Peroxidase biocatalysis in water-soluble ionic liquids: activity,kinetic and thermal stability

Abstract

The activity and stability of commercial peroxidase was investigated in the presence of five 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with either bromide or chloride anions: [C_xmim][X]. The peroxidase activity and stability were better for the shorter alkyl chain lengths of the ILs and peroxidase was more stable in the presence of the bromide anion, rather than chloride. The thermal inactivation profile was studied from 45 to 60 °C in [C₄mim][Cl] and [C₄mim][Br]. The activation energy was also determined. Kinetic analysis of the enzyme in the presence of the [C₄mim][Br] or control (buffer solution) showed that the KM value increased 5-fold and Vm decreased 13-fold in the presence of the IL. The increase in KM indicates that this IL can reduce the binding affinity between substrate and enzyme.     

Removal of Linear and Branched Alkylphenols from Aqueous Solutions with Horseradish Peroxidase

Alkylphenols were effectively treated with horseradish peroxidase at pH 7.0 and 30 °C in the presence of H₂O₂ and poly(ethylene glycol) irrespective of the relative position or isomeric form of the alkyl chains. Water-insoluble oligomer precipitates were readily filtered out after enzymatic treatment, and transparent and colorless solutions were obtained for all p- and m-alkylphenols used.     

Structural Change and Catalytic Activity of Horseradish Peroxidase in Oxidative Polymerization of Phenol

The effects of solvent and reaction conditions on the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were investigated for oxidative polymerization of phenol in water/organic mixtures using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Also, the structural changes of HRP were investigated by CD and absorption spectroscopy in these solvents. The results suggest that the yield of phenol polymer (the conversion of phenol to polymer) is strongly affected by the reaction conditions due to the structural changes of HRP, that is, the changes in higher structure of the apo-protein and dissociation or decomposition of the prosthetic heme. Optimum solvent compositions for phenol polymerization depend on the nature of the organic solvents owing to different effects of the solvents on HRP structure. In addition to initial rapid changes, slower changes of HRP structure occur in water/organic solvents especially at high concentrations of organic solvents. In parallel with these structural changes, catalytic activity of HRP decreases with time in these solvents. At higher reaction temperatures, the yield of the polymer decreases, which is also ascribed to modification of HRP structure. It is known that hydrogen peroxide is an inhibitor of HRP, and the yield of phenol polymer is strongly dependent on the manner of addition of hydrogen peroxide to the reaction solutions. The polymer yield decreases significantly when hydrogen peroxide was added to the reaction solution in a large amount at once. This is probably due to inactivation of HRP by excess hydrogen peroxide. From the CD and absorption spectra, it is suggested that excess hydrogen peroxide causes not only decomposition of the prosthetic heme but also modification of the higher structure of HRP.     

PEG修饰的辣根过氧化物酶及其在非水介质中的性质

酶的化学修饰可以明显提高酶在有机相中的活力。通过氧化过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）的糖链后引入氨基再连接甲氧基聚乙醇（ＰＥＧ）５０００和在酶的肽链上连接ＰＥＧ５０００,发现ＨＲＰ多肽链上修饰后的酶在水相中的活力几乎没有变化,但通过氧化糖链连接ＰＥＧ的酶在水相中的活力下降近２倍。在甲苯及二氧六环含量较高的体系中,修和均呈上升趋势。特别在甲苯体系中两种修饰酶活力都比未经修饰的酶提高了近２倍。稳定性研究表明,不论     

辣根过氧化物酶在水相胶束中的动力学

研究了辣根过氧化物酶在三种表面活性剂（ＳＤＳ,ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００及ＣＴＡＢ）的水相胶束中催化联苯胺聚合反应的动力学。结果表明水相胶束体系有利于反应的进行。辣根过氧化物酶在水相胶束体系中遵循米氏反应,Ｋ_ｍ在ＳＤＳ、ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００及ＣＴＡＢ三种体系中分别为３．０１４×１０~（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１．７２８×１０~（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和５．６６４×１０~（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。由于微环境的不同,ＨＲＰ在三种体系中表现出不同的最适反应温度和最适ｐＨ。     

