听觉选择性注意的可塑性及其神经机制研究

本文旨在研究音乐训练是否能增强基于音高和空间位置的听觉选择性注意力,以及音乐训练对听觉可塑性的神经机制.听觉感知实验中,受试者根据音高差异或空间位置差异,选择两个同时播放的数字之一.听觉认知实验在安静和噪声环境中播放频率分辨率不同的复合音,记录受试者听觉脑干频率跟随响应(frequency-following responses,FFRs).本文提出分析FFR的四种方法,即包络相关频率跟随响应(envelope-related frequency-following response,FFRENV)的短时锁相值、瞬时相位差极性图、相位差均值矢量以及时间细节结构相关频率跟随响应(temporal-fine-structure-related frequency-following response,FFRTFS)的幅度谱信噪比.实验结果表明,在完成基于音高的任务时,受过音乐训练的受试者准确率更高、反应时间更短.外界噪声不影响两组人群在基频(fundamental frequency,F0)的神经元锁相能力,但是显著降低了谐波处的神经元锁相能力.受过音乐训练的受试者的神经元在基频处的锁相能力和谐波处抗噪能力均增强,且其FFRTFS幅度谱信噪比与基于音高的行为学准确率呈正相关.因此,受过音乐训练的受试者其音高选择性注意感知能力的提高取决于认知神经能力的增强,经过音乐训练后,F0处FFRENV的锁相能力、谐波处FFRTFS的抗噪和持续锁相能力以及谐波处FFRTFS幅度谱信噪比均明显增强.音乐训练对听觉选择性注意具有显著的可塑性.     

社会性注意的特异性认知神经机制

社会性注意对人类的社会交往甚至是生存发展都有至关重要的作用.近年来,研究者利用心理物理学实验范式(中央线索范式的变式)结合脑功能成像技术(ERP、f MRI、MEG等)以及神经心理学方法(脑损伤病人),系统探究了社会性注意在认知神经机制方面的特异性.社会线索(眼睛注视、头部朝向、生物运动行走方向)均能诱发独特的反射性注意定向效应,并且该注意效应在行为和神经层面上区别于非社会线索(箭头)诱发的注意效应.然而也有研究者对此提出质疑,因此有关社会性注意是否特异于非社会性注意仍然存在争议,有待进一步研究.社会性注意特异性认知神经机制的相关研究一方面能够为人类大脑中是否存在一个专门的\"社会性注意探测器\"提供证据,另一方面也为社会性注意在自闭症的早期诊断与干预中的应用提供实验依据,具有重要的理论意义和社会应用价值.     

选择性注意的统一模型

根据ＰＥＴ、ＥＲＰ和心理学实验的事实,提出选择性注意的统一模型。在统一模型,把探照灯模型和偏置竞争模型和特点结合起来,既包括竞争机制,又包括增强机制。     

上下视野空间选择性注意的ERP研究

该文主要研究上、下视野空间选择性注意早期所诱发的ＥＲＰ反应,探讨注意上、下视野视觉信息处理的特征与差别。１０名被试的主要实验果为：１）对上、下视野的选择注意产生类似于注意左、右视野时Ｐ１、Ｎ１,Ｐ２的相对增强;２）偶极子定位显示,上、下视野刺激的早期注意反应（Ｐ１）以交叉方式投射到枕区,即下视野刺激的注意反应偏向枕区的背侧,而上视野刺激的注意反应偏向枕区的腹侧;３）上下视野的早期注意反应（Ｐ１）具     

时间认知的年老化及其神经机制

时间认知功能的增龄性衰退表现得较晚,主要在高龄老年人中表现出时间认知功能的衰退.随着年龄的增长,老年人内部时钟的速率变慢,变异增大.注意及记忆功能随年龄增长而衰退,这些一般认知功能的改变影响老年人的时间认知功能.正常的时间认知功能依赖于\"核心-背景\"时间加工脑网络结构和功能的完好,这些脑区或功能通路的障碍会导致时间认知功能的损伤.老年人在一定的年龄范围内,可以通过认知补偿策略保持相对完好的时间认知功能.     

