心肌细胞Na^＋—Ca^2＋交换电流

心肌细胞上存在Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换系统,以３Ｎａ＋：１Ｃａ２＋方式交换,产生Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换电流（ＩＮａＣａ）。分子生物学实验证明：Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换体有１１个跨膜片段,其功能受多种因素的调节。膜片钳制技术研究表明Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换电流与心肌细胞动作电位形成和心律失常的产生有关。通过对Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换系统的深入研究,将有助于我们研制和开发作用于Ｎａ＋Ｃａ２＋交换电流的特异性较强的药物,对治疗心律失常和保护心肌细胞,减少心肌细胞的损伤有重要意义。     

心肌细胞的Na^＋／Ca^＋2交换

心肌细胞的正常功能依赖于细胞内的钙离子平衡,而心肌细胞膜上的Na~ /Ca~(2 )交换载体(NCE)是调节细胞内钙离子平衡的主要途径之一。NCE是一种双向转运载体,既可将细胞内的Ca~(2 )转运到细胞外,又可将细胞外的Ca~(2 )转运到细胞内,因而在心肌舒张和收缩过程中具有重要的意义。     

短杆菌肽通道内离子K~＋，Na~＋，Li~＋与水的相关性

基于右手螺旋短杆菌肽Ａ离子通道模型,利用分子动力学计算机模拟方法研究了通道内离子Ｋ＋,Ｎａ＋,Ｌｉ＋与水分子的相关性．     

食用菌,Ca^＋＋与细胞免疫学研究概况

食用菌、Ｃａ~（＋＋）与细胞免疫学研究概况林运祺（山东省淄博市农委２５５００１３）淋巴细胞被激活以后,立即出现膜表面动力过程,表现出激活效应,然后通过某些信使的介导,使激活过程深入细胞内部,引起一系列免疫应答反应,Ｃａ＋＋与环磷核苷就是重要的信使物质?..     

Ca^＋＋Na^＋离子对湖南产五步蛇蛇毒PLA2酶活力的影响

Ｃａ＾＋＋离子能极大地激活五步蛇蛇毒ＰＬＡ２的酶活力，Ｎａ＾＋离子只能在一定程度上激活，作者推测在测定ＰＬＡ２酶活力的底物溶液中可以不加Ｎａ＾＋离子。     

Ni^2＋对心肌细胞Na^＋,K^＋活度及膜钠泵活动的影响

本实验应用离子选择性微电极方法,动态监测了Ｎｉ２＋对心肌细胞Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋活度的影响,并以细胞内Ｎａ＋逐出速率［ｄ（ａｉＮａ）／ｄｔ］作为膜钠泵活动度的指标,观察了Ｎｉ２＋对膜钠泵活动的影响。结果显示：（１）在本实验浓度下Ｎｉ２＋对静息及活动（自律或电刺激）的细胞内Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋活度无明显影响;（２）可使细胞外Ｋ＋活度升高;（３）便刺激停止即刻细胞内Ｎａ＋逐出速率下降;（４）减小无钠无钙液引起的细胞外Ｋ＋活度下降幅度。结果提示：Ｎｉ２＋对处于高水平活动的心肌细胞膜钠泵具有明显的抑制作用,而对处于一般活动状态的膜钠泵则未见有明显影响;在Ｎｉ２＋存在下心肌细胞膜对Ｋ＋的通透性有不同程度的提高。     

心脏K^＋通道

Ｋ＾＋通道是生物膜上一种调节Ｋ＾＋流的跨膜蛋白质,广泛存在于各种可兴奋的细胞。在维持心脏正常功能方面发挥重要作用。本主要讨论内向整流Ｋ＾＋通道,延迟整流Ｋ＾＋通道,瞬进外向电流Ｋ＾＋通道,毒蕈碱／腺激活Ｋ＾＋通道,ＡＴＰ敏感性Ｋ＾＋通道的基本特性,及其在心脏电生理作用中的重功能,和相关的分子生物学信息。     

竹红菌乙素对人红细胞Na~+-K~+ATPase和钠通透性光敏损伤的研究

本文用NMR和生化方法研究了竹红菌乙素对人红细胞膜Na~+-K~+ATPase和钠通透性的光敏损伤。结果表明:在通常情况下,可同时观察到乙素对Na~+-K~+ATPase和钠通透性的光敏损伤。比较乙素、甲素、原卟啉和胆红素对上述两项指标的光敏能力,发现乙素对Na~+-K~+ATPase损伤能力与甲素和原卟啉相当,比胆红素大,对钠通透性的损伤大于其它几种敏化剂。实验指出,Na~+-K~+ATPase活力下降比钠通透性增加敏感。在乙素光敏作用时,加入Vit E可基术上保持胞内钠离子浓度不变,但无法使Na~+-K~+ATPase活力不损伤,这表明膜磷脂的结构完整对保持胞内钠浓度比较重要。对照试验指出乙素可使Na~+-K~+ATPase暗失活,这可能是经乙素介导的,由膜还原物质向氧的电子传递生成活性氧自由基攻击靶分子所致。     

