Life cycle assessment to quantify the impact of technology improvements in bike‐sharing systems

The reduced environmental footprint of bicycle sharing systems (BSS) is one of the reasons for their rapid growth in popularity. BSS have evolved technologically, transitioning from smart dock systems to smart bicycle systems, and it is not clear if the increased use of electronics in BSS results in a net environmental benefit. This article provides an evaluation of the impact of incorporating additional technology into BSS and uses that analysis as guidance for future BSS development. By comparing the impacts of a private bicycle, a smart dock BSS, and smart bike BSS using a life cycle assessment (LCA), this work reveals breakeven points and tradeoffs between the technologies. This study is also the first published empirical LCA of a smart bike known to the authors. In the production phase, smart bikes generate approximately three times the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to the smart dock bikes per kilometer ridden over the lifetime, and when considering the endpoint categories of human health, ecosystem, and resources, smart bikes have approximately 2.7 times the environmental impact. The results suggest that shifting from smart dock to smart bike requires an increase in ridership by a factor of 1.8 to overcome the increased environmental impact based on the GHG emissions. We find that smart docks become preferable at a population density between 1,030 residents/km² (in a bike friendly city) and 3,100 residents/km² (in a city that is less likely to bike).     

智能多肽的自组装机理及其生物学应用

智能多肽是指智能响应外界刺激并做出相应回应的多肽。由于其形成过程为自发的自组装,故智能多肽又可称为自组装多肽。智能多肽的氨基酸构成使其拥有良好的生物相容性及生物可降解性,作为构筑基元拼接成为功能性材料,在新型生物材料方面展示出了广阔的应用前景。概括了智能多肽的性质、自组装机理及应用,重点阐述了它在生物能源、生物医学工程和分离工程上的应用,以期在系统认识智能多肽的基础上,发掘其应用潜能,突破开发瓶颈。     

Smart Windows: Electro‐, Thermo‐, Mechano‐, Photochromics,and Beyond

A smart window that dynamically modulates light transmittance is crucial for building energy efficiently, and promising for on‐demand optical devices. The rapid development of technology brings out different categories that have fundamentally different transmittance modulation mechanisms, including the electro‐, thermo‐, mechano‐, and photochromic smart windows. In this review, recent progress in smart windows of each category is overviewed. The strategies for each smart window are outlined with particular focus on functional materials, device design, and performance enhancement. The advantages and disadvantages of each category are summarized, followed by a discussion of emerging technologies such as dual stimuli triggered smart window and integrated devices toward multifunctionality. These multifunctional devices combine smart window technology with, for example, solar cells, triboelectric nanogenerators, actuators, energy storage devices, and electrothermal devices. Lastly, a perspective is provided on the future development of smart windows.     

Insight of smart biosensors for COVID-19: A review

The review discusses the diagnostic application of biosensors as point-of-care devices in the COVID-19 pandemic. Biosensors are important analytical tools that can be used for the robust and effective detection of infectious diseases in real-time. In this current scenario, the utilization of smart, efficient biosensors for COVID-19 detection is increasing and we have included a few smart biosensors such as smart and intelligent based biosensors, plasmonic biosensors, field effect transistor (FET) biosensors, smart optical biosensors, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensor, screen printed electrode (SPE)-based biosensor, molecular imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensor, MXene-based biosensor and metal–organic frame smart sensor. Their significance as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each kind of smart sensor are mentioned in depth. Furthermore, we have compiled a list of various biosensors which have been developed across the globe for COVID-19 and have shown promise as commercial detection devices. Significant challenges in the development of effective diagnostic methods are discussed and recommendations have been made for better diagnostic outcomes to manage the ongoing pandemic effectively.     

