低钙条件下Co2+提高鲫鱼视锥水平细胞的对光反应性

在鲫鱼离休灌流视网膜上研究了低钙(0.1mmol/L)条件下钴离子(Co~(2+))对水平细胞的作用.0.1mmol/L Co²⁺在正常Ringer液中完全压抑视锥-(Cone-)和视杆-(Rod-)水平细胞(HC),但在 0.1mmol/L Ca²⁺的Ringr液中却显著地增大了Cone-HC对光反应的幅度.上述作用并非因Co²⁺对光感受器的对光反应性的影响所致.磷酸二酯酶的抑制剂IBMX在正常Ringer液中减小了Co²⁺对Cone-HC的压抑作用,因此,上述Cone-HC光反应性的增高可能是因为低钙使视锥去极化,从而增强其终末膜上的电压敏感性钙通道的活动.     

代谢型谷氨酸受体激动引起星形神经胶质细胞肿胀

用[~3H]-3-氧-甲基-D-葡萄糖摄取的方法测定细胞水含量,观察谷氨酸受体激动剂、拮抗剂对培养的星形神经胶质细胞水含量的影响,并观察细胞内、外钙的作用.结果发现:0.5,1,10 mmol/L的谷氨酸和1mmol/L的trans-ACPD(代谢型谷氨酸受体激动剂)1h均可以引起细胞的水含量增加,1mmol/L的 AMPA(离子型谷氨酸受体激动剂)不影响细胞的水含量,1mmol/L的L-AP3(代谢型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂)可以拮抗1mmol/L谷氨酸和trans-ACPD的作用;撤除细胞外液的钙,谷氨酸不再引起细胞的水含量增加, 20 μmol/ L 的 CdCl₂不能减轻谷氨酸的作用,而300μmol/L的CdCl₂及30μmol/L的胆罗啉(Dantrolene)均可以减轻谷氨酸的作用,提示代谢型谷氨酸受体激动引起星形细胞肿胀,细胞内、外Ca²⁺在谷氨酸引起的星形细胞肿胀中起一定的作用.     

NO对鲫鱼视网膜视杆和视锥信号传递的不同作用

在离体、灌流的鲫鱼视网膜上,考察了一氧化氮(NO)对视网膜电图(ERG)和水平细胞的作用.NO的供体硝普钠(SNP)压抑暗视ERGb波,却增大明视b波,这些作用均可为血红蛋白所阻遏.进而,SNP使视杆水平细胞对光反应减小,而增强L型视锥水平细胞的对光反应.这些结果表明,NO在外视网膜可压抑视杆系统的活动而增强视锥系统的活动.此外,可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶的抑制剂亚甲基蓝对视杆、视锥水平细胞的作用恰与SNP作用相反,这提示NO的作用可能由cGMP所介导.对NO的作用位点提出了工作假设.     

豚鼠精子质膜Ca2+ -ATPase活性与精子顶体反应关系的研究

用生化测定法首次证实豚鼠精子质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性在精子获能和顶体反应过程中显著下降.Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂利尿酸(ethacrynic acid)抑制质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性,但钙调素(50μg/mL)的拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP,200～500μmol/L)对该酶活性没有影响,说明钙调素不直接参与精子依赖于ATP的Ca²⁺的主动泵出.但钙调素与精子的Ca²⁺内流有关,钙调素拮抗剂TFP显著促进精子顶体反应和精子对Ca²⁺的摄入.Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂栎皮酮(quercetin)、原钒酸钠(sodiumorthovandate)、利尿磺胺(furosemide)和利尿酸均显著促进豚鼠精子的顶体反应,但却抑制精子对Ca²⁺的摄入,这无法用它们对质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的抑制作用解释.推测这可能是由于Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂在抑制质膜Ca²⁺-ATPase活性的同时也抑制了顶体外膜或线粒体外膜上的该酶的活性,导致Ca²⁺在细胞质内的积累,进而通过负反馈机制抑制Ca²⁺进一步内流所致.另外,Ca²⁺-ATPase抑制剂对糖酵解的抑制作用也可能是Ca²⁺在细胞质中积累和抑制精子Ca²⁺摄入的原因.     

O -·2增强谷氨酸与其受体的结合力及EBSELEN的保护作用

用放射配体测定受体法研究了黄嘌呤(X)/黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)体系产生的超氧阴离子自由基(O -·2)对［3H］DL-谷氨酸与大鼠大脑皮层突触膜谷氨酸受体结合的影响,结果表明O -·2明显增强谷氨酸与其受体的结合力,此作用能被2-苯基-1,2-苯并异硒唑-3(2H)酮(EBSELEN)(1 μmol/L)所抑制.     