竹红菌甲素对红细胞膜上几种酶光敏失活作用的研究

Hypocrellin A (HA)-sensitized photoinactivation of enzymes in human erythrocyte membrane, including AchE, GPDH, Na(+)-K+ ATPase, Ca2(+)-Mg2+ ATPase were studied in this paper. The sensitivity of these four enzymes inactivated by HA and light are as following order: Ca2(+)-Mg2+ ATPase greater than Na(+)-K+ ATPase greater than GPDH greater than AchE. The relationship among ATPase inactivation, sulfhydryl photoinactivation and lipid peroxidation was also investigated. Results show that SH group photooxidation probably is one of the major reasons of enzyme inactivation whereas lipid peroxidation has little effect. The isolated GPDH was less sensitive than that membrane-bound, GSH, NAD acted protectively on GPDH and ATPase respectively. The evidence of electrophoresis and protein intrinsic fluorescence showed that protein structure did not change significantly even though most activity had lost in case of GPDH.     

Inhibition of membrane Na(+)-K+ Atpase of the brain, liver and RBC in rats administered di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) a plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood storage bags

Significant amounts of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) leach out into blood stored in DEHP plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags resulting in the exposure of recipients of blood transfusion to this compound. The aim of this study was to find out whether DEHP at these low levels has any effect on the activity of membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase, since a decrease in this enzyme activity has been reported to take place in a number of disorders like neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, coronary artery disease and stroke, syndrome-X, tumours etc. DEHP was administered (ip) at a low dose of 750 microg/100 g body weight to rats and the activity of membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase in liver, brain and RBC was estimated. Histopathology of brain, activity of HMG CoA reductase (a major rate limiting enzyme in the isoprenoid pathway of which digoxin, the physiological inhibitor of Na(+)-K+ ATPase is a product), intracellular concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in RBC (which is altered as a result of inhibition of Na(+)-K+ ATPase) were also studied. (In the light of the observation of increase of intracellular Ca2+ load and intracellular depletion of Mg2+ when Na(+)-K+ ATPase is inhibited). Histopathology of brain revealed areas of degeneration in the rats administered DEHP. There was significant inhibition of membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase in brain, liver and RBC. Intracellular Ca2+ increased in the RBC while intracellular Mg2+ decreased. However activity of hepatic HMG CoA reductase decreased. Activity of Na(+)-K+ ATPase and HMG CoA reductase, however returned to normal levels within 7 days of stopping administration of DEHP. The inhibition of membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity by DEHP may indicate the possibility of predisposing recipients of transfusion of blood or hemodialysis to the various disorders mentioned above. However since this effect is reversed when DEHP administration is stopped, it may not be a serious problem in the case of a few transfusion; but in patients receiving repeated blood transfusion as in thalassemia patients or patients undergoing hemodialysis, possibility of this risk has to be considered. This inhibition is a direct effect of DEHP or its metabolites, since activity of HMG CoA reductase, (an enzyme which catalyses a major rate limiting step in the isoprenoid pathway by which digoxin, the physiological inhibitor of Na(+)-K+ ATPase is synthesized) showed a decrease.     

Effect of extracellular volume expansion on erythrocyte sodium transport in rats.

The effects of extracellular volume expansion (EVE) on the major sodium transport systems and sodium and potassium contents in rat erythrocytes have been examined in the present study. Study has been performed in anesthetized Wistar rat weighing about 300 g. Acute extracellular volume expansion (EVE) was induced by a constant intravenous saline infusion (3% body wt, 3 hours). Rats anaesthetized and catheterized but not expanded were used as controls. Arterial blood samples from control and expanded rats were obtained at the same time, and assayed immediately. Intracellular sodium and potassium concentration and ouabain sensitive (Na(+)-K(+)-pump) and bumetanide sensitive (Na(+)-K(+)-cotransport system) outward Na+ fluxes in erythrocytes were measured. The effect of plasma on erythrocyte transport was also analyzed by measuring 86Rb uptake. Neither of two plasma cations (Na+ and K+) were modified by the EVE. Also intracellular Na+ and K+ levels remained unvariable. Total Na+ efflux was not modified by EVE, but pump-mediated Na+ efflux was smaller after than before EVE. The ouabain-inhibible Na+ efflux rate constant decreased after EVE (from 687 +/- 81 to 525 +/- 29 h-1 x 10(-3); P less than 0.05). Both Na(+)-K(+)cotransport-mediated Na+ efflux and passive permeability increased significantly after EVE. The incubation with plasma from saline-infused animals induced a significant decrease in Rb uptake rate constant, that was not observed after incubation with plasma from non-expanded rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of desferrioxamine on peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage in erythrocytes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of desferrioxamine on peroxynitrite-mediated damage in erythrocytes by measuring the 3-nitrotyrosine level and glutathione peroxidase and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activities in vitro. 3-Nitrotyrosine levels were determined by HPLC; glutathione peroxidase and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Peroxynitrite increased the 3-nitrotyrosine level but decreased both enzyme activities. In the presence of desferrioxamine, glutathione peroxidase activity was increased with a decrease in the 3-nitrotyrosine level. Desferrioxamine was found to possess an important antioxidant activity as assessed in an in vitro system, reducing protein nitration, restoring enzyme activities and maintaining erythrocyte membrane integrity.     