甲醇酵母Pichia pastoris高水平表达有活性的辣根过氧化物酶

表达有活性的辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ） 不仅可以深入揭示ＨＲＰ 结构与功能及其生理作用规律, 而且为ＨＲＰ的广泛需要提供新的来源． 为了在甲醇酵母Ｐ． ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ 中成功表达, 将编码ＨＲＰＣ成熟肽的ｃＤＮＡ 构建到ｐＰＩＣ９ 上, 再转化到Ｐ． ｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ 中, 筛选到了分泌表达非糖基化ＨＲＰ 和高糖基化ＨＲＰ（ 分子质量超过１００ ｋｕ） 两种主要产物的重组细胞株． 优化表达条件, 目标产物在摇瓶发酵液中高效表达, 可达４～６ ｇ／Ｌ． 并且直接从发酵液中可获得具有活性的高糖基化ＨＲＰ, 每毫升发酵液中酶活力约有２ Ｕ, 经初步的纯化ＨＲＰ具有最大吸收峰４０３ ｎｍ ．     

Enzymatic Biobleaching of Two Recalcitrant Paper Dyes with Horseradish and Soybean Peroxidase

A stilbene dye (Direct Yellow 11) and a methine dye, Basazol 46L, recalcitrant to common chemical bleaches, were treated with horseradish and soybean peroxidases. Both enzymes were effective at chromophore removal. When compared to laccase in combination with a mediator (ABTS), soybean peroxidase was more effective at oxidative dye removal, especially for the methine dye.     

辣根过氧化物酶同功酶C3基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的：克隆与表达辣根过氧化物酶同功酶C3（HRPC3）基因。方法：用PCR方法从辣根的总DNA中,扩增得到一种辣根过氧化物酶同功酶C3基因,将PCR产物连接到pMD18-T载体上,测序证明正确后,再将目的基因正确插入到巴斯德毕赤酶母表达载体pPIC9K中,含有目的基因的重组pPIC9K质粒在毕赤酶母中进行表达与分析。结果：应用毕赤酶母作为受体菌,成功表达了HRPC3基因,其活性为56IU/L。结论：毕赤酶母直接表达出了具有生物活性的辣根过氧化物酶同功酶C3。     

Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase on Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and its Electrochemical Properties

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on carboxylated multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the presence of a coupling reagent, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. The immobilized HRP maintained its oxidative activity for guaiacol over a broad range of pH values (4–9). An electrode of graphite rod, 6 mm diam. was fabricated using the immobilized HRP. Cyclic voltammetry of the enzyme electrode confirmed electron transfer between the immobilized HRP and the electrode in the presence of H₂O₂ but without an added mediator or a reducing substrate.     

辣根过氧化物酶同工酶C基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的克隆与鉴定

目的：克隆辣根过氧化物酶同工酶C基因,为此基因的表达作准备。方法：用PCR方法从辣根的总DNA中扩增得到一种辣根过氧化物酶同工酶C基因HRPC2,通过PCR的方法去除内含子后连接到pMD18-T载体上,测序证明正确后,用限制性内切酶切下目的基因,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,构建成重组质粒pC2EX9K。再将辣根过氧化物酶同工酶C基因在毕赤酵母中进行克隆、鉴定。结果：重组质粒pC2EX9K转化毕赤酵母后,经PCR鉴定,证明形成了目的基因的克隆。结论：应用毕赤酵母作为受体菌,pPIC9K为载体,成功克隆了HRPC2。     

The Reaction Rates of NO with Horseradish Peroxidase Compounds I and II

In this study the reactions between nitric oxide (NO) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) compounds I and II were investigated. The reaction between compound I and NO has biphasic kinetics with a clearly dominant initial fast phase and an apparent second-order rate constant of (7.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for the fast phase. The reaction of compound II and NO was found to have an apparent second-order rate constant of k(app) = (1.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) or (7.4 +/- 0.7) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) when measured at 409 nm (the isosbestic point between HRP and HRP-NO) and 419 nm (lambda(max) of compound II and HRP-NO), respectively. Interestingly, the reaction of compound II with NO is unusually high relative to that of compound I, which is usually the much faster reaction. Since horseradish peroxidase is prototypical of mammalian peroxidases with respect to the oxidation of small substrates, these results may have important implications regarding the lifetime and biochemistry of NO in vivo after inflammation where both NO and H(2)O(2) generation are increased several fold.     

