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1.
The evolution of the laser as a medical device has been a process of continued improvement. Research into increasing our understanding of the optical characteristics of skin has made it possible to concentrate not on the effects of any particular laser system, but on basic biologic and physical principles of laser-tissue interaction. The lasers available in the 1960s and 1970s offered few possibilities for modification. However, modern technology allows us to manipulate the physical characteristics of lasers and design them for specific therapeutic purposes. Selective photothermolysis relies on chromophore-specific absorption of a brief pulse of light to generate and confine heat to certain targets within the skin without nonspecific thermal damage to adjacent structures. Thermally mediated target alterations can be confined from the level of large multicellular tissue structures (e.g., blood vessels) to individual microscopic pigmented structures (e.g., tattoo pigment granules). The purpose of this report is to describe the current progress being made and to summarize the present theories for achieving increasing selective removal, without scarring or other skin textural changes, of cutaneous vasculopathies and tattoo pigment by pulsed laser.  相似文献   

2.
In response to two isolated cases of Mycobacterium chelonae infections in tattoo recipients where tap water was used to dilute ink, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene conducted an investigation using Emergency Department (ED) syndromic surveillance to assess whether an outbreak was occuring. ED visits with chief complaints containing the key word “tattoo” from November 1, 2012 to March 18, 2013 were selected for study. NYC laboratories were also contacted and asked to report skin or soft tissue cultures in tattoo recipients that were positive for non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infection (NTM). Thirty-one TREDV were identified and 14 (45%) were interviewed to determine if a NTM was the cause for the visit. One ED visit met the case definition and was referred to a dermatologist. This individual was negative for NTM. No tattoo-associated NTM cases were reported by NYC laboratories. ED syndromic surveillance was utilized to investigate a non-reportable condition for which no other data source existed. The results were reassuring that an outbreak of NTM in tattoo recipients was not occurring. In response to concerns about potential NTM infections, the department sent a letter to all licensed tattoo artists advising them not to dilute tattoo ink with tap water.  相似文献   

3.
张沧人 《蛇志》1996,8(2):38-39
洗眉是指文眉色素的去除,是对文眉效果不满意时的一种补救措施。目前洗眉的方法有多种,根据不同情况选用不同的方法是重要的。作者认为洗眉与补文眉同时进行的方法较为可行,省时,且患者易于接受。  相似文献   

4.
A method of tattoo removal by partial-thickness dermal ablation, using a microsurgically adapted CO2 laser, is described. Provided that meticulous attention is paid to each detail of surgical technique, the procedure can be relied upon to produce good cosmetic results with scant risk of complications.  相似文献   

5.
Tattooing is one of a number of DNA delivery methods which results in an efficient expression of an introduced gene in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. The tattoo procedure causes many minor mechanical injuries followed by hemorrhage, necrosis, inflammation and regeneration of the skin and thus non-specifically stimulates the immune system. DNA vaccines delivered by tattooing have been shown to induce higher specific humoral and cellular immune responses than intramuscularly injected DNA. In this study, we focused on the comparison of DNA immunization protocols using different routes of administrations of DNA (intradermal tattoo versus intramuscular injection) and molecular adjuvants (cardiotoxin pre-treatment or GM-CSF DNA co-delivery). For this comparison we used the major capsid protein L1 of human papillomavirus type 16 as a model antigen. L1-specific immune responses were detected after three and four immunizations with 50 μg plasmid DNA. Cardiotoxin pretreatment or GM-CSF DNA co-delivery substantially enhanced the efficacy of DNA vaccine delivered intramuscularly by needle injection but had virtually no effect on the intradermal tattoo vaccination. The promoting effect of both adjuvants was more pronounced after three rather than four immunizations. However, three DNA tattoo immunizations without any adjuvant induced significantly higher L1-specific humoral immune responses than three or even four intramuscular DNA injections supported by molecular adjuvants. Tattooing also elicited significantly higher L1-specific cellular immune responses than intramuscularly delivered DNA in combination with adjuvants. In addition, the lymphocytes of mice treated with the tattoo device proliferated more strongly after mitogen stimulation suggesting the presence of inflammatory responses after tattooing. The tattoo delivery of DNA is a cost-effective method that may be used in laboratory conditions when more rapid and more robust immune responses are required.  相似文献   