A smart spaces architecture based on heterogeneous contexts, particularly social contexts

Advances in smart technologies, wireless networking, and the increased interest in services have led to the emergence of ubiquitous and pervasive computing as one of the most promising areas of computing in recent years. Researchers have become specifically interested in smart spaces and the significant improvements it can introduce to our lives. Most smart spaces rely on physical components such as sensors to sense and acquire information about the real world environment and surroundings. Although sensor networks can provide useful contextual information, they are known for their high degree of unreliability and limited resources. We believe that it is necessary to augment physical sensors with other kinds of data to create more reliable and truly context-aware smart spaces. In this paper we therefore utilize mobile devices and social networks to acquire more detailed and useful contextual information that can help create smarter spaces. We then propose a smart spaces architecture that utilizes these new contexts and in particular the social context.     

Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Based Authentication with Identity Protection for Smart Grids

In a smart grid, the power service provider enables the expected power generation amount to be measured according to current power consumption, thus stabilizing the power system. However, the data transmitted over smart grids are not protected, and then suffer from several types of security threats and attacks. Thus, a robust and efficient authentication protocol should be provided to strength the security of smart grid networks. As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system provides the security protection between the control center and substations in most smart grid environments, we focus on how to secure the communications between the substations and smart appliances. Existing security approaches fail to address the performance-security balance. In this study, we suggest a mitigation authentication protocol based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography with privacy protection by using a tamper-resistant device at the smart appliance side to achieve a delicate balance between performance and security of smart grids. The proposed protocol provides some attractive features such as identity protection, mutual authentication and key agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the completeness of the proposed protocol using the Gong-Needham- Yahalom logic.     

Trust management for internet of things using cloud computing and security in smart cities

Many consumers participate in the smart city via smart portable gadgets such as wearables, personal gadgets, mobile devices, or sensor systems. In the edge computation systems of IoT in the smart city, the fundamental difficulty of the sensor is to pick reliable participants. Since not all smart IoT gadgets are dedicated, certain intelligent IoT gadgets might destroy the networks or services deliberately and degrade the customer experience. A trust-based internet of things (TM-IoT) cloud computing method is proposed in this research. The problem is solved by choosing trustworthy partners to enhance the quality services of the IoT edging network in the Smart architectures. A smart device choice recommendation method based on the changing networks was developed. It applied the evolutionary concept of games to examine the reliability and durability of the technique of trust management presented in this article. The reliability and durability of the trustworthiness-managing system, the Lyapunov concept was applied.A real scenario for personal-health-control systems and air-qualitymonitoring and assessment in a smart city setting confirmed the efficiency of the confidence-management mechanism. Experiments have demonstrated that the methodology for trust administration suggested in this research plays a major part in promoting multi-intelligent gadget collaboration in the IoT edge computer system with an efficiency of 97%. It resists harmful threads against service suppliers more consistently and is ideal for the smart world's massive IoT edge computer system.

     

Smart probe: a novel fluorescence quenching-based oligonucleotide probe carrying a fluorophore and an intercalator.

A novel probe (Smart probe) has been developed for nucleic acid detection. The smart probe is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide carrying a fluorophore and an intercalator internally. Fluorescence of the smart probe is quenched by the intercalator in the absence of target sequence. While upon hybridization the probe emits greater fluorescence due to the interference of quenching by intercalation. The smart probe has been shown to recognize a single base mismatch in the double-stranded form without utilizing thermal stability difference of hybrids.     

