Studies on the nature of relationships between grain size,spikelet number,grain yield and spikelet filling in late duration varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Studies on the nature of relationship between grain size (in terms of thousand grain weight), grain number, rate of filling and yield have been worked out with late duration (140–150 days) rice varieties. Grain number per m², grains per panicle and yield showed a negative relationship with grain size. There was no compensatory balance between grain size and grain number within a range of thousand grain weight of 15 to 30 g. Based on the peaks in grain filling activity, the varieties were classified into four groups. There was no relationship between grain size and rate of grain filling thereby suggesting that grain filling is determined by inherent endogenous factors.     

不同环境下水稻谷粒重发育的杂种优势和遗传相关性分析

选用9个不同类型的水稻品种(系),按双列杂交设计(6×5)配成两套亲本和F12个世代的遗传材料,采用数量性状的加性、显性遗传模型、发育遗传模型比较分析了水稻谷粒重发育的杂种优势和遗传相关性。结果表明,早季在谷粒充实前期(1～12d)群体平均优势较小,中后期(13～28d)正向优势趋于明显,在谷粒充实的全过程均表现较小的负向群体超亲优势;晚季则在谷粒充实前中期(1～18d)表现正向群体平均优势。后期(19～28d)优势不明显,在谷粒充实前期(1～12d)表现正向群体超亲优势,之后转为明显的负向群体超亲优势,表明晚季谷粒发育的杂种优势表现较之早季更有利于提高籽粒充实质量,不同发育时期谷粒重之间以及与最终谷粒重之间的遗传相关分析表明,早季以显性相关为主,晚季以加性相关为主,随着发育进程的推进,相关趋于密切。     

关于玉米粒重的研究

玉米粒重由库容大小和库充实度决定,两者受籽粒和植株体内同化物供应和激素代谢水平的影响.在综述了粒重形成过程,介绍了各种环境因子(温度、水分、光照等)和栽培措施(营养元素、植物生长调节剂等)对库容建成和库充实度的影响的同时,分析了控制粒重增加的生理原因.     

水稻不同基因型耐低氮能力差异评价

以水稻单株谷重及其氮素反应指数作为耐低氮能力指标,分析不同施氮水平下水稻种质资源的耐低氮能力以及单株谷重及其氮素反应指数与其他农艺性状的相关关系。结果表明,水稻种质资源的耐低氮能力在不同施氮水平间均有较大差异,多数农艺性状的表型差异顺序为未施氮〉施低氮〉普通施氮;不同施氮水平间单株谷重、单株草重和穗数的差异大于其他农艺性状。在不同施氮水平下,单株谷重与单株草重均呈极显著正相关;单株谷重的氮素反应指数与单株谷重、单株草重和谷草比均呈极显著正相关。在未施氮水平下,单株谷重与株高、穗数、穗粒数和单株草重的相关性以及单株谷重的氮素反应指数与穗数、单株谷重、单株草重和谷草比的相关性比施低氮或普通施氮水平更为密切。花峰稻、中作9059、旱稻9号、旱稻502和IRAT359等种质资源表现较迟钝的氮素反应,具有较强的耐低氮能力。     

结实期水分胁迫对不同氮肥水平下水稻产量及其品质的影响

以生产上广泛使用的3个水稻品种为材料,研究了结实期适度水分胁迫对不同氮肥水平下稻米产量及其品质的影响.结果表明,正常施氮水平下,水分胁迫使3个品种籽粒产量降低11.6%～14.7%,虽整精米率有所提高,但垩白度却显著增加(18.7%～33.1%),外观品质变劣;而高氮水平下,水分胁迫处理的产量增加18.8%～22.2%,垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低15.3%～37.2%和13.7%～29.9%,外观品质变优.稻米RVA谱特征值和米饭质地也明显受到结实期土壤水分和施氮水平的影响.正常施氮水平下,水分胁迫处理的最高粘度和崩解值(扬稻6号除外)要低于水层灌溉处理,而其消减值却明显高于水层灌溉处理,水分胁迫使得正常施氮处理的米饭口感较硬,弹性较差,粘性降低,且咀嚼有渣感.而高氮水平下,水分胁迫利于米粉糊化过程中早期粘度的上升,最高粘度增加,崩解值也明显高于水层灌溉,消减值却明显减小,米饭的硬性和凝聚性减小,松弛性和粘附性增大,米饭质地有变优的趋势.     

冬小麦三种粒重性状的遗传研究

采用Griffing方法Ⅰ,利用6×6完全双列杂交,对冬小麦单株粒重、单穗粒重和千粒重三个性状的配合力、基因效应及遗传组成进行了研究,结果表明这三种粒重性状的遗传同时受基因加性效应、非加性效应和母体效应的共同作用;千粒重、株粒重、穗粒重的狭义遗传力分别为72%、63%和45%,前两个性状以基因加性效应为主,后一性状基因加性、显性效应相当;细胞质作用对千粒重影响较小,株粒重和穗粒重则存在明显的核质互作.     

