内蒙古乌拉特猞猁猎杀鹅喉羚

<正>猞猁（Lynx lynx）为食肉目（Carnivora）猫科（Felidae）动物，是国家二级重点保护野生动物，在我国主要分布于北方各省（蒋志刚等2015）。猞猁的食谱较广，包括小型啮齿类、蒙古兔（Lepus tolai）、野猪（Sus scrofa）、马鹿（Cervus elaphus）、狍（Capreolus capreolus）、岩羚羊（Rupicapra rupicapra）、鸟类、昆虫类和植物等（Odden et al. 2006,Krofel et al. 2011，唐书培等2019），     

基于自动相机技术的欧亚猞猁（Lynx lynx）个体识别和行为研究

猫科动物具有夜行性和活动隐蔽的特点,难以在野外通过直接观察的方式调查种群数量。近年来兴起的自动相机技术,为解决这一难题提供了有效的观察记录手段。为明确欧亚猞猁(Lynx lynx)的种群数量及其野外行为特征,于2010—2012年采用自动相机技术对内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区部分区域进行了调查。在可能出现猞猁的兽道和有蹄类动物投食站等地放置自动相机,3年间共布放90台次,累积25704个相机日,拍摄到猞猁照片154张和录像185段。经对比身体斑纹特征和活动空间,确认2012年在该区域至少有5只猞猁个体,其中2011年和2012年分别发现有母兽与幼兽同时活动,表明该区域分布有一个小而相对稳定的猞猁繁殖种群。猞猁的活动节律表现为典型的夜行性,偶尔也会在白天活动。猞猁的行为类型有取食、威胁、标记、试探、玩耍、舔幼和嗅闻等。调查中没有发现猞猁对自动相机的远红外光产生趋避行为,利用自动相机技术可以作为猞猁种群动态监测和行为研究的重要工具。     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区猞猁食物构成初步分析

猞猁(Lynxlynx)是内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区内的顶级捕食者,在维持该地区生态平衡和调节猎物数量上具有重要地位。分析猞猁粪便样品残留物不仅能明确其猎物构成,了解与同域分布其他捕食者的关系,还能为制定物种保护措施和栖息地管理策略提供科学参考。本研究在2006至2008年间利用样线法在该区域收集到35份猞猁粪便样品。通过相对出现频率法对粪样进行食性分析,发现猞猁的主要食物组成以蒙古兔(Lepus tolai,30.85%)和植物(28.72%)较多;年度(χ~2=18.696,P <0.001)和季节性(χ~2=74.695,P <0.001)食物构成均存在显著差异。结果表明,蒙古兔在猞猁的食物组成中占最重要地位;猞猁的食物构成与季节有关,寒冷季节捕食大型猎物,而温暖季节捕食的小型猎物更常见。     

从12S rRNA和Cyt b基因部分序列研究13种猫科动物的分子系统关系

为探讨中国猫科动物(Felidae)的系统发生关系,本文对中国产13种猫科动物的12SrRNA基因(约371bp)和细胞色素b基因(Cytb)部分序列(约355bp)进行了分析,并采用“最大简约法”和“最大似然法”构建了分子系统树。结果表明:在Cytb基因序列中,有113个位点存在变异(约为总位点数的31.8%),高于12SrRNA基因序列的44个变异位点(约为总位点数的11.9%);构建的分子系统树显示,猞猁(Lynxlynx)可能是中国最早起源的猫科动物,与其它猫科动物之间的亲缘关系较远,支持将其立为猞猁属(Lynx)的观点;草原斑猫(Felislibyca)、丛林猫(Felischaus)、兔狲(Otocolobusmanul)和荒漠猫(Felisbieti)具有较近的亲缘关系,支持将兔狲划归于猫属(Felis)的观点;金猫(Caopumatemminckii)、云猫(Pardofelismarmorata)具有较近的亲缘关系,但它们与猫属物种之间的亲缘关系可能较远,不支持将它们划归于猫属;豹猫(Ponailurusribengalensis)、渔猫(Prionailurusviverrinus)具有较近的亲缘关系,支持将它们同归于豹猫属(Ponailurus);云豹(Neofelisnebulosa)、豹(Pantherapardus)、雪豹(Unciauncia)、虎(Pantheratigris)具有较近的亲缘关系,支持将它们同归于豹属(Panthera)的观点     