Response of tree growth to nitrogen addition in a Larix gmelinii primitive forest

 氮沉降对树木生长的影响是全球变化研究的一个核心问题。该文通过设置4种氮添加水平(对照(0)、低氮(20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、中氮(50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)), 研究了模拟氮沉降对落叶松(Larix gmelinii)原始林树木胸径生长的影响。结果表明: 中氮和高氮添加对落叶松胸径相对生长率有显著影响, 而且这种影响随施氮年限的增加而增强。不同高度的树木对氮添加的响应有很大差异, 较低树木(树高<16.5 m)的生长对氮添加无显著响应, 而较高(树高>16.5 m)的树木在中氮和高氮处理下胸径生长有显著加速(胸径相对生长率增幅>79.5%), 但随着树木高度的进一步增加, 这种加速作用明显下降。研究结果显示氮添加会促进落叶松胸径生长, 这种促进作用主要发生在较高的落叶松个体中。     

Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux

Effects of three levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF: 60, 160 and 300 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹) were investigated in one-month-old Phalaenopsis plantlets acclimatised ex vitro. Optimal growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentations, and a high carotenoid:chlorophyll a ratio were obtained at 160 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹, while net CO₂ assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration rate (E) and leaf temperature peaked at 300 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹, indicating the ability of the plants to grow ex vitro. Adverse effects of the highest PPF were reflected in loss of chlorophyll, biomass, non-protein thiol and cysteine, but increased proline. After acclimatisation, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) increased, as did lignin. Peroxidases (POD), which play an important role in lignin synthesis, were induced in acclimatised plants. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and β-glucosidase (β-GS) activities increased to a maximum in acclimatised plants at 300 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. A positive correlation between PAL, CAD activity and lignin concentration was observed, especially at 160 and 300 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. The study concludes that enhancement of lignin biosynthesis probably not only adds rigidity to plant cell walls but also induces defence against radiation stress. A PPF of 160 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹was suitable for acclimatisation when plants were transferred from in vitro conditions.     

爪蟾卵母细胞表达猫脊髓背根神经节初级感觉神经元的速激肽受体

提取猫的背根神经节 (DRG)中的Poly(A) ⁺RNA ,注射到非洲爪蟾卵母细胞中进行表达 ,2d后通过双电极电压箝技术检测爪蟾卵母细胞对速激肽受体激动剂的反应 .NK- 1受体特异激动剂 [Sar⁹,Met(O₂ ) ¹¹]SP (Sar -SP) ,NK -2受体特异激动剂 [β- Ala⁸] neurokininA ( 4～ 1 0 ) (Ala -NKA)和神经激肽A(NKA)产生相似的内向电流 .由一个快速的锋电流和持续数分钟的振荡电流组成 .Sar- SP的反应只被NK- 1受体特异拮抗剂L- 6 6 8,1 6 9( 1 μmol/L)阻断 ,而NKA及Ala- NKA的反应则仅被NK -2受体特异拮抗剂L -6 5 8,877( 1 μmol/L)阻断 .注射猫脊髓背角Poly(A) ⁺RNA在爪蟾卵母细胞中表达的速激肽受体的反应基本相似 .这些速激肽受体的反应都具有强烈的脱敏性 .这是首次在爪蟾卵母细胞受体表达系统证明DRG神经元有速激肽NK- 1和NK -2受体 ,从而提示在伤害性初级传入末梢上可能存在速激肽突触前自身受体     

激动剂引起的α1-肾上腺素受体下调及其部分机制

用仓鼠全长α_1B - 肾上腺素受体 (α_1B -AR)cDNA转染人胚胎肾细胞(HEK2 93)得到高效稳定表达α_1B - AR的细胞系 ,在此细胞上观察去甲肾上腺素 (NE)持续刺激该细胞对α_1B -AR表达的影响 .用放射配基结合分析测定受体数量 ,用RNA酶保护分析测定mRNA水平 .结果显示细胞与 1 0 μmol/LNE温育 2～ 2 4h时 ,α_1B -ARmRNA水平与对照组相比显著下降 . 4h时下降到最低点 ,约下降了70 % .温育 2 4h时 ,α_1B - AR数与对照组相比约下降了 6 6 % .用 0 .1 μmol/LCalphostinC预处理细胞 30min后再加NE 4h并未引起α_1B - ARmRNA水平下降 ,而 1 μmol/L佛波酯刺激细胞时也能产生与NE所引起的相似结果 .核失控转录分析显示 1 0 μmol/LNE处理细胞 4h后α_1B -AR的转录速度与对照组相比并无显著差异 .在用放射菌素D阻断新的RNA合成的条件下 ,NE并不能加速α_1B - AR的mRNA降解 .上述结果表明NE引起α_1B -AR下调的同时伴有其mRNA水平下降 ,这种作用是通过激活蛋白激酶C途径实现的 .NE并不改变α_1B -AR基因的转录速度 ,也不直接加速其mRNA降解 ,但可能通过诱导某些RNA及其相应蛋白质的合成而间接降低α_1B - ARmRNA的稳定性 .     

