B链羧端去七肽(B24～B30)胰岛素:一种新晶型的结构

B链羧端去七肽 (B2 4～B30 )胰岛素 (DHPI)在同样的晶体生长条件下可以得到两种晶型 ,即晶型A和晶型B .测定了 0 .2nm分辨率B型DHPI(DHPI B)的晶体结构 .B型DHPI分子的整体结构与已报道的A型DHPI分子 (DHPI A)很相似 ,但局部区域的构象以及分子在晶胞中的堆积存在较大的差异 .DHPI的晶体结构显示了 ,在结晶条件下 ,一个独立区内 2个DHPI单体分子构成了一个DHPI二体 .DHPI A和DHPI B因二体形成而包埋的作用面 (作用面Ⅱ )面积分别达到 1 8.2 0和 1 6 .95nm2 ,这一面积在目前所有胰岛素及其类似物的晶体结构中是最大的 .仔细考察胰岛素及其截断体类似物的晶体结构可以发现 ,该作用面广泛存在于这些分子的缔合作用中 .研究结果表明 ,作用面Ⅱ在同一晶体生长条件下 2种晶型的形成中起关键作用 .     

江浙蝮蛇毒中性磷脂酶A2晶体的非晶体学对称性研究

用悬滴气相扩散法获得了突触前神经毒素中性磷脂酶A₂的晶体,空间群为P2₁,并有明显的C2赝对称性.晶胞参数为a=10.836nm,b=8.486nm,c=7.082nm,β=109.87°在Siemens X-200B面探测器上收集了0.26nm分辨率的衍射数据.赝C2对称性揭示存在一个平行于晶体学b轴方向的非晶体学二重对称轴.采用POLARRFN程序进行分子置换法的自身旋转函数计算,在不同积分半径和分辨率范围均得到了稳定且相对突出的4个峰,对应3个一般方向的非晶体学二重对称轴和1个特殊的非晶体学对称关系.从它们之间的相互关系推测晶胞内多个分子的堆积情况:分子可能以二体形式存在,并以“二体的二体”方式排列.     

江浙蝮蛇毒碱性磷脂酶A2正交晶体分子置换法结构测定

江浙蝮蛇(Agkistrodon halys pallas)毒碱性磷脂酶A2具有很强的溶血作用.P2₁2₁2₁晶型的晶体学不对称单位中含有2个分子.用自身旋转函数研究了此2分子的相对空间关系,用交叉旋转函数和平移函数测定了2分子在晶胞中的取向与位置.在此基础上进行了初步的三维结构模型构建与结构修正.碱性磷脂酶A2正交晶体不对称单位中2个分子的排布呈现非晶体学二重对称关系.     

胰岛素单斜晶体(B型)结构的分子置换法研究

在含有ZnCl₂的柠檬酸缓冲体系中,保持苯酚浓度在0.76％～1.25％之间,获得了胰岛素单斜晶体(B型),空间群为P2₁,晶胞参数为:a=4.924 nm,b=6.094nm,c=4.818nm,β=95.8°,每个独立区包含有由6个胰岛素分子构成的1个六聚体。以四锌牛胰岛素六聚体作模型,用X-PLOR软件中的旋转函数程序和本实验室的分子密堆积程序,获得了胰岛素单斜晶体(B型)结构的初始相位。借助生物大分子刚体精化技术对模型进行了初步精化,用能量极小化的立体化学制约的最小二乘精化技术并辅以差值Fourier图人工分析对模型进行了调整和精化。最终R因子为22.4％,键长和键角与标准键长和键角的偏差分别为0.0022nm和4.7°。     

江浙蝮蛇毒碱性磷脂酶A2正交晶型Ⅰ——0.25nm分辨率晶体结构

江浙蝮蛇毒碱性磷脂酶A₂ 具有强烈的溶血及抗凝血活性 .运用刚体修正技术获得了正交晶型Ⅰ中分子的精确旋转与平移参数 .采用非晶体学二重对称性制约的最小二乘修正方法在 0 .6～ 0 .2 5nm分辨率范围内进行了结构精化 .最终的晶体学R因子为 2 0 .1 % ,键长、键角与标准值的均方根偏差分别为 0 .0 0 1 3nm和 1 .5 5° .与正交晶型Ⅱ结构比较表明 ,二者除了β -折叠部位与Ca ²⁺结合部位构象存在小的差别外 ,磷脂酶A₂分子主体构象极其相似 .2种晶型由不对称单位中 2个分子形成的二体也是类似的 .但是 ,二体中 1个单体分子的相对取向有 5 .5°的差别 ,提示二体结合面有一定柔性 .晶型Ⅰ二体较晶型Ⅱ二体在晶胞中的堆积更紧密 .     