Isoprenoid pathway and free radical generation and damage in neuropsychiatric disorders

Two substances which are products of the isoprenoid pathway, can participate in lipid peroxidation. One is digoxin, which by inhibiting membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase, causes increase in intracellular Ca2+ and depletion of intracellular Mg2+, both effects contributing to increase in lipid peroxidation. Ubiquinone, another products of the pathway is a powerful membrane antioxidant and its deficiency can also result in defective electron transport and generation of reactive oxygen species. In view of this and also in the light of some preliminary reports on alteration in lipid peroxidation in neuropsychiatric disorders, a study was undertaken on the following aspects in some of these disorders (primary generalised epilepsy, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and CNS glioma)--1) concentration of digoxin, ubiquinone, activity of HMG CoA reductase and RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase 2) activity of enzymes involved in free radical scavenging 3) parameters of lipid peroxidation and 4) antioxidant status. The result obtained indicates an increase in the concentration of digoxin and activity of HMG CoA reductase, decrease in ubiquinone levels and in the activity of membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase. There is increased lipid peroxidation as evidenced from the increase in the concentration of MDA, conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides and NO with decreased antioxidant protection as indicated by decrease in ubiquinone, vit E and reduced glutathione in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and CNS glioma. The activity of enzymes involved in free radical scavenging like SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase is decreased in the above diseases. However, there is no evidence of any increase in lipid peroxidation in epilepsy or MS. The role of increased operation of the isoprenoid pathway as evidenced by alteration in the concentration of digoxin and ubiquinone in the generation of free radicals and protection against them in these disorders is discussed.     

Human and dog erythrocytes: relationship between cellular ATP levels, ATP consumption and potassium concentrations.

The intracellular K+/Na+ ratio of various mammalian cell types are known to differ remarkably. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that erythrocytes of different mammalian species contain entirely different potassium and sodium concentrations. The human erythrocyte is an example of the supposedly "normal" high potassium cell, while the dog erythrocyte contains ten times more sodium than potassium ions (Table I). Furthermore, this difference is sustained despite the plasma sodium and potassium concentrations being almost identical in both species (high Na+ and low K+). In spite of these inorganic ion differences, both human and dog erythrocytes contain 33% dry material (mostly Hb) and 67% water. Conventional cell theory would couple cellular volume regulation with Na+ and K+ dependent ATPase activity which is believed to control intracellular Na+/K+ concentrations. Since the high Na+ and low K+ contents of dog erythrocytes are believed to be due to the lack of the postulated Na/K-ATPase enzyme, they must presumably have an alternative mechanism of volume regulation, otherwise current ideas of membrane ATPase activity coupled volume regulation need serious reconsideration. The object of our investigation was to explore the relationship between ATPase activity, ATP levels and the Na+/K+ concentrations in human and dog erythrocytes. Our results indicate that the intracellular ATP level in erythrocytes correspond with their K+, Na+ content. They are discussed in relation to conventional membrane transport theory and also to Ling's "association-induction hypothesis", the latter proving to be a more useful basis on which to interpret results.     

Glucose induces lipid peroxidation and inactivation of membrane-associated ion-transport enzymes in human erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro.