Phytohormones and rice crop yield: strategies and opportunities for genetic improvement

To feed an estimated world population of 8.9 billion by 2050, strategies for increasing grain production must be developed. Several agronomically important traits for increasing yield, such as plant height, grain number, and leaf erectness, have recently been characterized in rice (Oryza sativa L.). These traits are regulated primarily by three phytohormones: gibberellins, cytokinins, and brassinosteroids. The control of biosynthesis and degradation of these key phytohormones is discussed in terms of its importance for normal plant growth. Genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of these phytohormones can be used to develop effective strategies to increase grain yield. Genetic manipulation of phytohormone-related gene expression is thus a practical strategy to generate high-yielding transgenic plants through the modification of levels and profile of endogenous phytohormones.     

重复DNA顺序pRRD9在稻属中的拷贝数测定

本文应用狭缝印渍杂交方法,把水稻基因组总DNA和含水稻中度重复顺序片段的质粒(pRRD9)DNA分别转移到尼龙膜上形成狭缝印渍、然后用³²P标记的 pRRD9插入片段进行杂交、根据各狭缝印渍的放射性强度,测定水稻(Oryza)一些栽培种和野生种基因组中重复DNA顺序的拷贝数,并就拷贝数与水稻进化关系及基因组型的联系进行讨论.     

优质早籼新品种农大228耐高温逼熟生理基础研究初探

灌浆期耐热性不同的早籼品种在细胞膜热稳定性及籽粒灌浆特性上存在明显差异.50℃热致死时间所表达的细胞膜热稳定性可以很好地反映出不同水稻品种灌浆期耐热性的强弱,农大228具有较好的细胞膜质量,是其耐高温逼熟的物质基础.农大228籽粒灌浆速率高而且灌浆期间变幅平稳,灌浆持续期较短是其耐高温逼熟的生理机制之一.     

宁夏富铁水稻种质资源筛选及籽粒铁的质量分数与粒形相关性分析

测定102份宁夏水稻种质资源（23份宁夏本地品种和79份外引品种）籽粒铁的质量分数,分析不同品种籽粒铁的质量分数间的差异及其与粒形性状的相关性,并对水稻籽粒铁的质量分数进行遗传分析。结果表明,宁夏水稻种质资源籽粒铁的质量分数为7.75～80.93 mg/kg,平均值为15.25 mg/kg,标准差为8.34,变异系数为54.69%。鉴定筛选出矮血糯、宁农黑粳和长粒5号3个富铁水稻种质资源;水稻籽粒铁的质量分数与粒长呈极显著正相关,与粒厚呈极显著负相关,与长宽比呈显著正相关,而与粒宽和千粒质量的相关性不显著。对宁农黑粳/京香1号杂交组合的292个F₂单株籽粒铁的质量分数进行频率分析,发现其籽粒铁的质量分数整体分布呈趋于单峰的偏正态分布,说明水稻籽粒铁的质量分数是受多基因控制的数量性状遗传。     

重复DNA顺序pRRD9在稻属中的拷贝数测定

本文应用狭缝印渍杂交方法,把水稻基因组总DNA和含水稻中度重复顺序片段的质粒(pRRD9)DNA分别转移到尼龙膜上形成狭缝印渍、然后用~(32)P标记的 pRRD9插入片段进行杂交、根据各狭缝印渍的放射性强度,测定水稻(Oryza)一些栽培种和野生种基因组中重复DNA顺序的拷贝数,并就拷贝数与水稻进化关系及基因组型的联系进行讨论.     

A Pyramid Breeding of Eight Grain-yield Related Quantitative Trait Loci Based on Marker-assistant and Phenotype Selection in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

1000-Grain weight and spikelet number per panicle are two important components for rice grain yield.In our previous study,eight quantitative trait loci(QTLs)conferring spikelet number per panicle and 1000-grain weight were mapped through sequencing-based genotyping of 150 rice recombinant inbred lines(RILs).In this study,we validated the effects of four QTLs from Nipponbare using chromosome segment substitution lines(CSSLs),and pyramided eight grain yield related QTLs.The new lines containing the eight QTLs with positive effects showed increased panicle and spikelet size as compared with the parent variety 93-11.We further proposed a novel pyramid breeding scheme based on marker-assistant and phenotype selection(MAPS).This scheme allowed pyramiding of as many as 24 QTLs at a single hybridization without massive cross work.This study provided insights into the molecular basis of rice grain yield for direct wealth for high-yielding rice breeding.     

