干旱条件下小麦冠层温度及其性状的关联研究

通过对小麦冠层温度和有关性状的长期观测,发现自然界存在冠层温度持续偏低的小麦,在干旱条件下,它的叶片功能期、叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性等重要性状明显优于冠层温度持续偏高的小麦品种,且丙二醛(MDA)积累速度慢,在籽粒灌浆期表现尤为明显。冷型小麦表现出干旱胁迫下仍然具有代谢功能较好、活力旺盛和抗早衰能力较强的特征,这进一步拓展了冷型小麦的应用范围,对于加速适应于干旱条件的优良品种选育并将其推向生产具有十分重要的意义。     

不同温度型花生品种的抗衰老特性

以我国北方4个大花生品种为研究材料,于花生结荚期到收获,用红外测温仪对各品种的冠层温度进行连续观测,并测定了花生主茎功能叶片中叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛（MDA）含量及硝酸还原酶（NR）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果表明,不同品种花生冠层温度存在明显差异。冠层温度低的品种比冠层温度高的品种叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及NR、SOD和CAT活性明显偏高,而MDA含量明显偏低,且越往生育后期越明显,说明冠层温度低的品种比冠层温度高的品种生活力更旺盛,抵抗衰老能力更强。因此,冠层温度可作为花生抗衰老能力的一个重要指标,用于指导花生育种和栽培等生产实践。     

典型阔叶红松林主要树种叶性状的垂直变异及经济策略

分析不同树种叶片性状的变化有助于了解植物群落结构。该文通过对典型阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林15种阔叶树种的比叶质量、叶片厚度、叶干物质含量、叶绿素含量指数、叶片碳、氮、磷含量的测定, 分析了冠层高度对叶性状及叶性状间相关关系的影响。结果表明, 水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和大青杨(Populus ussuriensis)上层的比叶质量显著大于下层, 而其他树种冠层间的比叶质量无显著变化; 叶绿素含量指数在白桦(Betula platyphylla)和春榆(Ulmus japonica)冠层间的分布分别为上层显著大于下层和上层显著大于中层; 单位质量氮含量在水曲柳的中层显著大于上层。叶片性状间存在着广泛的相关性, 比叶质量与叶片厚度、干物质含量在三层间均呈显著正相关关系, 而有些性状, 只在一或二个冠层中存在一定的相关性。山杨(Populus davidiana)和大青杨的叶片倾向于选择光合能力较低、营养浓度较低、呼吸速率较慢的一端, 而黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)和山槐(Maackia amurensis)叶片更倾向于光合能力强、营养物质浓度高的一端。不同树种对光照响应的差异可能会改变不同冠层中叶片的形态和化学性状, 从而有助于群落构建和物种共存。     

小麦高密度遗传图谱构建及抗旱相关生理性状的遗传解析

生理调控是小麦应对干旱胁迫的主要途径,解析小麦抗旱相关生理性状的遗传基础,发掘利用分子标记将为小麦抗旱性的高效改良提供有力支撑。本研究以加倍单倍体(DH)群体(旱选10号×鲁麦14)的150个株系为材料,利用小麦660K SNP芯片及SSR标记构建高密度遗传图谱,解析不同水分环境下孕穗期及灌浆中期小麦冠层温度(CT)、叶绿素含量(SPAD value)和植被覆盖指数(NDVI)的遗传基础。遗传图谱覆盖小麦21条染色体,分为30个连锁群,总长度4082.44 c M,标记间平均距离为2.20 c M。共检测到抗旱相关生理性状QTL 86个,分布于除3D以外的20条染色体上。冠层温度、叶绿素含量和植被覆盖指数的QTL数目分别为30、40和34个;17个QTL具有一因多效性,其中4个QTL与冠层温度和植被覆盖指数相关,8个QTL与冠层温度和叶绿素含量相关,7个QTL与叶绿素含量和植被覆盖指数相关,位于4D染色体的QPT52与3种性状均相关。本研究为小麦抗旱基因挖掘及分子育种提供了参考信息和技术支撑。     