小鼠胸腺髓质上皮细胞系体内诱导胸腺细胞功能成熟

来源于BALB/c小鼠 (H-2^d)胸腺的髓质上皮细胞系MTEC1细胞表达H-2^d和I -A^d 分子 .为研究上皮细胞诱导胸腺细胞阳性选择及功能分化的能力 ,首先用γ 线照射C5 7BL/6J小鼠(H-2^d) ,再经静脉注射 (H-2^b×d)F1代骨髓细胞 ,制备 H-2^b×d→H-2^b)嵌合体 ,然后将MTEC1细胞注射到嵌合体胸腺内 .注射后 2个月 ,经HE染色显示 ,MTEC1细胞在嵌合体小鼠胸腺被膜下皮质区成簇存在 ,体外免疫学试验发现 ,嵌合体小鼠脾细胞含有抗原特异性H-2^d识别限制的杀伤T细胞 (CTL) ,IL -2产生T细胞及增殖应答T细胞 .在MLR试验中 ,嵌合体小鼠脾细胞显示对H-2^d 同种异型抗原的明显耐受 .从而证明MTEC1髓质上皮细胞能在胸腺微环境内诱导H-2^d识别限制的对特异抗原应答的T细胞发育及功能成熟 .由此提出在胸腺髓质区进行“2次胸腺选择”的假说 ,并讨论了其意义 .     

鲤科鱼视网膜光感受器电位的明适应特性

本实验室以前曾报道,视网膜电图 b 波的敏感度在明适应过程中的变化因背景光强而异:在较弱背景光时随时间逐渐降低,当背景光强达到一定水平后,则在明适应过程中出现一定程度的回复。本工作应用分离、灌流的鲤科鱼视网膜,详细地考察了用谷氨酸分离的感受器电位(PⅡ)的明适应特性。在较弱背景光下,PⅡ敏感度除初始时降低外,不随时间作进一步变化。当背景光强达到一定水平后,与 b 波相似,PⅡ敏感度也随时间而回复。对 PⅡ光谱敏感性和不同波长辨增阈的测定表明,PⅡ的这两型变化交替的光强恰为视杆系统与视锥系统活动交替的光强;当背景光完全压抑视杆系统的活动后(仅接收视杆输入的水平细胞的胞内记录的反应完全被压抑),PⅡ即呈现回复型变化。这些结果提示,b 波的回复型变化部分地反映了视锥细胞的明适应特性。     

The effect of benthic sediments on dissolved nutrient concentrations and fluxes

The Ria Formosa is a meso-tidal coastal lagoon experiencing enhanced nutrient concentrations. Assessment of sediment–seawater interaction is essential if nutrient dynamics and the risk of eutrophication are to be fully understood. Pore water concentrations of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate and nitrite were determined in cores from six sites. Changes in nutrients concentrations were measured in intertidal pools on sand and mud between tides. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations (~200 μmol l⁻¹) and effluxes (123 ± 14 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹) were greater from sand than mud (37 ± 10 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹), possibly due to the binding of P with the <63 μm fraction. NH₄⁺ effluxes were high outside the Anc?o Basin (821 ± 106 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹) and were associated with Enteromorpha sp. mats. The greatest NO₃⁻ efflux was from sediments near a salt marsh (170 ± 67 μmol m⁻² h⁻¹). These sediment fluxes of P were not sufficient to account for elevated P concentrations seen by other workers on the ebb tide from the Anc?o Basin. Intertidal pools were sinks for Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) and DIP over the 6 h exposure period. Thus, tidepools may be an important route of nutrients into sediments that enhances the effects of sediments on seawater nutrient concentrations.     

Effects of Ce3+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ on activities and secondary structure of trypsin

The different effects of Ce³⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺ on the activities and secondary structure of trypsin were studied. The results showed that trypsin activity was increased substantially by Ce³⁺ in 0.5–5 μmol/L concentration, but the activity was decreased significantly by Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ in 0.5–5 μmol/L concentration. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Ce³⁺ treatment was the same as that of the control, but the 232-nm characteristic peak of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ treatment was blue-shifted and the peak intensity weakened. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Ce³⁺ treatment was similar to that of the control. The secondary structure of trypsin did not change with Ce³⁺ treatment. However, the CD spectrum of trypsin with 4 μmol/L Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ treatment was different from that of the control and Ce³⁺ treatment. The secondary structure of trypsin with Cd²⁺ or Hg²⁺ treatment changed greatly; for example, the α-helix and β-sheet contents were reduced significantly, the β-turn was enhanced greatly, and the random coil contents increased or decreased.     