黑龙江省熊类资源现状及其保护对策

黑龙江省现分布有 2种熊 ,棕熊 (Ursusarctoslasiotus)和黑熊 (Selenarctosthibetanusussuricus)。棕熊广泛分布于全省各个林区 ;黑熊在大兴安岭无分布 ,仅分布于小兴安岭和东部山地的张广才岭、老爷岭和完达山林区 ,其分布北界为北纬 48～ 49°,东经 1 2 8～ 1 2 9°附近。 2种熊的总分布区虽无明显变化 ,但集中分布区明显向大兴安岭、小兴安岭、东部山地的腹地退缩。 1 996～ 2 0 0 0年全省棕熊的分布数量为 (63 1±1 43 )头 (n =463 9) ,种群密度为 (0 0 0 2 2± 0 0 0 0 5 )头 km2 ;黑熊的分布数量为 (1 1 1 0± 2 93 )头 (n =463 9) ,种群密度为 (0 0 0 65± 0 0 0 1 7)头 km2 。全省森工国有林区熊类分布数量 (1 1 71± 2 98)头 (n =61 2 ) ,与1 992年该林区熊类调查结果 (3 0 5 7± 73 0头 ;n =2 1 3 6)相比较 ,全林区 6年间熊类数量减少了 1 886头 ,减少率达 61 7% ,年递减率为 1 6%。熊类资源呈锐减趋势。其主要原因为 :(1 )森林长期超量采伐引起熊类栖息生境总体质量下降 ;(2 )人类活动导致熊类栖息地片断化日趋严重 ;(3 )人为捕杀是造成熊类数量减少的直接原因。最后 ,提出了今后全省熊类保护管理的 5点建议。     

大墓蝠在广东省分布的再发现

<正>鞘尾蝠科(Emballonuridae)墓蝠属(Taphozous)在全世界共有14种(Wilson and Mittermeier, 2019),分布在赤道与南北回归线之间的热带和亚热带地区(Kitchener et al., 1993)。该属在我国仅分布2种,即黑髯墓蝠(Taphozous melanopogon)和大墓蝠(Taphozous theobaldi),前者主要分布于广东、广西、云南、贵州、海南、澳门和香港(蒋志刚等,2015),为广布种;后者文献记录甚少,标本稀缺,     

云南省微板无前恙螨的初步研究

为探索云南省微板无前恙螨Walchia micropelta的分布规律及感染情况,2001—2015年选取云南省33个县(市)进行恙螨的现场调查,统计分析微板无前恙螨的构成比、感染率、平均多度和感染度,并比较其在不同生境、地域和海拔的感染差异。采用扩散指数、I指数、聚块指数和CA指数分析微板无前恙螨的空间分布型;用协调系数分析微板无前恙螨和葛洪无前恙螨W.koi的种间协调关系。结果显示,在22个调查点采集到微板无前恙螨4 014只,占全部恙螨的3.15%,且广泛分布于20种宿主体表;微板无前恙螨多采集于云南省南部,在低海拔地区、山区和室外生境的数量丰富;不同年龄宿主体表的微板无前恙螨的感染存在差异,成年宿主恙螨的构成比、感染率和平均多度均高于未成年且有统计学意义(P 0.05);微板无前恙螨与葛洪无前恙螨在黄胸鼠Rattus tanezumi体表存在正协调关系(V=0.12,P 0.05)。由此可见,云南省微板无前恙螨分布广泛,但其宿主特异性低,多聚集分布于啮齿动物上。地域、海拔、宿主的种类和年龄等因素对微板无前恙螨的感染有影响。     

旅游生态安全约束下张家界市土地利用优化

土地利用多以经济、社会和生态效益最大化为目标进行数量结构优化,很少对旅游生态安全约束下的土地利用进行空间结构优化,鉴于此,为提高旅游城市土地利用综合效益和改善生态环境,在旅游生态安全约束下,不仅对土地利用数量结构进行优化,而且实现了土地利用空间结构优化。以典型旅游城市张家界为例,构建旅游生态安全评价指标体系,运用灰色线性规划法中的Lingo模型求取旅游生态安全约束下的最优土地利用结构,并根据分布规则把优化后的数量结构配置在空间上,借助CLUE-S模型进行土地利用空间优化。结果表明:(1)2015年旅游生态安全综合指数为0.7394,旅游环境状况和旅游人文社会响应的安全度均比旅游资源环境压力低。(2)在数量结构优化下,林地、水域、建设用地面积增幅明显,耕地、草地和未利用地的面积有所减少,2025年旅游生态安全综合指数为0.8196,比2015年提高了0.0802,处于安全的状态。(3)在空间结构优化下,林地主要分布在桑植县和慈利县的山地丘陵区、武陵源区以及永定区南部;建设用地主要集中在慈利县、桑植县及永定区城区;草地主要位于桑植县和慈利县的山区以及武陵源区;耕地主要分布在慈利县和永定区的平原和丘陵地区;未利用地零星分布在慈利县、桑植县及永定区。研究结果可为张家界市土地资源永续利用和旅游生态安全建设提供规划指导和技术借鉴。     