不同肥料处理对豫麦49小麦冠层结构与产量性状的影响

为探讨不同肥料处理对小麦冠层结构和产量性状的影响,采用随机区组试验设计和大田切片法,研究了豫麦49小麦品种在单施尿素、鸡粪和鸡粪与尿素配施等条件下小麦冠层结构特征、产量构成因素的变化,结果表明:施用鸡粪有利于增加旗叶的叶绿素含量(SPAD),提高群体光合有效辐射(PAR),增大小麦群体的平均叶倾角(MLA),降低群体的冠层开度(DIFN),提高小麦群体的叶面积指数(LAI)和籽粒产量.综合考虑小麦产量、经济系数等因素,3种肥料处理以鸡粪与尿素配施为最佳,配施处理的小麦冠层结构适宜、株型最佳、群体光分布合理.     

Vertical variation and economic strategy of leaf trait of major tree species in a typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest

分析不同树种叶片性状的变化有助于了解植物群落结构。该文通过对典型阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林15种阔叶树种的比叶质量、叶片厚度、叶干物质含量、叶绿素含量指数、叶片碳、氮、磷含量的测定, 分析了冠层高度对叶性状及叶性状间相关关系的影响。结果表明, 水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和大青杨(Populus ussuriensis)上层的比叶质量显著大于下层, 而其他树种冠层间的比叶质量无显著变化; 叶绿素含量指数在白桦(Betula platyphylla)和春榆(Ulmus japonica)冠层间的分布分别为上层显著大于下层和上层显著大于中层; 单位质量氮含量在水曲柳的中层显著大于上层。叶片性状间存在着广泛的相关性, 比叶质量与叶片厚度、干物质含量在三层间均呈显著正相关关系, 而有些性状, 只在一或二个冠层中存在一定的相关性。山杨(Populus davidiana)和大青杨的叶片倾向于选择光合能力较低、营养浓度较低、呼吸速率较慢的一端, 而黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)和山槐(Maackia amurensis)叶片更倾向于光合能力强、营养物质浓度高的一端。不同树种对光照响应的差异可能会改变不同冠层中叶片的形态和化学性状, 从而有助于群落构建和物种共存。     

不同肥力水平下糜子生长状况及农田小气候特征比较

以强抗旱品种陇糜8号和旱敏感品种晋糜4号为材料,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了旱地不同施肥水平下不同糜子品种开花期至成熟期生长状况、农田小气候特征和光合能力的差异.结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,增施肥料能够降低糜子群体内冠层温度、株间气温、土壤温度,减少漏光损失,增加株间相对湿度;整个籽粒灌浆期,随着肥力水平的提高,糜子株高、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)、旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度基本呈增加趋势,其中,以高肥处理下的各生长状况指标、光合特性指标最高,分别比不施肥处理高9.2%、15.1%、56.6%、17.8%、24.6%、14.2%、29.7%.与晋糜4号相比,陇糜8号群体内具有较高的植株高度、LAI和SPAD,较低的冠层温度、株间气温、土壤温度、株间光照度,较高的株间相对湿度,表现出冷湿的特点;各光合特性指标下降较慢,从而延长了叶片光合功能期,有利于制造出较多的光合产物.     

冠层温度多态性小麦的性状特征

冷型小麦的冠层温度 (体温 )和对照品种相比具有持续偏低 (或相当 )的特征 ,暖型小麦的冠层温度则具有持续偏高的特征。一般小麦材料和生产上使用的大多数品种与上述特征有异 ,其冠层温度突出地表现为多态性 ,即有的年份温度高低不一 ,有明显波动 ;有的年份温度持续偏低 ,似冷型小麦 ;有的年份温度持续偏高 ,似暖型小麦。与此类小麦的温度多态性相伴随 ,其它一些重要性状也有较明显的多态性表现 ,即在环境优良、环境指数较高时 ,它们的叶片功能期、蒸腾速率、净光合速率和籽粒饱满指数等重要性状趋向于代谢功能较好的冷型小麦 ;在环境恶劣、环境指数较低时 ,它们的上述性状则趋向于代谢功能较差的暖型小麦。这类小麦性状随环境条件的明显摆动构成了长期以来小麦产量不稳的生态生理基础。欲使小麦产量稳步上升 ,转换小麦温度型 ,逐步实现品种冷性化是条有希望的途径。     