Photosystem 2 activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus volkameriana</Emphasis> (L.) leaves as affected by Mn nutrition and irradiance

Citrus volkameriana (L.) plants were grown for 43 d in nutrient solutions containing 0, 2, 14, 98, or 686 μM Mn (Mn₀, Mn₂, Mn₁₄, Mn₉₈, and Mn₆₈₆, respectively). To adequately investigate the combined effects of Mn nutrition and irradiance on photosystem 2 (PS2) activity, irradiance response curves for electron transport rate (ETR), nonphotochemical quenching (q_N), photochemical quenching (q_P), and real photochemical efficiency of PS2 (Φ_PS2) were recorded under 10 different irradiances (66, 96, 136, 226, 336, 536, 811, 1 211, 1 911, and 3 111 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, I₆₆ to I₃₁₁₁, respectively) generated with the PAM-2000 fluorometer. Leaf chlorophyll content was significantly lower under Mn excess (Mn₆₈₆) compared to Mn₀; its highest values were recorded in the treatments Mn₂-Mn₉₈. However, ETR and Φ_PS2 values were significantly lower under Mn₀ compared to the other Mn treatments, when plants were exposed to irradiances ≥96 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Furthermore, Mn₀ plants had significantly higher values of q_N and lower values of q_P at irradiances ≤226 and ≥336 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, than those grown under Mn₂-Mn₆₈₆. Irrespective of Mn treatment, the values of Φ_PS2 and q_N decreased, while those of q_P increased progressively by increasing irradiance from I₁₃₆ to I₃₁₁₁. Finally, Mn₂-Mn₉₈ plants were less sensitive to photoinhibition of photosynthesis (≥811 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) than the Mn₆₈₆ (≥536 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and Mn₀ (≥336 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) ones.     

Uptake of 45Ca by mitochondria of Trigonella foenum-graecum as influenced by selenium and mimosine—Detailed kinetic analyses

Mitochondria from Trigonella foenum-graecum seedlings grown independently in the presence of either selenium (0.75 ppm) or mimosine (0.1 mM) exhibited respiration-stimulated energy-dependent uptake of Ca²⁺. Uptake studies were carried out independently at a series of Ca²⁺ concentrations at two different levels: (1) 1–20 μM and (2) 25–1500 μM. Levels of uptake were 50–100% higher in the mitochondria of seedlings of both the Se and mimosine groups. Detailed kinetic analyses revealed negative cooperative effects operative during uptake of Ca²⁺ at 25–1500 μM given in the medium. Hill coefficients for Ca²⁺ uptake by the mitochondria of different groups remained unchanged (nH, 0.75). Biphasic Scatchard plots were concave upward, suggestive of two classes of binding sites. High-affinity binding sites were estimated to be 16 nmol/mg protein with dissociation constant (K _Ca) of 2.5×10⁹ L/mol. In contrast, graphical analyses of the uptake of Ca²⁺ in the range 1–20 μM in the medium revealed cooperative effects of positive nature. The present study demonstrates mixed cooperative effects during Ca²⁺ uptake by mitochondria from seedlings of T. foenum-graecum     

Photoautotrophic micropropagation of Spathiphyllum

In order to maximize yield, Spathiphyllum, an ornamental plant, was cultured in vitro in novel culture vessels termed Vitron. The best growth was obtained by culturing plantlets on sugar-free liquid medium under CO₂ enrichment (3 000 μmol mol⁻¹ 24 h⁻¹ d⁻¹) at a low photon flux density (PPFD of 45 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), suggesting that the novel Vitron culture system is suitable for the photoautotrophic micropropagation of Spathiphyllum.     