Dissecting the Genetic Basis of Extremely Large Grain Shape in Rice Cultivar ＇JZ1560＇

Rice grain shape,grain length(GL),width(GW),thickness(GT)and length-to-width ratio(LWR),are usually controlled by multiple quantitative trait locus(QTL).To elucidate the genetic basis of extremely large grain shape,QTL analysis was performed using an F2 population derived from a cross between a japonica cultivar ’JZ1560’(extremely large grain)and a contrasting indica cultivar ’FAZ1’(small grain).A total number of 24 QTLs were detected on seven different chromosomes.QTLs for GL,GW,GT and LWR explained 11.6%,95.62%,91.5%and 89.9%of total phenotypic variation,respectively.Many QTLs pleiotropically controlled different grain traits,contributing complex traits correlation.GW2 and qSW5/GW5,which have been cloned previously to control GW,showed similar chromosomal locations with qGW2-I/qGT2-I/qLWR2-2 and qGW5-2/qLWR5-l and should be the right candidate genes.Plants pyramiding GW2 and qSW5/GW5 showed a significant increase in GW compared with those carrying one of the two major QTLs.Furthermore,no significant QTL interaction was observed between GW2 and qSW5/GW5.These results suggested that GW2 and qSW5/GW5 might work in independent pathways to regulate grain traits.’JZ1560’ alleles underlying all QTLs contributed an increase in GW and GT and the accumulation of additive effects generates the extremely large grain shape in ’JZ1560’.     

水稻DH群体籽粒充实度的QTL定位

籽粒充实度较差是当前水稻亚种间杂种优势利用中所面临的最大障碍之一。研究采用籼粳交(圭630×02428)来源的DH群体对水稻籽粒充实度进行QTL分析,检测到1个主效应QTL(qGP-7),该QTL位于第7染色体RZ978～RG404a～RG404c区间的大约26cM的染色体区段上,对籽粒充实度的贡献率为10%～15%。发现了2对\"加性×加性\"效应的互作QTL,对籽粒充实度的贡献率皆为20%左右,表明QTL的上位性是控制籽粒充实度的重要遗传基础之一。还对亚种间杂交稻育种中\"以饱攻饱\"的亲本选配策略作了讨论。     

水稻半矮生基因sd－1的遗传性状表现──Ⅳ．半矮生性与大粒性的结合

为克服水稻半矮生基因ｓｄ－１减小粒重的副作用,培育了半矮生粳稻型大粒品种。本研究用具有大粒基因ｌｋ－ｆ的高秆品种房吉和具有半矮生基因ｓｄ－１系统ＳＣ－ＴＮ１的杂种进行了鉴定分析。结果表明,选育的半矮生系统的千位重均较ＳＣ－ＴＮ１有所提高,并出现了千粒重３０克以上的系统。亲子代的相关分析表明,粒长间有高度的正相关。充分说明,ｓｄ－１的半矮生性和大粒性的结合是可能的。因此指出,通过选择适当的大粒种质资源与ｓｄ－１基因组合,使半矮生性的抗倒伏和大粒的丰产性一体化,可以培育成丰产性更高的粳稻品种。     

AlA对冬小麦不同粒位籽粒灌浆影响的动态模拟及特征分析

以百农矮抗58为材料,采用大田试验的方法,研究了在始穗期喷施不同浓度(10mg/L、30 mg、50 mg/L)的5-氨基乙酰戊酸(5-Aminolevulinic acid,ALA)对冬小麦不同粒位籽粒灌浆特性的影响.应用Richards方程对10～50 mg/L ALA处理下冬小麦3个粒位(第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ粒位)的籽粒灌浆过程进行了模拟.建立在Richards方程基础上的籽粒生长分析显示:与对照相比,10～50 mg/L ALA处理使第Ⅰ和第Ⅲ粒位的千粒重分别增加了1.3～2.4g、3.4～4.7,较对照差异显著,第Ⅱ粒位的粒重与对照差异不显著;10～50 mg/L ALA处理使冬小麦3个粒位籽粒的平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率增大,灌浆活跃持续期延长,到达最大灌浆速率的时间提前.阶段灌浆特征参数的比较表明,在籽粒灌浆的渐增期,10～50 mg/L ALA处理使冬小麦3个粒位籽粒的平均灌浆速率增加,灌浆持续期缩短;在籽粒灌浆的快增期,使3个粒位籽粒的平均灌浆速率增加,灌浆持续期延长.在籽粒灌浆的缓增期,使强势粒(第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ粒位)的平均灌浆速率减小,灌浆持续期延长,但使弱势粒(第Ⅲ粒位)的平均灌浆速率增加,灌浆持续期延长.表明在灌浆的前期和中期,10～50 mg/L ALA处理可促进各粒位籽粒提早启动灌浆,并提高其灌浆速率,在灌浆后期减弱了强势粒对弱势粒籽粒灌浆充实的优势,从而有利于弱势粒的灌浆充实.从总体上讲,10～50 mg/L ALA对弱势粒(第Ⅲ粒位)粒重的影响程度大于强势粒(第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ粒位),其中30 mg/L ALA促进籽粒增重的效果最明显.