作物冠层温度的研究进展

作物冠层温度是作物遗传特性和环境条件共同作用的结果,它不仅影响叶片的功能期、蒸腾速率和光合能力,也影响籽粒蛋白质含量和淀粉合成。作物花后特别是灌浆中后期的冠层温度对产量具有较大影响。本文概述了冠层温度对作物产量的影响机理和影响因素的研究进展,并指出优良基因型的选育和合理的栽培管理措施是降低冠层温度、提高产量的有效途径。     

基于地面观测光谱数据的冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量反演模型

冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量是反映其产量与品质的重要指标,构建高普适性、高精准性冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量高光谱反演模型对提高其监测效率具有重要意义。以不同地点、品种、年份、施氮水平、生育期的大田试验数据为基础,基于两波段光谱植被指数NDRE和550 nm光谱反射率组合构建一个三波段植被指数NEW-NDRE,并与11个传统冬小麦冠层叶片氮素光谱指数进行比较。结果表明: NEW-NDRE及传统植被指数中NDRE、NDDA、RI-1dB与冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量的相关性较好;其中,灌浆初期NEW-NDRE与冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量相关性最好,决定系数R²为0.9,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.4;经独立数据检验,以NEW-NDRE为变量建立的冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量反演模型的平均相对误差(RE)为9.3%,明显低于以NDRE、NDDA、RI-1dB为变量的模型RE。总体上,新构建的NEW-NDRE对冬小麦冠层叶片氮含量的模拟能力显著优于传统指数,减弱了试验条件的限制性,可为精准施肥提供新的技术支撑。     

Combining thermal and visible imagery for estimating canopy temperature and identifying plant stress

Thermal imaging is a potential tool for estimating plant temperature, which can be used as an indicator of stomatal closure and water deficit stress. In this study, a new method for processing and analysing thermal images was developed. By using remote sensing software, the information from thermal and visible images was combined, the images were classified to identify leaf area and sunlit and shaded parts of the canopy, and the temperature statistics for specific canopy components were calculated. The method was applied to data from a greenhouse water-stress experiment of Vicia faba L. and to field data for Vitis vinifera L. Vaseline-covered and water-sprayed plants were used as dry and wet references, respectively, and two thermal indices, based on temperature differences between the canopy and reference surfaces, were calculated for single Vicia faba plants. The thermal indices were compared with measured stomatal conductance. The temperature distributions of sunlit and shaded leaf area of Vitis vinifera canopies from natural rainfall and irrigation treatments were compared. The present method provides two major improvements compared with earlier methods for calculating thermal indices. First, it allows more accurate estimation of the indices, which are consequently more closely related to stomatal conductance. Second, it gives more accurate estimates of the temperature distribution of the shaded and sunlit parts of canopy, and, unlike the earlier methods, makes it possible to quantify the relationship between temperature variation and stomatal conductance.     

Shedding light on shade: ecological perspectives of understorey plant life

Shade, in ecological sense, is not merely a lack of light, but a multi-faceted phenomenon that creates new and complex settings for community and ecosystem dynamics. Tolerating shade therefore affects plants’ ability to cope with other stressors, and also shape its interactions with surrounding organisms. The aim of this broad review was to map our current knowledge about how shade affects plants, plant communities and ecosystems – to gather together knowledge of what we know, but also to point out what we do not yet know. This review covers the following topics: the nature of shade, and ecological and physiological complexities related to growing under a canopy; plants’ capability of tolerating other stress factors while living under a shade – resource trade-offs and polytolerance of abiotic stress; ontogenetic effects of shade tolerance; coexistence patterns under the canopy – how shade determines the forest structure and diversity; shade-induced abiotic dynamics in understorey vegetation, including changing patterns of irradiance, temperature and humidity under the canopy; shade-driven plant–plant and plant–animal interactions – how shade mediates facilitation and stress, and how it creates differentiated environment for different herbivores and pollinators, including the role of volatile organic compounds. We also discuss the ways how vegetation in understorey environments will be affected by climate change, as shade might play a significant role in mitigating negative effects of climate change. Our review shows that living under a shade affects biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of plants, it also influences the outcomes of both symbiotic and competitive plant–plant and plant–animal interactions in a complex and dynamic manner. The current knowledge of shade-related mechanisms is rather ample, however there is much room for progress in integrating different implications of the multifaceted nature of shade into consistent and integral understanding how communities and ecosystems function.     