参考电极与视觉空间选择性注意ERP的研究

在平均参考和无穷远点参考情况下,对左右视野空间选择性注意的ERP反应进行了研究。其中无穷远点参考是通过一种基于等效分布源理论建立的参考电极校正技术处理后得到的。结果表明,两种参考电极一致地在选择性注意中P1,N1的相对增强反应,但也略有差异,其中以无穷远点为参考的结果中,PI的相对增强更加明显,P2能较好地同时出现在注意与非注意两种条件下。     

视觉选择性注意的神经机制

大脑信息加工容量的有限性使得个体每时每刻均只能选择少部分信息输入进行有效加工,这主要源于注意选择,即选择性注意。选择性注意是指个体对复杂外部环境中的少量信息进行优先加工的认知过程。关于选择性注意的研究存在两个核心问题:一是注意选择的是什么?根据注意选择的目标或对象,选择性注意可分为基于空间、特征和客体的注意。二是注意选择如何产生?根据注意选择产生的方向,选择性注意可分为自上而下和自下而上注意。本文围绕上述两个核心问题,系统地探讨视觉选择性注意的神经机制。     

情绪调节时间知觉的作用方式及认知神经机制

人类的时间知觉会受到情绪的调节发生主观扭曲,这种调节可以通过情绪的体验与预期来实现.本文区分了体验性情绪和预期性情绪调节时间知觉的作用方式和认知机制,基于标量计时理论,提出了在不同加工阶段情绪调节时间知觉的认知理论模型,并梳理了情绪调节时间知觉的神经生理学基础和脑机制方面的证据.未来研究需更关注预期性情绪对时间知觉的调节作用,考察注意、唤醒和效价等因素的交互影响,并进一步探究情绪调节时间知觉的神经机制.     

选择性注意对无意识加工的调节作用及潜在机制

意识和无意识经常被看作是动态转换的一体两面,理解意识与无意识相互转换的认知神经机制是当今科学的重大挑战。注意在这个转换过程中发挥关键作用。但是,过往研究主要关注注意对意识的影响,而注意对无意识过程的影响长久以来被忽略了。一个曾比较流行的观点认为无意识加工过程是自动化的,不受注意的调节。然而,该观点近来被逐渐抛弃。在视觉传递通路中,注意可以调节源眼信息、朝向信息的无意识加工过程;在语义系统中,注意能自上而下地增强目标关联性强的,并抑制目标关联性弱的无意识语义过程;在情绪系统中,除了目标关联性之外,由注意负荷操纵的注意供给水平也能调节意识下的情绪加工过程。这些研究有助于更充分理解注意与意识的关系。综合来看,注意既可能是产生意识的必要条件,也可能是（某些）无意识加工的必要条件。未来应深入研究注意调节无意识过程的认知和神经机制,尤其是这些机制在不同注意类型和不同感觉通道间的共性和个性。     

视觉注意与神经振荡

人脑每时每刻都要接收大量视觉信息,由于人脑加工信息的能力有限,所以在较大视野内将注意分配给相关信息,同时抑制引起注意分散的不相关信息,对执行目标导向的行为至关重要。这种对视觉信息的选择性和主动性加工以适应当前目标的过程被称作视觉注意（visual attention）,且视觉注意可分为自上而下的注意与自下而上的注意两种不同功能。由于来自大脑电信号的神经振荡活动在认知加工中发挥重要作用,已有研究综述了视觉注意与神经振荡（neural oscillation）的密切关系,但并未涉及不同的注意功能与神经振荡的关系。本文系统性调查了不同注意功能与神经振荡的关系,发现额-顶区域的theta频带振荡活动反映了自上而下的认知控制,而后部脑区的theta振荡与自下而上的注意相关。顶-枕区域alpha振荡的偏侧化有助于注意分配,而alpha频带的大规模同步促成了注意对视皮层自上而下的影响。Beta振荡介导了自上而下的信息与自下而上的信息之间的互动,作为信息载体促进了视觉信息处理。Gamma振荡则可能与自上而下和自下而上的注意间整合相关。本文就视觉注意功能与神经振荡关系的研究现状展开综述,旨在揭示不同的神经振荡活动在特定的视觉注意功能中的作用。     