苏柳172和垂柳对Cu2+的吸收特性及有机酸影响

采用溶液培养的方法,研究了苏柳172和垂柳对Cu²⁺吸收的动力学特性及低分子量有机酸(乙酸和苹果酸)对Cu²⁺吸收的影响。结果表明:苏柳172和垂柳根系对Cu²⁺的吸收量随溶液Cu²⁺浓度的升高及吸收时间的延长而增加。苏柳172和垂柳对Cu²⁺吸收的浓度动力学曲线呈线性,非饱和曲线,可以用米氏方程很好地拟合。米氏方程拟合的结果说明,垂柳根系的Cu²⁺吸收能力要稍强于苏柳172。Cu²⁺浓度为20 μmol/L时,随着乙酸和苹果酸浓度的增加,对苏柳172和垂柳根系吸收Cu²⁺的促进作用呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,乙酸在10:1(乙酸∶ Cu²⁺)、苹果酸在5:1(苹果酸∶ Cu²⁺)时促进作用最强。Cu²⁺在根尖区的含量远远大于成熟区,说明根尖区是吸收Cu²⁺最活跃的区域。在Cu²⁺浓度为20 μmol/L的吸收液中加入乙酸或苹果酸(有机酸∶ Cu²⁺= 10:1)时,苏柳172根尖区的Cu²⁺含量分别增加了16.5%和33.7%,根成熟区的Cu²⁺含量增加了23.7%和43.0%,但根尖区和成熟区的Cu²⁺含量比值分别是1.40 和1.39,略小于不加有机酸时的1.49。乙酸与Cu²⁺的比例为10:1时,当Cu²⁺浓度小于20 μmol/L时乙酸促进垂柳根系对Cu²⁺的吸收,当Cu²⁺浓度大于20 μmol/L时,乙酸抑制垂柳根系对Cu²⁺的吸收,抑制作用随Cu²⁺浓度的升高而加强,说明低浓度的乙酸可以促进垂柳根对Cu²⁺的吸收,而高浓度的乙酸能够抑制垂柳根吸收Cu²⁺。同时,乙酸抑制了Cu²⁺在垂柳地上部的积累,抑制作用随着Cu²⁺浓度的增加而加强,说明乙酸能够抑制Cu²⁺由根向地上部的运输。     

刺孢小克银汉霉菌体氨基酰化酶的性质研究*

首次选育出有较高氨基酰化酶活性的菌株刺孢小克银汉霉(Cunningham ella echinula-ta)9980,并进行液体培养,比较了3种不同培养基中菌体细胞氨基酰化酶活性,考察了几种因素对菌体细胞酶活的影响。结果表明:蛋白胨培养基中菌体细胞酶活最高,达680u/g。菌体细胞酶活最适温度55℃,最适pH7.0,最佳底物浓度为0.2mol/L,缓冲液中的无机离子对酶活有抑制作用,10^-3~10^-4mol/L的Co²⁺对酶活     

Diurnal and seasonal changes in the intensity of photosynthesis in stems of lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.)

It has been demonstrated that during the whole year the stems are photosyntheticaly active and capable of assimilating atmospheric CO₂. The intensity of photosynthesis varies. During the vegetation period the registered net photosynthesis lasted up to 13 hours per day, and in the leafless period for 2–3 hours a day. Photosynthesis was registered also at temperatures below zero (−3 °C) as a reduced CO₂ evolution in light in comparison with darkness. The maximal net photosynthesis values during the vegetation period amounted to 6 up 8 μmol (CO₂)·m⁻²·s⁻¹, and in the leafless period 0.5 – 1 μmol (CO₂)·m⁻²·s⁻¹, and they were close to being up to twice as big as the values obtained of darkness respiration. An increase of the photosynthetic activity of stems preceded the spring development of the leaves.     

Photosystem 2 photochemistry and pigment composition of a yellow mutant of rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) under different irradiances

A yellow leaf colouration mutant (named ycm) generated from rice T-DNA insertion lines was identified with less grana lamellae and low thylakoid membrane protein contents. At weak irradiance [50 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹], chlorophyll (Chl) contents of ycm were ≈20 % of those of WT and Chl a/b ratios were 3-fold that of wild type (WT). The leaf of ycm showed lower values in the actual photosystem 2 (PS2) efficiency (Φ_PS2), photochemical quenching (q_P), and the efficiency of excitation capture by open PS2 centres 1 (F_v′/F_m′) than those of WT, except no difference in the maximal efficiency of PS2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m). With progress in irradiance [100 and 200 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹], there was a change in the photosynthetic pigment stoichiometry. In ycm, the increase of total Chl contents and the decrease in Chl a/b ratio were observed. Φ_PS2, q_P, and F_v′/F_m′ of ycm increased gradually along with the increase of irradiance but still much less than in WT. The increase of xanthophyll ratio [(Z+A)/(V+A+Z)] associated with non-photochemical quenching (q_N) was found in ycm which suggested that ycm dissipated excess energy through the turnover of xanthophylls. No significant differences in pigment composition were observed in WT under various irradiances, except Chl a/b ratio that gradually decreased. Hence the ycm mutant developed much more tardily than WT, which was caused by low photon energy utilization independent of irradiance.