甲醇酵母Pichia pastoris高水平表达有活性的辣根过氧化物酶

表达有活性的辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)不仅可以深入揭示HRP结构与功能及其生理作用规律,而且为HRP的广泛需要提供新的来源.为了在甲醇酵母P.pastoris中成功表达,将编码HRP-C成熟肽的cDNA构建到pPIC9上,再转化到P.pastoris中,筛选到了分泌表达非糖基化HRP和高糖基化HRP(分子质量超过100 ku)两种主要产物的重组细胞株.优化表达条件,目标产物在摇瓶发酵液中高效表达,可达4～6 g/L.并且直接从发酵液中可获得具有活性的高糖基化HRP,每毫升发酵液中酶活力约有2 U,经初步的纯化HRP具有最大吸收峰403 nm.     

Ionic liquids as alternative co-solvents for laccase: study of enzyme activity and stability

The activity and stability of commercial laccase (DeniLite base) in three different water soluble ionic liquids (ILs) (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethylsulfate, [emim][[MDEGSO4], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, [emim][EtSO4], and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, [emim][MeSO3]) have been studied and compared to that in two organic solvents (acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide). Initial enzyme activities were similar among the ILs if the same conditions were used. A high reduction on initial enzyme activity was found with acidic pH (5.0). The effect of pH and solvent concentration on enzyme stability were investigated in more detail for 1 week. The enzyme maintained a high stability at pH 9.0 for all ILs tested. [emim][MDEGSO4] was the most promising IL for laccase with an activity loss of about 10% after 7 days of incubation. The kinetic studies in the presence of ABTS as substrate allowed to calculate the Michaelis- Menten parameters. Good agreement was found between experimental data and calculated values using the Michaelis-Menten mechanism, with a total average relative deviation of 2.1%.     

非水介质中辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）荧光活性测定法

建立了一种分析ＨＲＰ催化活力的新方法。该方法基于单体（底物）、聚合物（产物）的荧光发射光谱不重叠,使用荧光光谱仪,通过测量底物荧光淬灭来检测ＨＲＰ在非水介质中（二氧六环－水、乙醇－水、丙酮－水体系）催化酚类、芳香胺类物质聚合的活力。此方法迅速、简便,结果是定量并可重复的,并能定量地计算底物转化率。     

Recent Advances of Using Ionic Liquids for Biopolymer Extraction and Processing

The evolution of petroleum‐derived polymers is one of the crowning accomplishments of the past century. Although the significant economic gains from this industrial model of resource utilization are achieved, the environmental impacts are fatal. One of the principles of sustainable development is to replace such polymers with potential alternatives derived from renewable materials. Biopolymers derived from natural resources afford a new, versatile, environmentally benign feedstock that could exhibit closed‐loop life cycles as part of a future material's industrial ecology. However, the solubility and processability of biopolymer materials provoke a serious bottleneck owing to their dense networks of inter ‐ and intramolecular bondings and structural heterogeneity. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as promising green solvents and acquired augmented appreciation for their peerless power of biopolymer processing. Among the fourteen principle of green chemistry, the two key elements encourage the exploitation of renewable raw materials by using environmentally benign solvents that cover in dissolution of biopolymers using ILs. This mini review represents a brief overview of the comprehensive ILs assisted extraction and processing of various biopolymeric materials for value‐added applications.     

蒌蒿过氧化物酶特性及其抑制条件的研究

对蒌蒿中所含的过氧化物酶的特性及其抑制条件进行研究 ,结果表明 ,蒌蒿中过氧化物酶活性的适宜pH为 5 .0和 6 .6 7,适宜温度为 2 0℃ ,四种抑制剂中 ,Vc抑制作用最显著 ,其次为NaHSO3 和柠檬酸 ,EDTA Na2 抑制作用不明显     

Thermal stability enhancement of Candida rugosa lipase using ionic liquids

The thermal stability of Candida rugosa (C. rugosa) lipase was investigated and compared in n-hexane, benzene, dibutyl-ether as well as [bmim]PF₆ and [omim]PF₆ ionic liquids and the effect of solvent polarity and water activity were evaluated. Deactivation of the enzyme followed a series-type kinetic model. First order deactivation rate constants and the ratios of specific activities were determined and the kinetics of deactivation were studied. Among the organic solvents, the best stability was observed in n-hexane with a half-life of 6.5 h at water activity of 0.51. In ionic liquids, however, even longer half lives were obtained, and the enzyme was stable in these solvents at 50°C. The highest half-life times were obtained in [bmim]PF₆ (12.3 h) and [omim]PF₆ (10.6 h). A direct correlation was found between solvent polarity and thermal stability since the higher the polarity of the solvent, the lower was the stability decrease at 50°C comparing to that at 30°C.     