6.
The dark side of green fluorescent protein   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Here, severe interference of chlorophyll with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence is described for medicago (Medicago truncatula), rice (Oryza sativa) and arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This interference disrupts the proportional relationship between GFP content and fluorescence that is intrinsic to its use as a quantitative reporter. The involvement of chlorophyll in the loss of GFP fluorescence with leaf age was shown in vivo, by the removal of chlorophyll through etiolation or by ethanol extraction, and in vitro, by titration of a GFP solution with chlorophyll solutions of various concentrations. A substantial decrease in fluorescence in early development of medicago and rice leaves correlated with chlorophyll accumulation. In all three species tested, removal of chlorophyll yielded up to a 10-fold increase in fluorescence. Loss of GFP fluorescence in vitro was 4-fold greater for chlorophyll b than for chlorophyll a. Differences exist between plant species for the discrepancy between apparent GFP fluorescence and its actual level in green tissues. Substantial errors in estimating promoter activity from GFP fluorescence can occur if pigment interference is not considered.  相似文献   

7.
A technique of nipple-areola reconstruction with intradermal tattoo is presented. By using various colors, it is possible to tattoo a nipple-areola complex onto the breast that will have an illusion of projection. This technique alone is acceptable to older patients. In younger patients, or in those in whom nipple projection is desired, a simple technique of using a subcutaneously based nipple pedicle is found to be highly effective.  相似文献   

8.
The coronate larva of the ascophoran bryozoan Watersipora arcuata has a ring of 32 large, multiciliated coronal cells that are used for swimming. Fourteen pairs of small cells are intercalated between the lateral margins of adjacent coronal cells. These intercoronal cells are arranged in a precise pattern and are polymorphic: seven pairs have multiple cilia and seven pairs are mono- or oligociliated. Three pairs of multiciliated intercoronal cells have their cilia arranged as a whorl that is recessed in a pocket formed between the adjacent coronal cells, and they are thought to be photoreceptors that sense general light intensity. Two other pairs of multiciliated cells with cohesive tufts of cilia may be chemo- or mechanoreceptors. Roles of the other intercoronal cells in this species are not evident, but it is proposed that the majority, if not all, of them are sensory. The close proximity of all the intercoronal cells to the equatorial nerve ring is compatible with this interpretation. Analyses of the literature on cleavage patterns, pigment cup ocelli, and flagellar tufts that serve as balancers in coronate larvae lead us to propose that (1) an intercoronal cell is the sensory element of most, if not all, pigment cup ocelli of bryozoan larvae; and (2) intercoronal cells are not modified coronal cells but probably are specialized supra- and/or infracoronal ones that have migrated to an intercoronal position.  相似文献   

9.
Viruses belonging to 9 families have been detected in cetaceans. We critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. Cetacean morbillivirus (family Paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease with a high mortality rate and persists in several populations. It may have long-term effects on the dynamics of cetacean populations either as enzootic infection or recurrent epizootics. The latter presumably have the more profound impact due to removal of sexually mature individuals. Members of the family Poxviridae infect several species of odontocetes, resulting in ring and tattoo skin lesions. Although poxviruses apparently do not induce a high mortality, circumstancial evidence suggests they may be lethal in young animals lacking protective immunity, and thus may negatively affect net recruitment. Papillomaviruses (family Papovaviridae) cause genital warts in at least 3 species of cetaceans. In 10% of male Burmeister's porpoises Phocoena spinipinnis from Peru, lesions were sufficiently severe to at least hamper, if not impede, copulation. Members of the families Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae were demonstrated in cetaceans suffering serious illnesses, but with the exception of a 'porpoise herpesvirus' their causative role is still tentative. Herpes-like viruses and caliciviruses (Caliciviridae) give rise to cutaneous diseases in Monodontidae and Delphinidae. Antibodies to several serotypes of caliciviruses were found in odontocetes and mysticetes. An unrecognized Hepadnaviridae was detected by serology in a captive Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens with chronic persistent hepatitis. Adenoviruses (Adenoviridae) were isolated from the intestinal tracts of mysticeti and a beluga Delphinapterus leucas but were not associated with any pathologies. We discuss the potential impact of Paramyxoviridae, Poxviridae and Papovaviridae on the dynamics of several odontocete populations.  相似文献   