急性运动对伴随负变化的影响

目的和方法：观察１２名男性大学生急性运动后伴随负变化（ＣＮＶ）的改变。结果：运动后１５ｍｉｎ时期待波的峰幅度及面积明显降低,４５ｍｉｎ时有所恢复;ＣＮＶ的运动反应－ＰＩＮＶ的峰幅度及面积亦明显降低,运动后４５ｍｉｎ时仍明显低于运动前。结论：运动后大脑皮质出现了一过性的抑制,大脑觉醒状态、稳定性及注意、警觉的程度降低;同时皮质运动中枢也受到抑制,并且这种抑制恢复较慢。这些改变可能是机体疲劳的标志。     

On the pathophysiology of migraine--links for "empirically based treatment" with neurofeedback

Psychophysiological data support the concept that migraine is the result of cortical hypersensitivity, hyperactivity, and a lack of habituation. There is evidence that this is a brain-stem related information processing dysfunction. This cortical activity reflects a periodicity between 2 migraine attacks and it may be due to endogenous or exogenous factors. In the few days preceding the next attack slow cortical potentials are highest and habituation delay experimentally recorded during contingent negative variation is at a maximum. These striking features of slow cortical potentials are predictors of the next attack. The pronounced negativity can be fed back to the patient. The data support the hypothesis that a change in amplitudes of slow cortical potentials is caused by altered habituation during the recording session. This kind of neurofeedback can be characterized as empirically based because it improves habituation and it proves to be clinically efficient.     

Reliability and Stability of Contingent Negative Variation

Reliability parameters of a test indicate the stability (and quality) of the test itself. Reliability coefficients greater than 0.70 suggest an attribute as being sufficiently stable over time to be characterized as a trait. Reliability parameters of contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitudes in 27 healthy individuals were determined using a test-retest design. CNV was recorded at Cz, with an interstimulus interval of 3 s, on 2 separate occasions: initial session and 10 days later. Correlation coefficients between the 2 recording sessions were 0.675 for the total-CNV (tCNV), 0.855 for the early component (iCNV), 0.631 for the late component (lCNV), and 0.420 for the post-imperative negative variation (PINV). Statistical retest parameters for Spearman Brown were 0.806 for tCNV, 0.922 for iCNV, 0.774 for lCNV, and 0.655 for PINV. The iCNV, more than the other parameters, remained stable over the period of 10 days. It is suggested that the described standardized CNV recording procedure ensures reproducible and stable results in healthy subjects.     

Temporal expectancy in the context of a theory of visual attention

Temporal expectation is expectation with respect to the timing of an event such as the appearance of a certain stimulus. In this paper, temporal expectancy is investigated in the context of the theory of visual attention (TVA), and we begin by summarizing the foundations of this theoretical framework. Next, we present a parametric experiment exploring the effects of temporal expectation on perceptual processing speed in cued single-stimulus letter recognition with unspeeded motor responses. The length of the cue–stimulus foreperiod was exponentially distributed with one of six hazard rates varying between blocks. We hypothesized that this manipulation would result in a distinct temporal expectation in each hazard rate condition. Stimulus exposures were varied such that both the temporal threshold of conscious perception (t₀ ms) and the perceptual processing speed (v letters s⁻¹) could be estimated using TVA. We found that the temporal threshold t₀ was unaffected by temporal expectation, but the perceptual processing speed v was a strikingly linear function of the logarithm of the hazard rate of the stimulus presentation. We argue that the effects on the v values were generated by changes in perceptual biases, suggesting that our perceptual biases are directly related to our temporal expectations.     

APOBEC3基因拷贝数变异与乳腺癌易感性的关联

为了探讨APOBEC3基因缺失拷贝数变异的多态性与汉族女性乳腺癌易感性的关联性,本研究应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性多态性内切酶技术检测281例乳腺癌和292例正常对照组。我们发现APOBEC3基因拷贝数变异位点的等位基因、基因型频率分布在乳腺癌和对照组之间比较有显著性差异(p<0.05),校正混杂因素后基因型Del/Del,Del/Ins,显性模型和加性模型下对乳腺癌的风险预测值分别为2.753 (95%Cl:1.363～3.560; p=0.005)、1.462(95%Cl:1.021～2.094; p=0.038)、2.282(95%Cl:1.155～3.508; p=0.018)和1.596(95%Cl:1.129～2.256; p=0.008)。研究表明APOBEC3基因的缺失变异位点多态性与乳腺癌的发病风险存在关联,等位基因del是乳腺癌发病的危险因素。本研究的结果可以为本地区群体的乳腺癌易感基因的筛选以及评估易感基因对患病的风险程度提供参考数据,为乳腺癌的防治、诊断和个体化治疗研究提供了帮助。     