Thermal stability enhancement of Candida rugosa lipase using ionic liquids

The thermal stability of Candida rugosa (C. rugosa) lipase was investigated and compared in n-hexane, benzene, dibutyl-ether as well as [bmim]PF₆ and [omim]PF₆ ionic liquids and the effect of solvent polarity and water activity were evaluated. Deactivation of the enzyme followed a series-type kinetic model. First order deactivation rate constants and the ratios of specific activities were determined and the kinetics of deactivation were studied. Among the organic solvents, the best stability was observed in n-hexane with a half-life of 6.5?h at water activity of 0.51. In ionic liquids, however, even longer half lives were obtained, and the enzyme was stable in these solvents at 50°C. The highest half-life times were obtained in [bmim]PF₆ (12.3?h) and [omim]PF₆ (10.6?h). A direct correlation was found between solvent polarity and thermal stability since the higher the polarity of the solvent, the lower was the stability decrease at 50°C comparing to that at 30°C.     

通过定点突变提高纳豆激酶纤溶活性和热稳定性

纳豆激酶（Nattokinase, NK）是一种纤溶酶，可溶解血栓，常用于治疗心血管疾病（CVDs）。然而，野生型NK往往表现出很少的纤溶能力和较低的热稳定性，针对如何提高NK的热稳定性和活性开展研究。使用重叠延伸PCR法将NK中位于194位的Ser替换为Pro，为验证突变后的热稳定性，将野生型NK和突变体S194P均在不同温度下孵育相同时间，使用纤维蛋白板法测定二者酶活，验证热稳定性。成功构建了pET-26b-NK_S194P，测量酶活结果显示，野生型NK和突变体S194P酶活分别达到101.30 IU/mL和123.23 IU/mL，结果表明突变体S194P的酶活比野生型NK高（18.10±2）%，将野生型NK和突变体S194P在60~65 ℃温度下孵育30 min后测量酶活，野生型NK在63 ℃时丧失酶活，突变体S194P在65 ℃时丧失酶活，耐热温度提高2 ℃。结果表明，突变体S194p的蛋白结构在突变后发生了改变，使NK提高了耐热温度。     

Enzyme-labeled Antigen Method: Histochemical Detection of Antigen-specific Antibody-producing Cells in Tissue Sections of Rats Immunized With Horseradish Peroxidase, Ovalbumin, or Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin

The enzyme-labeled antigen method is a histochemical technique that visualizes antigen-specific antibody-producing cells in tissue sections, originally documented in 1968. In this study, we attempted to reemerge this hidden but potentially useful method in rat models immunized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), ovalbumin (OA), or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). After repeated immunization in footpads, popliteal, groin, and axillary lymph nodes and spleen were sampled. Paraformaldehyde-prefixed frozen sections were incubated with HRP, biotinylated OA, or biotinylated KLH. Proteinase K pretreatment and the secondary use of HPR-labeled streptavidin were applied in the latter two situations. Plasma cells producing antigen-specific antibodies were visualized. Proportions of antigen-specific antibody-producing cells in total plasma cells shown with the immunoperoxidase method for rat immunoglobulins were evaluated. The percentage of antigen-specific plasma cells reached ∼50% of total plasma cells in the regional lymph nodes. The specificity was confirmed by (a) negativity in non-immune rat tissue, (b) negativity with indifferent antigen probes, and (c) abolishment of the reactivity with the corresponding rat serum. In buffered formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, fewer plasma cells were labeled for HRP and KLH antibody reactivity after strong proteolysis and prolonged incubation. Expectedly, this method allows us to observe antigen-specific antibody-producing cells under varied pathological conditions. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:101–111, 2009)