Some physiological and morphological characteristics of citrus plants for drought resistance

Tolerance and avoidance mechanisms to drought stress were studied in 6-month-old plants of Newhall orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and Ellendale tangor (orange × mandarin hybrid) (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck × Citrus reticulata Blanco) during a drought/rewatering cycle under controlled conditions. Drought stress did not promote osmotic adjustment, while elastic adjustment (tissue elasticity increase) was noted in stressed orange and tangor plants. Both citrus plants showed a parallel decrease in leaf conductance (g₁) and leaf water potential (Ψ₁) under water stress. Tangor plants had a more efficient water conservative strategy than orange, based on the characteristics of canopy architecture (lower canopy area and a more closed canopy with leaves nearly vertically oriented) together with a significant decrease in cuticular transpiration rates (TRc) under stress.     

植物气孔扩散传导率的研究

本文对生长在可控环境温室中的花生气孔扩散传导率进行了实验研究,揭示了单个植株之间、上下表面之间、叶片不同部位以及冠层垂直方向上气孔扩散传导率的变异性。同时以气孔扩散传导率与环境条件的测定值为基础,对传导率对环境因子的反应进行了分析,植株顶部叶片气孔扩散传导率与太阳总辐射和空气饱和差有关系;冠层传导率与冠层截留辐射和空气饱和差有相关关系。     

The physiological characteristics of the low canopy temperature wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) genotypes under simulated drought condition

Crop canopy temperature reflects the interactions among plants, soil and atmosphere. Through a long-term investigation into physiological characteristics of different canopy temperature wheat, it is found that some wheat exist a high canopy temperature while others a low one, which was closely correlated with their corresponding performance. Under simulated drought conditions, the physiological aspects of different canopy temperature wheat, such as leaf functional duration, chlorophyll content, activities of superoxide dismutase, protein content, transpiration rate, net photosynthesis rate, etc., were investigated, the result showed that wheat with low canopy temperature could maintain superiority to wheat with high canopy temperature in those physiological traits. Therefore, the low canopy temperature in wheat could be used as an index to evaluate physiological capacities of wheat under drought conditions and also as a useful marker for wheat breeding for drought tolerance.     

Estimating evapotranspiration and drought stress with ground-based thermal remote sensing in agriculture: a review

As evaporation of water is an energy-demanding process, increasing evapotranspiration rates decrease the surface temperature (T(s)) of leaves and plants. Based on this principle, ground-based thermal remote sensing has become one of the most important methods for estimating evapotranspiration and drought stress and for irrigation. This paper reviews its application in agriculture. The review consists of four parts. First, the basics of thermal remote sensing are briefly reviewed. Second, the theoretical relation between T(s) and the sensible and latent heat flux is elaborated. A modelling approach was used to evaluate the effect of weather conditions and leaf or vegetation properties on leaf and canopy temperature. T(s) increases with increasing air temperature and incoming radiation and with decreasing wind speed and relative humidity. At the leaf level, the leaf angle and leaf dimension have a large influence on T(s); at the vegetation level, T(s) is strongly impacted by the roughness length; hence, by canopy height and structure. In the third part, an overview of the different ground-based thermal remote sensing techniques and approaches used to estimate drought stress or evapotranspiration in agriculture is provided. Among other methods, stress time, stress degree day, crop water stress index (CWSI), and stomatal conductance index are discussed. The theoretical models are used to evaluate the performance and sensitivity of the most important methods, corroborating the literature data. In the fourth and final part, a critical view on the future and remaining challenges of ground-based thermal remote sensing is presented.     