10.
Pathologic consequence of tattooing is relatively rare, but in light of the great number of persons in military service, where tattooing seems to be popular, consideration of the complications seems worth while.Four unusual cases of patients with cutaneous lesions in tattoos are reported. One patient had Boeck's sarcoid, in which the cutaneous eruption was limited solely to the tattooed areas on the body and involved all the various colors of the tattoo. The cutaneous eruption was only a single manifestation of generalized sarcoidosis. Another patient had secondary syphilis with the cutaneous lesions involving multi-colored tattoos, including the red areas. These tattoos were applied in Hawaii, and presumably the red dye was not the usual cinnabar (mercuric sulfide). As a general rule, the cutaneous lesions of secondary syphilis do not involve the red areas because of the treponomicidal action of mercuric sulfide.In the third case the characteristic eruption of discoid lupus erythematosus was present. It began over the red areas of a tattoo on the patient's forearm. It has been stated that mercuric sulfide is a photo-sensitizing agent, and it is believed that this explains the localization of the eruption in this case. The fourth patient had eruption, caused by mercury sensitivity, in an area of tattoo. The eruption was noted soon after the tattooing was done, and it persisted for seven years.  相似文献   

11.
Pathologic consequence of tattooing is relatively rare, but in light of the great number of persons in military service, where tattooing seems to be popular, consideration of the complications seems worth while.Four unusual cases of patients with cutaneous lesions in tattoos are reported. One patient had Boeck''s sarcoid, in which the cutaneous eruption was limited solely to the tattooed areas on the body and involved all the various colors of the tattoo. The cutaneous eruption was only a single manifestation of generalized sarcoidosis.Another patient had secondary syphilis with the cutaneous lesions involving multi-colored tattoos, including the red areas. These tattoos were applied in Hawaii, and presumably the red dye was not the usual cinnabar (mercuric sulfide). As a general rule, the cutaneous lesions of secondary syphilis do not involve the red areas because of the treponomicidal action of mercuric sulfide.In the third case the characteristic eruption of discoid lupus erythematosus was present. It began over the red areas of a tattoo on the patient''s forearm. It has been stated that mercuric sulfide is a photo-sensitizing agent, and it is believed that this explains the localization of the eruption in this case.The fourth patient had eruption, caused by mercury sensitivity, in an area of tattoo. The eruption was noted soon after the tattooing was done, and it persisted for seven years.  相似文献   

12.
The quantity of porphyrin synthesized in the presence of 10(-3) M delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is several times higher in the bovine pigment epithelium than in the retina. Synthesis in the retina was found to be increased by illumination, whereas synthesis in the pigment epithelium was decreased if the whole anatomical unit (retina-pigment epithelium-choroid) was cultivated together. The quantity of porphyrin synthesized in the presence of 10(-3) M ALA or 10(-6) M melatonin was different when the pigment epithelium and retina were separated. The combination 10(-3) M ALA with 10(-6) M melatonin inhibited retinal porphyrin synthesis after green light adaptation, while in the pigment epithelium green light adaptation induced porphyrin synthesis. It is postulated that the light-sensitive porphyrin-haeme synthesis of the retina-pigment epithelium-choroid functional unit may serve and modulate the synthesis of guanylate cyclase for cGMP.  相似文献   

13.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in the western nations beyond 50 years of age. The most frequent cause for severe visual loss is the growth of neovascular membrances from the choroid into the subretinal space. This usually results in irreversible degeneration of the overlying retina. Surgical removal of the membrane is feasible, however, usually results in functional loss of apposing retinal photoreceptors since retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are removed concurrently due to their tight adherence to the neovascular complex. Therefore, various attempts have been undertaken to fill the resulting RPE cell defect with either heterologous or autologous RPE cell transplants. So far cell survival, function and subsequent visual function has been disappointing. To minimize trauma and resulting dedifferentiation harvesting in the eye and transplantation in whole sheets and without temporary removal from the eyes would be desirable. This may be achieved by isolating grafts consisting of choroid, Bruch's membrance and RPE cells from the peripheral retina and transplantation of this graft under the neurosensory retina after removal of the choroidal neovascularization. However, the choroidal component of such a graft would be expected to interfere with diffusion of metabolites to and from the retina. Therefore, outcome would be expected to be better if the choroidal tissue would be removed before translocation. In preclinical experiments we used a 308 nm UV AIDA excimer laser to microablate choroidal tissue from such a graft in human donor eyes.  相似文献   