几种食肉目动物的足迹与粪便形态描述

为利用足迹和粪便度量途径获得野外快速识别物种的方法,通过鉴定已有标本、调查动物足迹和粪便形态特征,分析了内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区分布的食肉目动物种类。确认在该区域共有9种食肉目动物,依据动物遗留粪便样品的宽度和外部形态能够区分不同体型的捕食动物。以足迹是否有爪印鉴别猫科动物和其他种类。以足迹大小区分猞猁Lynx lynx和豹猫Felis bengalensis,以前足具有长爪印确定狗獾Meles meles,以前足第3、4指基部紧密联结区分貉Nyctereutes procyonoides与沙狐Vulpes corsac和赤狐Vulpes vulpes,以跳跃步幅区分香鼬Mustela altaica和艾鼬Mustela eversmanni。本研究为开展区域性食肉目动物监测提供了便于掌握和使用的野外调查方法。另外,通过核查标本确认本地区仅有狗獾,增加了香鼬在内蒙古的分布地。     

人工固沙区与流沙区准噶尔无叶豆种群数量特征与空间格局对比研究

准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum) 是中亚荒漠特有小半灌木,稀有种,在我国仅片段化分布于新疆古尔班通古特沙漠;它是流动沙丘的先锋物种,也能成功定居于人工固沙区(草方格)。对比研究了人工固沙区及自然流沙区的准噶尔无叶豆群落物种组成、种群密度、高度、盖度、生物量等特征及种群空间分布格局。结果表明:人工固沙区内的准噶尔无叶豆群落物种的科、属、种数均明显多于流沙区,而且2种生境物种相似性指数仅为0.522,表明人工固沙生境显著改变了群落物种组成与结构。除植株密度外,人工固沙区种群的高度,盖度,地上、地下及总生物量密度,单株地上、地下及总生物量等数量特征均显著高于流沙区。2种生境中准噶尔无叶豆种群空间分布的关联维数均接近2.0,体现了较强的个体空间相关性和空间占据能力。2种尺度(1 m和2 m)下的聚集度分析表明,2种生境中种群基本为随机分布。因而,人工固沙生境并未明显改变种群空间分布格局,这可能是种群的固有特性。人工固沙区的土壤有机质、全氮和有效氮含量显著高于流沙区,且与种群数量特征(植株密度除外)呈显著正相关。总之,与流沙区相比,人工固沙使地表得到固定,提高了土壤有机质和氮素含量,明显改变了定居于其中的准噶尔无叶豆种群主要数量特征,增强了种群的生存和适应能力。该结论对荒漠濒危植物的保育具有重要指示意义。     

Repetitive sequences in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx L.) mitochondrial DNA control region

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (CR) of numerous species is known to include up to five different repetitive sequences (RS1-RS5) that are found at various locations, involving motifs of different length and extensive length heteroplasmy. Two repetitive sequences (RS2 and RS3) on opposite sides of mtDNA central conserved region have been described in domestic cat (Felis catus) and some other felid species. However, the presence of repetitive sequence RS3 has not been detected in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) yet. We analyzed mtDNA CR of 35 Eurasian lynx (L. lynx L.) samples to characterize repetitive sequences and to compare them with those found in other felid species. We confirmed the presence of 80 base pairs (bp) repetitive sequence (RS2) at the 5' end of the Eurasian lynx mtDNA CR L strand and for the first time we described RS3 repetitive sequence at its 3' end, consisting of an array of tandem repeats five to ten bp long. We found that felid species share similar RS3 repetitive pattern and fundamental repeat motif TACAC.     

Assessing the ecological suitability of the Irish landscape for the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)

Mammal Research - Restoration of natural processes via the reintroduction of locally extinct species is a key component of the rewilding process. In Ireland, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), an...     