3D lidar imaging for detecting and understanding plant responses and canopy structure

Understanding and diagnosing plant responses to stress will benefit greatly from three-dimensional (3D) measurement and analysis of plant properties because plant responses are strongly related to their 3D structures. Light detection and ranging (lidar) has recently emerged as a powerful tool for direct 3D measurement of plant structure. Here the use of 3D lidar imaging to estimate plant properties such as canopy height, canopy structure, carbon stock, and species is demonstrated, and plant growth and shape responses are assessed by reviewing the development of lidar systems and their applications from the leaf level to canopy remote sensing. In addition, the recent creation of accurate 3D lidar images combined with natural colour, chlorophyll fluorescence, photochemical reflectance index, and leaf temperature images is demonstrated, thereby providing information on responses of pigments, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal opening, and shape to environmental stresses; these data can be integrated with 3D images of the plants using computer graphics techniques. Future lidar applications that provide more accurate dynamic estimation of various plant properties should improve our understanding of plant responses to stress and of interactions between plants and their environment. Moreover, combining 3D lidar with other passive and active imaging techniques will potentially improve the accuracy of airborne and satellite remote sensing, and make it possible to analyse 3D information on ecophysiological responses and levels of various substances in agricultural and ecological applications and in observations of the global biosphere.     

红树植物功能性状对盐和铜胁迫的响应

目前,室内通过人工控制方式开展红树林对环境胁迫的响应研究,忽视了不同红树植物物种的生长习性,且以单一胁迫为主。通过野外生长与人工控制相结合方式,研究5个时期(2018.6-2020.8)盐和铜胁迫对3种红树植物(秋茄、拉关木和木榄)11种功能性状的影响,使用单因素和双因素方差分析研究不同时期不同树种下盐和铜胁迫对叶片功能性状的影响,回答红树植物功能性状对盐和铜单一及复合胁迫响应的科学问题。结果表明,不同时期下,三种红树植物功能性状具有明显差异。随着时间增长,三种植物的碳含量和冠层高度均呈升高趋势,其他功能性状因物种不同而表现出不同趋势;与乡土红树植物(秋茄和木榄)相比,外来入侵物种(拉关木)具有更快的生长速度。不同时期下,拉关木比秋茄和木榄具有更好耐盐性,三个物种的植物生长发育对铜胁迫的响应均不敏感。大部分时期下,单一盐胁迫对拉关木的植物功能性状无显著影响(P < 0.05),对秋茄和木榄的碳含量、冠层高度和比叶面积有显著影响(P < 0.05);单一铜胁迫对三个物种的绝大多数功能性状无显著影响。另外,盐-铜复合胁迫对秋茄叶片碳、磷、氮磷比及冠层高度有显著影响(P < 0.05),对拉关木叶片碳、铜含量、冠层高度、比叶面积有显著影响(P < 0.05),仅对木榄SPAD值有显著影响(P < 0.05)。在红树林保护修复工作中,研究成果可为红树林退化原因和机理阐释、红树林生长监测评估、生境治理以及树种选择提供一定的理论依据。     

盐胁迫下不同基因型冬小麦渗透及离子的毒害效应

以4种不同基因型冬小麦为试验材料,利用分根法研究了盐胁迫对小麦的渗透胁迫和离子毒害的效应。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,小麦既受渗透胁迫,也受盐离子胁迫。渗透胁迫效应比较快,大约在处理后1-2d内发生;离子毒害效应比较缓慢,大约需3-4d时间。在一半盐胁迫(200mmol/L NaCl)和一半非盐胁迫的分根条件下,小麦没有明显的渗透胁迫效应,小麦植株地上部Na⁺ 累积到毒性水平之前盐处理对小麦生长无抑制效应。小麦具有将Na⁺ 从盐胁迫一侧转移非盐一侧的能力,说明小麦吸收的Na⁺ 有一部分可以从地上部回流到根系中,回流率可达76%-89%。无水分胁迫(不加入PEG)的回流率大于水分胁迫(加入PEG)的回流率。不同基因型小麦在盐分吸收累积和回流,及渗透和离子胁迫的速度和程度等方面具有明显差异。NR 9405和小偃6号的Na⁺ 累积速度要少于陕229和RB 6;NR 9405根系排Na⁺ 能力强于陕229和RB 6。因此,NR 9405和小偃6号的耐盐性高于陕229和RB 6。