Erythrocytes of diabetic subjects (non-insulin dependent) were found to have eight- to ten-fold higher levels of endogenously formed thiobarbituric acid reactive malonyldialdehyde (MDA), thirteen-fold higher levels of phospholipid-MDA adduct, 15-20% reduced Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity with unchanged Ca+2-ATPase activity, as compared with the erythrocytes from normal healthy individuals. Incubation of normal erythrocytes with elevated concentrations (15-35 mM) of glucose, similar to that present in diabetic plasma, led to the increased lipid peroxidation, phospholipid-MDA adduct formation, reduction of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (25-50%) and Ca+2-ATPase (50%) activities. 2-doxy-glucose was 80% as effective as glucose in the lipid peroxidation and lipid adduct formation. However, other sugars, such as fructose, galactose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine and 3-O-methylmannoside, and sucrose, tested at a concentration of 35 mM, resulted in reduced (20-30%) lipid peroxidation without the formation of lipid-MDA adduct. Kinetic studies show that reductions in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca+2-ATPase activities precede the lipid peroxidation as the enzyme inactivation occur within 30 min of incubation of erythrocytes with high concentration (15-35 mM) of glucose, while lipid peroxidation product, MDA appears at 4 hr and lipid-MDA adducts at 8 hr. The lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors, 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid and Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), reduced the glucose-induced lipid peroxidation by 30% and MDA-lipid adduct formation by 26%. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitor, had no discernible effect on the lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes. However, the inhibitors of lipid peroxidation, 3-phenylpyrazolidone, metyrapone, and the inhibitors of lipoxygenase pathways did not ablate the glucose-induced reduction of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca+2-ATPase activities in erythrocytes. Erythrocytes produce 15-HETE (15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid), which is augmented by glucose. These results suggest that the formation of lipoxygenase metabolites potentiate the glucose-induced lipid peroxidation and that the inactivation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca+2-ATPase occurs as a result of non-covalent interaction of glucose with these enzymes.     

Insulin stimulates transepithelial sodium transport by activation of a protein phosphatase that increases Na-K ATPase activity in endometrial epithelial cells.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on transepithelial Na(+) transport across porcine glandular endometrial epithelial cells grown in primary culture. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I acutely stimulated Na(+) transport two- to threefold by increasing Na(+)-K(+) ATPase transport activity and basolateral membrane K(+) conductance without increasing the apical membrane amiloride-sensitive Na(+) conductance. Long-term exposure to insulin for 4 d resulted in enhanced Na(+) absorption with a further increase in Na(+)-K(+) ATPase transport activity and an increase in apical membrane amiloride-sensitive Na(+) conductance. The effect of insulin on the Na(+)-K(+) ATPase was the result of an increase in V(max) for extracellular K(+) and intracellular Na(+), and an increase in affinity of the pump for Na(+). Immunohistochemical localization along with Western blot analysis of cultured porcine endometrial epithelial cells revealed the presence of alpha-1 and alpha-2 isoforms, but not the alpha-3 isoform of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase, which did not change in the presence of insulin. Insulin-stimulated Na(+) transport was inhibited by hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethylphosphonic acid tris-acetoxymethyl ester [HNMPA-(AM)(3)], a specific inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting that the regulation of Na(+) transport by insulin involves receptor autophosphorylation. Pretreatment with wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as well as okadaic acid and calyculin A, inhibitors of protein phosphatase activity, also blocked the insulin-stimulated increase in short circuit and pump currents, suggesting that activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and subsequent stimulation of a protein phosphatase mediates the action of insulin on Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activation.     

The ATPase activity of saponin-treated rat erythrocytes: regulation by monovalent cations, calcium, ouabain, and furosemide

The ATPase activities were studied in rat erythrocytes permeabilized with saponin. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions were varied within the range of 0.1-60 microM and 50-370 microM, respectively, by using EGTA-citrate buffer. The maximal activity of Ca2(+)-ATPase of permeabilized erythrocytes was by one order of magnitude higher, whereas the Ca2(+)-binding affinity was 1.5-2 times higher than that in erythrocyte ghosts washed an isotonic solution containing EGTA. Addition of the hemolysate restored the kinetic parameters of ghost Ca2(+)-ATPase practically completely, whereas in the presence of exogenous calmodulin only part of Ca2(+)-ATPase activity was recovered. Neither calmodulin nor R24571, a highly potent specific inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent reactions, influenced the Ca2(+)-ATPase activity of permeabilized erythrocytes. At Ca2+ concentrations below 0.7 microM, ouabain (0.5-1 mM) activated whereas at higher Ca2+ concentrations it inhibited the Ca2(+)-ATPase activity. Taking this observation into account the Na+/K(+)-ATPase was determined as the difference of between the ATPase activities in the presence of Na+ and K+ and in the presence of K+ alone. At physiological concentration of Mg2+ (370 microM), the addition of 0.3-1 microM Ca2+ increased Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity by 1.5-3-fold. Higher concentrations of this cation inhibited the enzyme. At low Mg2+ concentration (e.g., 50 microM) only Na+/K(+)-ATPase inhibition by Ca2+ was seen. It was found that at [NaCl] less than 20 mM furosemide was increased ouabain-inhibited component of ATPase in Ca2(+)-free media. This activating effect of furosemide was enhanced with a diminution of [Na+] upto 2 mM and did not reach the saturation level unless the 2 mM of drug was used. The activating effect of furosemide on Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity confirmed by experiments in which the ouabain-inhibited component was measured by the 86Rb+ influx into intact erythrocytes.