鸡肝果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域的初步晶体学研究

从鸡肝6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶分离的果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域(残基245～468)已在E.coli中获得高效表达,并经分离得到纯化,使用悬滴气相扩散法成功地培养出该果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶结构域单晶.该酶晶体属于四方晶系,空间群为P4₁2₁2或P4₃2₁2,晶胞参数为:a=b=10.02nm,c=13.98nm,α=β=γ=90°.晶胞内每个结晶学不对称单位含有2个果糖-2,6-二磷酸酯酶分子.利用日本 Photon Factory同步辐射光源收集了分辨率为 0.32 nm的母体衍射据.     

B链N端去二肽(B1～2)C端去五肽(B26～30)胰岛素晶体结构的分子置换法研究

以B链羧端去五肽胰岛素(DPI)结构为模型,应用分子置换法对B链N端去二肽(B1～2)C端去五肽(B26～30)胰岛素(DesB1～2DPI)晶体结构进行了研究.DesB1～2DPI晶体单位晶胞中每个结晶学不对称单位包含1个DesB1～2DPI分子.交叉旋转函数和平移函数搜索均找到了明显突出的峰,确定了DesB1～2DPI分子在晶胞中的取向和位置.进一步的三维模型重建和结构精化结果巩固了DesB1～2DPI的分子置换法研究的正确性.     

分子置换法在去B链羧端五肽胰岛素晶体结构测定中的应用

收集了一套去B链羧端五肽胰岛素(DPI)单斜晶体的X射线衍射数据。利用已知的胰岛素结构和DPI强度数据,应用分子置换法对测定DPI的晶体结构作了尝试。为了测定分子在晶胞中的取向和位置,在TQ-16和013计算机上编制了一套ALGOL程序。在算得的旋转函数图上没有找到突出的峰,用去掉B链前三个氨基酸残基和大部分表面侧链的胰岛素分子的原子坐标数据作试验,得到了改进的10～4图。在此基础上,采用不同的方法探索分子在单斜晶胞里的位置,最后得到了一个可能的分子在晶胞里的堆积模型。结果表明,胰岛素和DPI分子结构之间的差异可能较大,DPI晶体中晶体学二重轴联系的两个分子不能形成一个象三方二锌猪胰岛素晶体那样的二聚体。     

与链霉菌发育分化有关的启动子——PTH4的调控研究

依赖于天蓝色链霉菌分化关键基因——whiG的发育调控启动子(P_TH4)所控制的下游基因被克隆了,用双脱氧链终止法进行了双链测序.结果表明在1597bp的DNA片段中含有一个完整的开读框架(ORF).在计算机的蛋白文库比较中未找到与该基因产物同源的已知蛋白,可能是一个新的蛋白产物.用基因破坏的策略初步研究了该基因的生物学功能,发现该基因的破坏影响了放线紫红素的产生,即与天蓝色链霉菌放线紫红素的生物合成有关.这进一步证明启动子——P_TH4在链霉菌分化中的多级调控作用.     

分子置换法在去B链羧端五肽胰岛素晶体结构测定中的应用

收集了一套去B 链羧端五肽胰岛素(DPI)单斜晶体的X 射线衍射数据。利用已知的胰岛素结构和DPI 强度数据,应用分子置换法对测定DPI 的晶体结构作了尝试。为了测定分子在晶胞中的取向和位置,在TQ-16和013计算机上编制了一套ALGOL 程序。在算得的旋转函数图上没有找到突出的峰,用去掉B 链前三个氨基酸残基和大部分表面侧链的胰岛素分子的原子坐标数据作试验,得到了改进的10～4(?)图。在此基础上,采用不同的方法探索分子在单斜晶胞里的位置,最后得到了一个可能的分子在品胞里的堆积模型。结果表明,胰岛素和DPI分子结构之间的差异可能较大,DPI 晶体中晶体学二重轴联系的两个分子不能形成一个象三方二锌猪胰岛素晶体那样的二聚体。     