智能期相联合SSF技术改善冠状动脉CTA图像运动伪影

目的:评价智能期相选择(Smart phase)和自动追踪冻结(Snap-Shot-Freeze, SSF)技术联合应用在前门控冠状动脉CT血管成像(Coronary CT angiography, CCTA)改善图像运动伪影中的价值。方法:94例疑似心血管疾病的患者行CCTA检查。所有患者图像均采用smart phase、SSF及smart phase+SSF两种技术联合进行后处理。将原始图像(A组)、smart phase图像(B组)、SSF图像(C组)和smart phase+SSF图像(D组)导入GE AW4.6工作站。对四组患者冠状动脉三大分支(右冠状动脉、左前降支及左旋支)图像质量进行主观评价(5分法)和测量每组图像主动脉根部及前胸壁肌肉CT值和标准差,并计算图像的噪声(Noise,N)、信噪比(Signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)和对比噪声比(Contrast-to-noise ratio,CNR)和比较。结果:经smart phase处理后,A组冠状动脉三大分支图像评分均得到了明显提高(P<0.05)。经SSF矫正的A组和B组冠状动脉三大分支图像质量评分均得到明显提高(P<0.05)。Smart Phase联合SSF技术得到的图像评分在所有组中评分最高,与其他组均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:Smart phase联合SSF技术可明显改善前门控CCTA图像运动伪影,值得临床推广应用。     

‘Smart’ cards use biometrics

The combined usage of smart cards and biometrics has gained in popularity over the last two years. While smart cards themselves may be highly secure, many smart card suppliers are acknowledging the advantage that biometrics can bring to their products by linking the card to the owner. Meanwhile, an advantage to the biometric industry is a privacy-friendly medium to carry its templates. A number of high profile applications have helped push the convergence of the technologies, but a remaining question is how far this convergence will actually go, with sensor-on-card products just around the corner?     

Can smart factories bring environmental benefits to their products?: A case study of household refrigerators

Smart factories have been widely adopted as a new manufacturing paradigm, in which the state‐of‐the‐art technologies are introduced to improve relevant processes. Yet, whether smart factories affect the environmental performance remains unknown. In this article, we examine the environmental performance of a smart refrigerator factory by comparing the environmental impacts of its product to a similar model that is produced in a traditional fashion. This article quantifies and verifies the theoretically predicted impacts of this smart factory on the individual processes. Though the overall differences in the two models are quite minor, we find that this smart factory can notably reduce the values of most impact categories associated with the parts and refrigerator production; the reduction in the value of climate change is 33%. Owing to higher material efficiency—raw material savings in this smart factory contributes to the greatest reductions in most categorized impacts—the contribution to the reduction of climate change is 39%. Yet, all categorized impacts of procurement and delivery are increased due to product personalization and direct delivery. The results of sensitivity analysis show that promoting product modularity, adopting clean energy such as wind power can further improve the environmental performance of the selected refrigerator. The introduction of auxiliary equipment and systems slightly increases the value of each category; yet their impacts are negligible compared to their benefits as facilitating production efficiency. Based on the quantitative results, recommendations are given to improve the environmental performance of smart factory, including optimizing current strategies and promoting horizontal and end‐to‐end integration.     

Immobilization of lanthanide doped aluminate phosphor onto recycled polyester toward the development of long-persistent photoluminescence smart window

Smart window can be defined as switchable material whose light transmission is altered upon exposure to light, voltage, or heat. However, smart windows are usually produced from expensive and breakable glass materials. Herein, transparent smart window with long-persistent phosphorescence, high optical transmittance, ultraviolet (UV) protection, rigid, high photostability and durability, an d superhydrophobicity was developed from recycled polyester (PET). Recycled polyester waste (RBW) was simply immobilized with different ratios of lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles (LdAN) to provide a long-persistent phosphorescent polyester smart window (LdAN@PET) with an abili ty to persist emitting light for extended time periods. The solid-state high temperature technique was used to prepare lanthanide-doped aluminate (LdA) micro-scale powder. Then, the top-down technique was applied to afford the corresponding LdAN. Recycled shredded recycled polyester bottles were charged into a hot bath to provide a clear plastic shred bulk, which was then well-mixed with LdAN and drop-casted to provide long-persistent luminescent smart window. In order to improve the phosphor dispersion in the PET bulk, LdAN was synthesized in the nanoparticle form which was characterized utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For better preparation of translucent smart window of long-persistent phosphorescent polyester, LdAN must be homogeneously dispersed in the PET matrix without agglomeration. The morphology and chemical composition were studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In addition, spectral profiles of excitation and emission, and decay and lifetime were used to better understand the photoluminescence properties. The hardness properties were also investigated. The developed phosphorescent transparent polyester smart window demonstrated a color switch to intense green underneath UV irradiation and greenish-yellow under darkness as verified by CIELab color parameters. The afterglow polyester smart window showed an absorption wavelength at 365 nm and two phosphorescence intensities at 442 and 512 nm. An enhanced UV protection, photostability and hydrophobic activity were detected. The luminescent polyester substrates with lower LdAN ratios demonstrated rapid and reversible fluorescent photochromic activity beneath the UV light. The luminescent polyester substrates with higher LdAN contents displayed long-persistent phosphorescence afterglow. The current strategy can be simply applied for the production of smart windows, low thickness anti-counterfeiting films and warning signs.     