Reproductive biology of captive female Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx

Studies on wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have revealed variation in reproduction between areas, years and individuals. In order to explore potential causes for this variation other than food supply, we analysed data from captive lynx, which provide conditions with minimal environmental variation as all were fed ad libitum. Data from 37 individual female lynx were available from 20 zoos in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and the Czech Republic. Data on 177 reproductive events (where a male was available to the female at mating time) are presented. Of these events, 85% resulted in litters being born. Average litter size was 1.95, with a variation from 1 to 4. The mean birth date was 26th May, and sex ratio was not significantly different from parity. The probability of reproduction was related to age, with fewer litters produced by the very young (2–3-year old), and no sign of a senescence effect. However, a clear effect of senescence on litter size was evident. The captive lynx did not have higher reproductive rates than wild lynx, indicating that either factors other than food supply are driving the variation in wild lynx reproduction, or that a factor such as stress may be causing additional variation in the captive population.     

In situ feeding as a new management tool to conserve orphaned Eurasian lynx (lynx lynx)

High human‐caused mortality due to wildlife‐vehicle‐collisions and illegal killing leads to frequent cases of orphaned Eurasian lynx juveniles. Under natural conditions, this would result in starvation of the young. To avoid this, wildlife managers conventionally rear animals in captivity and release them later. However, this measure is an undesirable outcome for species conservation, managers, and animals alike. Increased awareness of Eurasian lynx orphaned by human‐caused mortality means managers must often intervene in endangered populations. In this study, we report for the first time a successful case of in situ feeding designed to avoid captivity of two orphaned Eurasian lynx. We exposed 13 roe deer and 7 red deer carcasses in the field to successfully support two orphans to the age of independence and confirm dispersal from the natal range. We present this management approach as a feasible and complimentary tool that can be considered in small or isolated large carnivore populations where every individual counts toward population viability.     

Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Iberian lynx populations

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), one of the world's most endangered cat species, is vulnerable due to habitat loss, increased fragmentation of populations, and precipitous demographic reductions. An understanding of Iberian lynx evolutionary history is necessary to develop rational management plans for the species. Our objectives were to assess Iberian lynx genetic diversity at three evolutionary timescales. First we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation to position the Iberian lynx relative to other species of the genus LYNX: We then assessed the pattern of mtDNA variation of isolated populations across the Iberian Peninsula. Finally we estimated levels of gene flow between two of the most important remaining lynx populations (Do?ana National Park and the Sierra Morena Mountains) and characterized the extent of microsatellite locus variation in these populations. Phylogenetic analyses of 1613 bp of mtDNA sequence variation supports the hypothesis that the Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx, and Canadian lynx diverged within a short time period around 1.53-1.68 million years ago, and that the Iberian lynx and Eurasian lynx are sister taxa. Relative to most other felid species, genetic variation in mtDNA genes and nuclear microsatellites were reduced in Iberian lynx, suggesting that they experienced a fairly severe demographic bottleneck. In addition, the effects of more recent reductions in gene flow and population size are being manifested in local patterns of molecular genetic variation. These data, combined with recent studies modeling the viability of Iberian lynx populations, should provide greater urgency for the development and implementation of rational in situ and ex situ conservation plans.     

Helminth fauna of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Estonia

Thirty-seven carcasses of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) collected and examined in Estonia during 1999-2001 had helminths. Parasites identified and their prevalence included Diphyllobothrium latum (5%), Taenia pisiformis (100%), Taenia laticollis (41%), Taenia hydatigena (3%), Taenia taeniaeformis (3%), Toxocara cati (68%), and Trichinella spp. (22%). The only significant relationships (P < or = 0.05) between occurrence of helminths and host age and sex were a greater number of T. pisiformis and T. laticollis in older than in youger male lynx, and older males had a greater number of species of helminth than did younger lynx. Sixty-one fecal samples collected during snow tracking of nine lynx were examined; eggs of T. cati were identified in 38 samples, and Capillaria spp were found in eight samples. This is the first systematic investigation of parasites of lynx in Estonia.     

A potential habitat network for the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in Scotland

• 1 The severe and early destruction and fragmentation of woodland habitats due to human activities is thought to have been a leading factor in the extirpation from Britain of several large, forest‐dependent mammal species, such as the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx. However, during the 20th century, Scotland in particular has experienced rapid, large‐scale reafforestation. In order to assess if this reafforestation has been sufficient to permit the potential restoration of extirpated forest mammal species with large spatial requirements, a Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis of potential habitat of one species, the Eurasian lynx, was performed for the Scottish mainland.
• 2 A rule‐based analysis, incorporating data and expert opinion from Switzerland, an environmentally similar area where lynx now occur, was used to identify patches of suitable lynx habitat in Scotland. A connectivity analysis was used to investigate whether and how these patches are connected to form larger interconnected networks of potential lynx habitat that would allow lynx to sufficiently interact with one another to form a single interbreeding population.
• 3 Scotland has over 20 000 km² of suitable lynx habitat split into two main networks of interconnected patches: the Highlands (c. 15 000 km²) and the Southern Uplands (c. 5000 km²). A further 800 km² of potential habitat, contiguous with the Southern Uplands lynx habitat network, lies across the border in England. Although connectivity between the Highlands and Southern Uplands networks is currently weak, the implementation of measures to mitigate the barrier effects of busy roads in central Scotland could facilitate the movement of lynx between the two areas.
• 4 Based on the availability of prey resources, Scotland could support around 400 adult and subadult lynx in the Highlands and around 50 in the Southern Uplands. A Scottish population of this size would be the fourth largest lynx population in Europe considering current population estimates.