酵母tRNAAla中修饰核苷酸T54,Ψ55的生物功能

酵母tRNA^Ala的3′半分子与一个11聚的DNA片段(5′GGAATCGAACC3′)杂交后用RNase H酶解,该酶能在Ψ₅₅的3′侧定点剪切,这样就制备得片段C₃₆-Ψ₅₅该片段经1～2个高碘酸氧化和β-消去得片段C₃₆-T₅₄和C₃₆-G₅₃机器合成了3个酵母tRNA^Ala的片段,分别j是片段C₅₆-A₇₆,U₅₅-A₇₆(以U替代Ψ₅₅)和U₅₄-A₇₆(以UU替代T₅₄Ψ₅₅).合成和制备的片段以适当的组合用T₄RNA连接酶连接,产物是酵母tRNAtRNA^Ala的3′半分子或其类似物.3种3′半分子或其类似物分别与天然5′半分子连接得重组天然酵母tRNA^Ala(tRNAr)和2个酵母tRNA^Ala的类似物:(1)tRNAa(以U替代Ψ₅₅),(2)tRNAb(以UU替代T₅₄Ψ₅₅).体外测定了它们的丙氨酸接受活力和参入活力,发现酵母tRNA^Ala的类似物tRNAa和tRNAb与天然重组酵母tRNA^Ala相比,它们的氨基酸接受活力分别降低了25%和55%,参入活力分别降低了35%和30%.说明酵母tRNA^Ala中的修饰核苷酸T₅₄和Ψ₅₅对该tRNA的功能有重要的影响.     

蓖麻蚕rDNA转录起始区核酸酶S1的敏感位点的特征结构

曾报道,蓖麻蚕rRNA基因的非转录间隔区内有1个单链核酸酶S1的超敏感位点,它具有d(AT)₁₈的特征结构^[1] .蓖麻蚕经饥饿,再食后.发现在该S1超敏感位点的下游还存在1个敏感位点,而在饥饿的情况下,未能检测到染色质上的这个敏感位点^[2].新确定的这个可诱导的单链核酸酶的敏感位点,它是一个d(GT)₁₀…d(AT)₁₀的特殊结构,具有易解链的特征.这个新确定的核酸酶S1的敏感点结构可能直接参与了rDNA的转录和复制的调控.     

去七肽胰岛素的分子动力学研究

本文用分子动力学的方法对去七肽胰岛素(DHPI)分子的构象进行了研究,首先用分子动力学方法对晶体胰岛素分子的构象能进行了优化,然后除去B链C端的最后七个残基(B24—B30),做分子动力学模拟,得到了DHPI的平衡构象和均方差波动。胰岛素分子的X射线晶体衍射结构和能量优化构象之间的均方根偏差为0.1;所得DHPI构象和胰岛素能量优化构象间C原子间的均方根偏差为1.8。变化最大的区域是A8—A10,A18—A21,B1—B41和B18—B23。     

Involvement of betacyanin in chilling-induced photoinhibition in leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Suaeda salsa</Emphasis>

Seeds of Suaeda salsa were cultured in dark for 3 d and betacyanin accumulation in seedlings was promoted significantly. Then the seedlings with accumulated betacyanin (C+B) were transferred to 14/10 h light/dark and used for chilling treatment 15 d later. Photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry, D1 protein content, and xanthophyll cycle during the chilling-induced photoinhibition (exposed to 5 °C at a moderate photon flux density of 500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for 3 h) and the subsequent restoration were compared between the C+B seedlings and the control (C) ones. The maximal efficiency of PS2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PS2 centres (F_v′/F_m′), and the yield of PS2 electron transport (Φ_PS2) of the C+B and C leaves both decreased during photoinhibition. However, smaller decreases in F_v/F_m, F_v′/F_m′, and Φ_PS2 were observed in the C+B leaves than in C ones. At the same time, the deepoxidation state of xanthophyll cycle, indicated by (A+Z)/(V+A+Z) ratio, increased rapidly but the D1 protein content decreased considerably during the photoinhibition. The increase in rate of (A+Z)/(V+A+Z) was higher but the D1 protein turnover was slower in C+B than C leaves. After photoinhibition treatment, the plants were transferred to a dim irradiation (10 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) at 25 °C for restoration. During restoration, the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters, D1 protein content, and xanthophyll cycle components relaxed gradually, but the rate and level of restoration in the C+B leaves was greater than those in the C leaves. The addition of betacyanins to the thylakoid solution in vitro resulted in similar changes of F_v/F_m, D1 protein content, and (A+Z)/(V+A+Z) ratio during the chilling process. Therefore, betacyanin accumulation in S. salsa seedlings may result in higher resistance to photoinhibition, larger slowing down of D1 protein turnover, and enhancement of non-radiative energy dissipation associated with xanthophyll cycle, as well as in greater restoration after photoinhibition than in the control when subjected to chilling at moderate irradiance.     