Identification of SNP markers for common CNV regions and association analysis of risk of subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage in Japanese population

Copy number variation (CNV) is emerging as a new tool for understanding human genomic variation, but its relationship with human disease is not yet fully understood. The data for a total of 317,503 genotypes were collected for a genome-wide association study of subarachnoid aneurismal hemorrhage (SAH) in a Japanese population (cases and controls, n = 497) using Illumina HumanHap300 BeadChip^®. To identify multi-allelic CNV markers, we visually inspected all genotype clusters of 317,503 SNP markers covering the whole genome using Illumina’s BeadStudio 3.0^® software. As a result, we identified 597 multi-allelic CNV markers for common (copy loss frequency > 0.05) CNV regions in a Japanese population (n = 497). The identified CNV markers shared the following characteristics: enrichment of Hardy–Weinberg disequilibria, Mendelian inconsistency among families, and high missing genotype rate. All annotated information for those markers is summarized in our database (http://www.snp-genetics.com/user/srch.htm). In addition, we performed case-control association analyses of identified multi-allelic CNV markers with the risk of subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage. One SNP marker (rs1242541) within a CNV region neighboring the Sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like protein (SEL1L) was significantly associated with a risk of SAH (P = 0.0006). We also validated the CNV around rs1242541 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Information and methods used in this study would be helpful for accurate genotyping of SNPs on CNV regions, which could be used for association analysis of SNP markers within CNV regions.     

Correlations between the level of aggressiveness of personality and characteristics of event-related EEG potentials

In a group of 76 adults of both sexes, we examined interrelations between the level of aggressiveness of the individual (diagnosed using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory) and parameters of event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) recorded under conditions of two behavioral test acts including a motor component. Within the framework of task A, the subject must push a button with the shortest delay after an executory signal preceded by a warning signal; the time of sensorimotor reaction was measured. Under these conditions, we recorded the contingent negative variayion (CNV) and the P300 potential. In the case of task B, it was necessary to measure a definite time interval limited by two pushings of the button. Under these conditions, the readiness potential (RP) was recorded in addition to the CNV and P300. The C3 and C4 leads were used (according to the 10–20 system); the time constant of an amplification tract was 10 sec. Despite natural broad interindividual variability, high amplitudes of the recorded ERPs (RP, CNV, and P300) in general corresponded to lower indices by scales of the Buss-Durkee inventory and smaller values of the indices of aggressiveness and hostility. These interrelations are, probably, based on the fact that both characteristics of aggressiveness of the personality and EEG amplitude parameters are to a considerable extent determined by hereditary factors. It is believed that the respective peculiarities of the neurodynamic constitution of the individual are to a great extent dependent on the specificities of organization and functioning of a few neurotransmitter (in particular, aminergic) and neurohumoral systems. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 154–164, March–April, 2007.     

基于CNV区域网络识别神经胶质瘤的重要功能区域

目的：基于基因拷贝数变异（CNV）区域网络识别神经胶质瘤的重要功能区域。方法：运用独特的计算样本的共相关性值的方法,使CNV数据与基因数据产生联系;基于蛋白质互作关系,在CNV区域与基因之间搭建桥梁,构建CNV区域网络;分析网络拓扑性质,识别出神经胶质瘤的重要功能CNV区域。结果：本文共识别出了11个与神经胶质瘤相关的候选重要功能CNV区域,通过功能注释和通路分析,确认了识别到的区域与神经胶质瘤有重要联系。结论：通过基因与表型之间的联系,利用已知表型基因在同源、功能、互作、结构域上的特征将CNV区域与基因联系起来,通过基因的功能可以了解到CNV区域的功能,对于疾病的预测和诊断有重要的意义。