14.
Data are presented to suggest that differential Ag expression by parasites derived from diffuse (DCL) vs local (LCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis patients may be responsible for the Ag-specific anergy seen in DCL patients. The evidence suggests that promastigotes derived from DCL patients express epitopes which preferentially stimulate suppressor activities in DCL patients. These determinants appear to be expressed less, if at all by promastigotes derived from LCL patients. The Ag-specific suppression or nonresponsiveness which dominates the immune response in DCL patients during an active infection can be abrogated by drug treatment or removal of live DCL parasites, which suggests that Ag-induced regulatory cells, probably of T cell lineage, are most likely responsible for the nonresponsiveness seen in untreated DCL patients. Thus the mechanisms of immune regulation operating in this disease differ from that of lepromatous leprosy where the specific unresponsiveness (anergy) is irreversible even after successful treatment.  相似文献   

15.
Avstract The moist mycelium ofT. tonsurans was extracted with 3 % w/v sodium hydroxide to yield a purple to violet solution which was passed through a cation-exchange resin column, evaporated partially, dialyzed and lyophilized. The lyophilized powder was extracted using absolute ethanol, acetone and chloroform (Process A) and separately by defatting with petroleum ether and n-hexane followed by chloroform-methanol 2:1 (Process B).Separation was achieved for the extract of Process B on thin layer chromatography using Silica Gel G and butanol-ethanol-water as the solvent system. Ultra-violet and visible spectrophotometric absorption data are reported for the lyophilized extract ofT. tonsurans, hydrolyzates of the lyophilized extract, and for sodium hydroxide extracts ofT. megnini, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans andT. violaceum. The spectra were similar in all cases.A review of pigment substance in dermatophytes is made, which together with the experimental data secured withT. tonsurans and previous experimentation, suggest the possible effects of drying procedures, contusion, solvents, acidic additives and method of extraction on the removal of pigment from the mycelium of dermatophytes. It is suggested that all the above conditions influence the substances ultimately extracted and that some alteration of a basic pigment association in the organism occurs to release pigment fragments or fractions of varying complexity. Oxidation and polymerization may influence the end result. It is possible that the mechanism presented can account for the number of pigment substances reportedly occurring in the dermatophytes and that a similar pigment structure or complex exists in other Trichophyton species.Grateful thanks are extended to the Medical Research Council of Canada for financial support.  相似文献   

16.
K Luby-Phelps  K R Porter 《Cell》1982,29(2):441-450
The integumental pigment cells (erythrophores) of the squirrel fish, Holocentrus ascensionis, are specialized for rapid radial transport of the pigment granules contained within their cytoplasm. Pigment granules in isolated denervated erythrophores alternate spontaneously between a centrally aggregated state and a radially dispersed state. In the absence of external calcium, pigment aggregation does not occur spontaneously and cannot be induced by the aggregating agents epinephrine or high concentration of external K+. Pigment aggregation is also impaired in the presence of D600 or papaverine, compounds reported to antagonize calcium influx into the cell. Pigment aggregation can be induced by experimental elevation of the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+, with a Ca-EGTA buffer system in conjunction with ionophore A23187. The threshold concentration of Ca2+ required to produce this effect is 5 X 10(-6) M. These results suggest that cytoplasmic free Ca2+ is involved in mediating pigment aggregation and that some, if not all, the Ca2+ is supplied by influx from the extracellular space.  相似文献   