Evaluation of the maximum specific growth rate of a yeast indicating non-linear growth trends in batch culture

The maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) of an ethanolic D-xylose-fermenting yeast, Pichia stipitis, showing non-linear growth trends in batch culture, was calculated using the rate equation μ₂ = (1/Δt) ln(x ₂/x ₁). The absolute error Δμ, affecting μ₂, was derived using an equation given by Borzani (1994). Based on the assumption of linearity of growth curves between two closest time points, the relation between the two rate formulae, μ₁ = (1/xˉ)dx _t /dt and μ₂ = (1/Δt) ln(x ₂/x ₁) was established. In a particular condition, when μ₁ = μ₂, an equation has been developed, the roots of which are the specific growth rates at different time points. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

胰岛素B链N端和C端缩短对其与胰岛素抗体结合力的影响

本文研究了B链N端和C端缩短的若干胰岛素类似物与胰岛素抗体的结合能力。结果表明:去B链C端五肽胰岛素(DPI)分子中B_1-Phe去除后其与胰岛素抗体结合力明显下降,这与去B_1-Phe胰岛素与胰岛素抗体结合力下降的趋势相似;去B链C端六肽胰岛素(DHI)与胰岛素抗体结合力与DPI非常接近,都为胰岛素的70%左右。而去B链C端七肽胰岛素(DHPI)与胰岛素抗体结合力与去B链C端六肽胰岛素(DHI)相比,其结合力下降了一个数量级。说明胰岛素B_1-和B_(24)-Phe残基对组成和维持胰岛素分子的抗原决定簇起着重要作用。去B链九肽胰岛素(DNI)与胰岛素抗体的结合力与去B链C端八肽胰岛索(DOI)及DHPI相似。本文对上述结果进行了讨论。     

激动剂引起的α1-肾上腺素受体下调及其部分机制

用仓鼠全长α_1B - 肾上腺素受体 (α_1B -AR)cDNA转染人胚胎肾细胞(HEK2 93)得到高效稳定表达α_1B - AR的细胞系 ,在此细胞上观察去甲肾上腺素 (NE)持续刺激该细胞对α_1B -AR表达的影响 .用放射配基结合分析测定受体数量 ,用RNA酶保护分析测定mRNA水平 .结果显示细胞与 1 0 μmol/LNE温育 2～ 2 4h时 ,α_1B -ARmRNA水平与对照组相比显著下降 . 4h时下降到最低点 ,约下降了70 % .温育 2 4h时 ,α_1B - AR数与对照组相比约下降了 6 6 % .用 0 .1 μmol/LCalphostinC预处理细胞 30min后再加NE 4h并未引起α_1B - ARmRNA水平下降 ,而 1 μmol/L佛波酯刺激细胞时也能产生与NE所引起的相似结果 .核失控转录分析显示 1 0 μmol/LNE处理细胞 4h后α_1B -AR的转录速度与对照组相比并无显著差异 .在用放射菌素D阻断新的RNA合成的条件下 ,NE并不能加速α_1B - AR的mRNA降解 .上述结果表明NE引起α_1B -AR下调的同时伴有其mRNA水平下降 ,这种作用是通过激活蛋白激酶C途径实现的 .NE并不改变α_1B -AR基因的转录速度 ,也不直接加速其mRNA降解 ,但可能通过诱导某些RNA及其相应蛋白质的合成而间接降低α_1B - ARmRNA的稳定性 .     

Avocado shoot culture, plantlet development and net CO2 assimilation in an ambient and CO2 enhanced environment

Summary The proliferation and survival of avocado nodal cultures of juvenile origin were affected by the form and concentration of nitrogen. Optimum growth was achieved on modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 67% KNO₃ and 33% NH₄NO₃ with total N of 40 mM supplemented with 100 mg l⁻¹ myo-inositol, 1 mg l⁻¹ thiamine HCl, 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose, and 4.44 μM BA with a 16-h photoperiod (120–150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Proliferating shoots and plantlets were photosynthetically active. Better shoot growth and accumulation of higher biomass occurred in a CO₂-enriched environment than under ambient CO₂ conditions. CO₂ assimilation efficiency, however, was higher under the latter conditions than in a CO₂-enhanced environment, e.g., 31±7 and 17±2 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. The net CO₂ assimilation rates of in vitro grown plantlets were comparable to those of seedlings ex vitro.     