Inkjet Printed Large Area Multifunctional Smart Windows

Multifunctional smart windows are successfully fabricated by assembling inkjet printed CeO₂/TiO₂ and WO₃/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrene sulfonate) films as the anode and cathode, respectively. Large optical modulation (more than 70% at 633 nm), fast switching (12.7/15.8 s), high coloration efficiency (108.9 cm² C^?1), and excellent bistability are achieved by the assembled smart windows. The multifunctional smart window not only can be used as typical electrochromic window, which can change its color to dynamically control the solar radiation transmittance through windows or protect privacy during the day, but also can be used as energy‐storage device simultaneously. The designed smart window releases the stored energy to light the bulbs and power other electronic devices at night while its color gradually reverts to transparent state. Moreover, the level of stored energy can be monitored via the visually detectable reversible color variation of the window. The fascinating multifunctional smart windows exhibit promising features for a wide range of applications in buildings, airplanes, automobiles, etc.     

Multistate Luminescent Solar Concentrator “Smart” Windows

A supertwist liquid crystalline luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) “smart” window is fabricated which can be switched electrically between three states: one designed for increased light absorption and electrical generation (the “dark” state), one for transparency (the “light” state), and one for enhanced haziness (“scattering” state). In the scattering state, the absorption and edge emissions decrease while the face emissions are enhanced. This new LSC “smart” window state can find application as a privacy feature in housing, but could also allow for a new “smart” window application as a diffuse glazing to increase plant growth in horticultural applications.     

Blockchain-based federated learning methodologies in smart environments

Blockchain technology is an undeniable ledger technology that stores transactions in high-security chains of blocks. Blockchain can solve security and privacy issues in a variety of domains. With the rapid development of smart environments and complicated contracts between users and intelligent devices, federated learning (FL) is a new paradigm to improve accuracy and precision factors of data mining by supporting information privacy and security. Much sensitive information such as patient health records, safety industrial information, and banking personal information in various domains of the Internet of Things (IoT) including smart city, smart healthcare, and smart industry should be collected and gathered to train and test with high potential privacy and secured manner. Using blockchain technology to the adaption of intelligent learning can influence maintaining and sustaining information security and privacy. Finally, blockchain-based FL mechanisms are very hot topics and cut of scientific edge in data science and artificial intelligence. This research proposes a systematic study on the discussion of privacy and security in the field of blockchain-based FL methodologies on the scientific databases to provide an objective road map of the status of this issue. According to the analytical results of this research, blockchain-based FL has been grown significantly during these 5 years and blockchain technology has been used more to solve problems related to patient healthcare records, image retrieval, cancer datasets, industrial equipment, and economical information in the field of IoT applications and smart environments.

     

Implementation of load management application system using smart grid privacy policy in energy management service environment

As the Smart grid is intelligent power grid, combining information Technology to the existing power grid. Electricity suppliers and consumers exchange real-time information to two-way and is a next-generation power grid to optimize energy efficiency. This paper suggests the implementation of load management application system using smart grid privacy policy in energy management service in energy management service environment. The structure of the privacy policy-based protection system using load management system in the smart grid environment is the structure that serves data in the load management system to the web through the application service network. For this, the privacy policy-based protection system suggested and developed the smart grid privacy policy-based protection system which controls service access by protecting items related to the personal information of the user and setting the privacy protection level for each item.     

