reasons for the many short-term changes in mineral nutrient concentrations and the roles of the various aquatic communities are discussed. The results presented will serve as a basis for subsequent studies on the seasonal succession of the flora and fauna.