Soil N and C trace gas fluxes and microbial soil N turnover in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Hungary

During two intensive field campaigns in summer and autumn 2004 nitrogen (N₂O, NO/NO₂) and carbon (CO₂, CH₄) trace gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere was measured in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Hungary. The climate can be described as continental temperate. Fluxes were measured with a fully automatic measuring system allowing for high temporal resolution. Mean N₂O emission rates were 1.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in summer and 3.4 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in autumn, respectively. Also mean NO emission rates were higher in autumn (8.4 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹) as compared to summer (6.0 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹). However, as NO₂ deposition rates continuously exceeded NO emission rates (−9.7 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in summer and −18.3 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in autumn), the forest soil always acted as a net NO _x sink. The mean value of CO₂ fluxes showed only little seasonal differences between summer (81.1 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and autumn (74.2 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) measurements, likewise CH₄uptake (summer: −52.6 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹; autumn: −56.5 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹). In addition, the microbial soil processes net/gross N mineralization, net/gross nitrification and heterotrophic soil respiration as well as inorganic soil nitrogen concentrations and N₂O/CH₄ soil air concentrations in different soil depths were determined. The respiratory quotient (ΔCO_{2 resp} ΔO_{2 resp}⁻¹) for the uppermost mineral soil, which is needed for the calculation of gross nitrification via the Barometric Process Separation (BaPS) technique, was 0.8978 ± 0.008. The mean value of gross nitrification rates showed only little seasonal differences between summer (0.99 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹) and autumn measurements (0.89 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹). Gross rates of N mineralization were highest in the organic layer (20.1–137.9 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹) and significantly lower in the uppermost mineral layer (1.3–2.9 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹). Only for the organic layer seasonality in gross N mineralization rates could be demonstrated, with highest mean values in autumn, most likely caused by fresh litter decomposition. Gross mineralization rates of the organic layer were positively correlated with N₂O emissions and negatively correlated with CH₄ uptake, whereas soil CO₂ emissions were positively correlated with heterotrophic respiration in the uppermost mineral soil layer. The most important abiotic factor influencing C and N trace gas fluxes was soil moisture, while the influence of soil temperature on trace gas exchange rates was high only in autumn.     

Photosystem 2 activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus volkameriana</Emphasis> (L.) leaves as affected by Mn nutrition and irradiance

Citrus volkameriana (L.) plants were grown for 43 d in nutrient solutions containing 0, 2, 14, 98, or 686 μM Mn (Mn₀, Mn₂, Mn₁₄, Mn₉₈, and Mn₆₈₆, respectively). To adequately investigate the combined effects of Mn nutrition and irradiance on photosystem 2 (PS2) activity, irradiance response curves for electron transport rate (ETR), nonphotochemical quenching (q_N), photochemical quenching (q_P), and real photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Φ_PS2) were recorded under 10 different irradiances (66, 96, 136, 226, 336, 536, 811, 1 211, 1 911, and 3 111 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, I₆₆ to I₃₁₁₁, respectively) generated with the PAM-2000 fluorometer. Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly lower under Mn excess (Mn₆₈₆) compared to Mn₀; its highest values were recorded in the treatments Mn₂-Mn₉₈. However, ETR and Φ_PS2 values were significantly lower under Mn₀ compared to the other Mn treatments, when plants were exposed to irradiances ≥96 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Furthermore, Mn₀ plants had significantly higher values of q_N and lower values of q_P at irradiances ≤226 and ≥336 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, than those grown under Mn₂-Mn₆₈₆. Irrespective of Mn treatment, the values of Φ_PS2 and q_N decreased, while those of q_P increased progressively by increasing irradiance from I₁₃₆ to I₃₁₁₁. Finally, Mn₂-Mn₉₈ plants were less sensitive to photoinhibition of photosynthesis (≥811 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) than the Mn₆₈₆ (≥536 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and Mn₀ (≥336 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) ones.