17.
Moore MN 《Autophagy》2008,4(2):254-256
This conceptual paper addresses the role of lysosomal autophagy in cellular defense against environmentally-induced oxidative stress using a marine mollusc (the blue mussel) as an experimental model. It is proposed that augmented autophagic removal of oxidatively damaged organelles and proteins provides a second level or tier of defense against oxidative stress. Age pigment or lipofuscin is a product of oxidative attack on proteins and lipids and can accumulate in lysosomes, where it may generate further reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit lysosomal function, resulting in autophagic failure. The previously observed protective role of augmented autophagy, induced by nutritional deprivation, against oxidative stress can be explained by this model, where autophagy boosts "cellular housekeeping" through enhanced removal of ROS-damaged proteins and organelles minimizing formation of potentially harmful stress/age pigment, and has been proposed as an anti-aging mechanism. Finally, the probable low level triggering of autophagy in mussels by fluctuating environmental regimes is considered as a potential protective mechanism that will contribute to resistance to environmentally induced oxidative stress. It is further conjectured that organisms making up functional ecological assemblages (communities) in fluctuating environments, where upregulation of autophagy should provide a selective advantage, may be pre-selected to be tolerant of pollutant-induced oxidative stress.  相似文献   

18.
The problem in diagnosis of keratoacanthoma versus squamous cell carcinoma has been reviewed, and 13 patients are presented to illustrate the difficulties in differentiating between these two lesions. If the pathologist is in doubt, the lesion should be called "probable keratoacanthoma, but squamous cell carcinoma cannot be ruled out." We should all be aware that even the most careful pathologist, using all the information and material available, may still erroneously diagnose a lesion as a benign keratoacanthoma--one which, if inadequately treated, may metastasize or recur as a squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to treat most keratoacanthomas by adequate removal and close follow-up.  相似文献   

19.
We report on the epidemiology of tattoo disease in a community of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus from the Sado estuary, Portugal. The presence of tattoos (T++) and tattoo-like (T+) lesions was examined in 586 photographic records of 35 dolphins taken from 1994 to 1997. Images were rated into 3 categories: good (GI), average (AI) and poor (PI). Dolphins positive for T++ lesions were observed in 19 GI. Dolphins with T+ lesions were seen in 39 GI, 23 AI and 6 PI. For statistical analysis the dolphins were divided into 2 age classes (immature and adult) and the data grouped into 2 periods (1994-1995 and 1996-1997). Minimum prevalence of T++ lesions in 32 dolphins was 21.9% in 1994-1995 and 15.6% in 1996-1997. Variation in prevalence of tattoo disease between the 2 age classes was examined for each period, excluding animals with T+ lesions or considering them either positive or negative for tattoos. Prevalence of the disease was significantly higher in immature dolphins than in adults during both periods, except in the first one when T+ lesions were considered as true tattoos. Temporal variation in prevalence of tattoo disease was examined in 23 adults. Prevalence was significantly higher in 1994-1995 (39.1%) than in 1996-1997 (17.4%). Differences in the number and quality of pictures did not cause significant biases that could have favoured the detection of lesions between age classes or periods. Minimal persistence of the disease ranged between 3 and 45.5 mo. The lesions converted into light grey marks when healing, but may recur. The presence of very large lesions in 2 adult dolphins affected for years may be related to the contamination of the estuary. The high prevalence of the disease, its long persistence, as well as higher frequency in immature individuals, suggest that it is endemic in bottlenose dolphins from the Sado estuary. The contribution of tattoo disease to the decline of this community should be investigated. Three of the 5 dolphins that died during this study had T++ and T+ lesions.  相似文献   

20.
SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma undulans , a purple-coloured ciliate protozoan, contains pigment granules in the ectoplasm. Treating the cells with 0.9% NaCl extruded the pigment into the medium without injury to the cells. The extrusion was instantaneous and with a single treatment about 35% of the total pigment oozed out. The pigment in the cells as well as in the saline extract was found to be associated with proteins and particulate fractions. The protozoa regenerated the pigment when transferred to culture fluid but not in dilute solution of saline, where they continued to live without regenerating the pigment. In addition to NaCl, sulphates of monovalent and divalent cations and calcium-binding agents induced the extrusion, which, however, was prevented by calcium in all cases. It is proposed that the removal of calcium from the outer membrane by chemicals disintegrates the pellicle and produces the extrusion, since a majority of the pigment granules are in the subpellicular layers of the cell.  相似文献   

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