     

Large-Scale Genetic Structuring of a Widely Distributed Carnivore - The Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx)

Over the last decades the phylogeography and genetic structure of a multitude of species inhabiting Europe and North America have been described. The flora and fauna of the vast landmasses of north-eastern Eurasia are still largely unexplored in this respect. The Eurasian lynx is a large felid that is relatively abundant over much of the Russian sub-continent and the adjoining countries. Analyzing 148 museum specimens collected throughout its range over the last 150 years we have described the large-scale genetic structuring in this highly mobile species. We have investigated the spatial genetic patterns using mitochondrial DNA sequences (D-loop and cytochrome b) and 11 microsatellite loci, and describe three phylogenetic clades and a clear structuring along an east-west gradient. The most likely scenario is that the contemporary Eurasian lynx populations originated in central Asia and that parts of Europe were inhabited by lynx during the Pleistocene. After the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) range expansions lead to colonization of north-western Siberia and Scandinavia from the Caucasus and north-eastern Siberia from a refugium further east. No evidence of a Berinigan refugium could be detected in our data. We observed restricted gene flow and suggest that future studies of the Eurasian lynx explore to what extent the contemporary population structure may be explained by ecological variables.     

Comparing patterns of human harvest and predation by Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx on European roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a temperate forest

Human harvest is the most important mortality factor for wild ungulates in Europe and can affect several aspects of ungulate biology. There is a growing concern about possible negative side effects of human harvest. To better understand the differences between human and natural mortality, we compared the extent, age and sex structure, nutritional condition, spatial and temporal distribution of human harvest, and natural predation by the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx on the European roe deer Capreolus capreolus, the most abundant wild ungulate in Europe. Compared to the human harvest, lynx were less likely to kill fawns and yearlings than adults, and among adult deer, lynx were more likely to kill females. The proportion of roe deer with fat-depleted bone marrow was higher among lynx prey than among harvested animals. Average lynx kill rate was estimated to 47.8 roe deer per year, and lynx predation was considerably lower than the human harvest in the same area. While human harvest increased with higher roe deer density, lynx predation was similar across the gradient of roe deer densities. Comparison with other countries indicated that differences between human harvest and natural mortality of ungulates vary considerably in different parts of Europe. Variation in hunting practices and, even more importantly, carnivore predation may have an important role in buffering unwanted side effects of harvest of wild ungulates.     

Spatial density estimates of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the French Jura and Vosges Mountains

Obtaining estimates of animal population density is a key step in providing sound conservation and management strategies for wildlife. For many large carnivores however, estimating density is difficult because these species are elusive and wide‐ranging. Here, we focus on providing the first density estimates of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the French Jura and Vosges mountains. We sampled a total of 413 camera trapping sites (with two cameras per site) between January 2011 and April 2016 in seven study areas across seven counties of the French Jura and Vosges mountains. We obtained 592 lynx detections over 19,035 trap days in the Jura mountains and 0 detection over 6,804 trap days in the Vosges mountains. Based on coat patterns, we identified a total number of 92 unique individuals from photographs, including 16 females, 13 males, and 63 individuals of unknown sex. Using spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models, we estimated abundance in the study areas between 5 (SE = 0.1) and 29 (0.2) lynx and density between 0.24 (SE = 0.02) and 0.91 (SE = 0.03) lynx per 100 km². We also provide a comparison with nonspatial density estimates and discuss the observed discrepancies. Our study is yet another example of the advantage of combining SCR methods and noninvasive sampling techniques to estimate density for elusive and wide‐ranging species, like large carnivores. While the estimated densities in the French Jura mountains are comparable to other lynx populations in Europe, the fact that we detected no lynx in the Vosges mountains is alarming. Connectivity should be encouraged between the French Jura mountains, the Vosges mountains, and the Palatinate Forest in Germany where a reintroduction program is currently ongoing. Our density estimates will help in setting a baseline conservation status for the lynx population in France.