Biometrics and smart cards

Smart card chips are increasingly being used to store and match biometric templates. In the near future, however, the security bar will be raised even further as fingerprint sensors are placed on the smart cards themselves. At this point the combined market for smart cards and biometrics could really blossom.     

Development of hydrophobic,mechanically reliable,and glow-in-the-dark glue using Arabic gum

A smart nanocomposite adhesive was created to facilitate a simple production of long-persistent photoluminescent and hydrophobic commercial products. Even after being left in the dark for up to 90 min, the created photoluminescent adhesive agent continued to generate light. A surface-specific nanocomposite adhesive agent consisting of lanthanide-activated strontium aluminate (LSA) nanoparticles (NPs; 5–14 nm) immobilized in the environmentally friendly Arabic gum (AG) was developed. A light-transmitting nanocomposite adhesive agent was manufactured by dispersing LSA nanoparticles evenly across the AG matrix without agglomeration. An excitation peak at 365 nm and an emission wavelength at 519 nm were observed for the prepared adhesives at different concentrations of LSA NPs. The emission spectra showed either fluorescence or afterglow phosphorescence, depending on the LSA ratio. The photochromic transition from colourless to green beneath an ultraviolet (UV) lamp and greenish yellow in a dark room was tracked. The LSA NPs in the Arabic gum matrix imparted enhanced hydrophobicity and scratch resistance to the LSA@AG nanocomposite. The LSA@AG nanocomposite demonstrated excellent durability and photostability. This study confirmed that the mass production of smart adhesives for applications such as smart windows, smart packaging, and safety directional signs in buildings is possible.     

Intelligent management of supply chain logistics based on 5g LoT

With the rapid development of science and technology and the integration of the global economy, competition in the global market has become increasingly fierce, and competition between enterprises has gradually become competition between supply chains. The application of Internet technology to the agricultural industry chain has a wide potential for development, and the LoT and the big data have become an important pillar of the development of smart agriculture. The implementation of Internet technology improves the degree of visibility and transparency of the agricultural supply chain, reduces supply chain uncertainty and improves the smart management of the supply chain. Research, development and implementation of technology 5g LoT brings new development opportunities for traditional supply chain management. In order to understand changes in the production and life of people under the 5g Internet environment of things, this document uses case analysis and bibliographic analysis methods for the collection of documents from the CNKI, Wanfang database, SSCI and other databases and analyses different fields of life using GIS spatial analysis technology. The results of the survey show that, in the case of the use of the 5g LoT, the supply chain may provide more information on the development of an intelligent supply chain, the smart level of chain efficiency has significantly improved, and the percentage is approximately 25%. This article takes as an example the supply of cars, with the help of the LoT system, the accuracy of delivery and the speed of logistics transport have improved significantly. In the smart model, the coefficient can reach 0813, which shows that smart management of the supply chain fewer than 5g LoT can play a major role.

     

Influence of low cholesterol eggs enriched with vitamin-E and omega-3 fatty acid on blood lipid profile of Wistar rats

In the recent past, low cholesterol eggs enriched with vitamin-E and omega-3 fatty acid have been developed and are marketed under different brands claiming them as heart friendly. The influence of these eggs (smart eggs) on lipid profile of rats was evaluated in comparison to that of the standard eggs. Data of 4 week dietary treatment revealed that total plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol increased only 22% in rats fed on diet containing 4 smart eggs per kg of semi-synthetic diet in contrast to the increase of more than 100 % when fed on diet containing standard eggs. The results suggest that it is not the low cholesterol content alone but also vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids present in smart eggs that act synergically to prevent a substantial change in blood lipid profile and impose no serious risk to the health of the consumers.