四个不同种属动物肢体Ⅱ导联心电图比较

目的对比格犬、恒河猴、日本大耳白兔、树鼩四个不同种属实验动物的ECG-II进行分析比较,归纳其ECG-II的特点,旨在为上述动物在安评中的运用提供参考。方法选择成年比格犬、恒河猴、日本大耳白和树鼩,分别对其在清醒状态下的ECG-II进行描记和分析,并对ECG-II各项指标进行测量分析。结果与结论不同种属动物均为窦性心律,在波型方面基本一致,未出现特异性改变,但不同动物在QRS波群和T波形态上具有一定差异;各指标测定结果显示,日本大耳白兔P波、T波振幅和树鼩心率分别小于和快于其他种属动物。     

恒河猴和树鼩角膜内皮细胞的比较分析

目的对比分析恒河猴和树鼩角膜内皮细胞的特点和差异。方法利用非接触式自动角膜内皮细胞仪SP3000P分别对6只恒河猴(12眼)和20只树鼩(40眼)进行角膜内皮细胞测量,并获得角膜的8个相关参数:中央角膜厚度(CCT)、最小细胞面积(Smin)、最大细胞面积(Smax)、平均细胞面积(Savg)、细胞面积标准差(SSD)、细胞面积变异系数(CV)、细胞密度(CD)和六边形细胞百分比(HG),并结合文献与人眼的相关参数进行对比分析。结果 SP3000P角膜内皮细胞仪能在较短时间内完成恒河猴和树鼩角膜内皮的图像采集和参数的检查,耗时差异无显著性。恒河猴和树鼩CCT分别为(449.2±12.8)μm和(262.4±24.6)μm;Smin分别为(120.4±26.3)S/μm2和(153.2±42.9)S/μm2;Smax分别为(705.0±130.8)S/μm2和(468.7±109.3)S/μm2;Savg分别为(351.1±26.1)和(295.4±18.9)S/μm2;SSD分别为(113.1±27.4)和(75.9±27.3)S/μm2;CV分别为(31.9±6.0)和(25.3±8.3);CD分别为(2874.2±203.8)p/cell·mm-2和(3399.3±224.7)p/cell·mm-2;HG%分别为(58.6±9.1)和(94.0±9.7)。二者的上述参数差异均有显著性(P0.05)。树鼩角膜厚度比恒河猴小,内皮细胞面积、变异系数也较恒河猴小,但是角膜内皮细胞密度和六边形细胞比例显著高于恒河猴。恒河猴角膜厚度、角膜内皮细胞变异系数和六边形细胞比例与人眼高度相似,但内皮细胞密度低于人眼;树鼩角膜厚度为恒河猴的60%、人眼的50%,但角膜内皮细胞密度和平均细胞面积更接近于10~20岁人眼。结论恒河猴和树鼩角膜内皮细胞的形态和各项参数均有显著差异,各自与人眼角膜内皮细胞既有相似之处,也有不同点,恒河猴和树鼩均是研究人类角膜内皮疾病可以选择的合适实验动物。     

树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)耳蜗毛细胞铺片的观察

我们用树鼩14只,取耳蜗铺片后进行毛细胞计数和长度测量。发现树鼩毛细胞数及缺失率与人、猴、豚鼠不同,树鼩毛细胞失数少且稳定,蜗尖弃用部少,不同种群间的个体差异小,利于用作生物学实验动物,可为研究耳的生理、病理及临床服务。     

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心,集实验动物饲养、繁殖、管理和实验动物科学研究、动物实验及实验动物人才培养等为一体的综合性实验动物研究基地,占地总面积约5．4万平方米,实验动物品种有猕猴,食蟹猴,树鼩,大、小鼠,家兔,豚鼠等。     

MSCT-3D技术在动物与人骨骼形态比较研究中的应用

目的应用MSCT-3D显示技术比较正常贵州香猪、Marshall比格犬、恒河猴与人上肢带骨及躯干骨的形态学差异。方法采用MSCT分别对贵州香猪、比格犬和恒河猴进行CT全身扫描并进行图像重建,观察其上肢带骨、躯干骨形态结构与人的异同。结果比格犬、恒河猴、贵州香猪脊椎骨和肋的基本组成与人相同,脊椎骨由椎体和附件组成,肋骨包括真肋、假肋和浮肋。而脊柱曲度、各段椎骨数目、胸骨结构、肋的数目、胸肋连接、上肢带骨的组成与人不同,恒河猴的脊柱曲度和上肢带骨连接与人相同,有颈、胸、腰、骶四个生理性弯曲并由锁骨和肩胛骨共同连接自由上肢骨,比格犬和贵州香猪只有颈、胸腰、骶三个生理性弯曲,仅由肩胛骨连接自由上肢骨。结论恒河猴躯干骨和上肢带骨与人有良好的相似性,而比格犬和贵州香猪与人差别较大。MSCT-3D技术为实验动物形态学比较研究提供了一种相对无创、快速、可以在体研究并动态连续观察的科学有效方法。     

比格犬垂体囊肿的组织形态学研究

目的研究比格犬垂体囊肿自发性病变的发生情况,以建立适用于GLP的实验动物背景资料。方法采用常规组织学方法,对60只8～10月龄实验对照组比格犬垂体进行组织病理学检查,光学显微镜下描述垂体囊肿的组织形态学特点并统计其发生率。结果囊肿多出现在垂体的远侧部,囊壁由一层扁平或立方状上皮构成,囊腔内可见黏液状物;囊肿总体发生率为23.3%,其中雌性为13.3%,雄性为33.3%。结论应加强比格犬自发病变的病理监测,为药物安全性评价提供实验动物的背景资料。     

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心

中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所医学灵长类中心,集实验动物饲养、繁殖、管理和实验动物科学研究、动物实验及实验动物人才培养等为一体的综合性实验动物研究基地,占地总面积约5．4万平方米,实验动物品种有猕猴,食蟹猴,树鼩,大、小鼠,家兔,豚鼠等。拥有一支从事实验动物和动物实验经验丰富的科研和技术队伍,也是中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院动物学硕士学位授予点,     

UFLC-MS/MS研究胡椒碱在不同种属肝微粒体中的代谢稳定性和代谢表型

应用体外肝微粒体孵育体系,考察胡椒碱在人、SD大鼠、小鼠、恒河猴和比格犬5个种属肝微粒体中的代谢稳定性,比较代谢的种属差异,确定其在人肝微粒体中的代谢表型。通过UFLC-MS/MS检测方法,测定胡椒碱在各个种属肝微粒体中孵育后的剩余浓度,考察他们的代谢稳定性及体外代谢动力学参数。采用化学抑制法考察胡椒碱在人肝微粒体中的代谢表型。结果表明胡椒碱在人、SD大鼠、小鼠、恒河猴和比格犬的肝微粒体中,半衰期T1/2分别为31. 36、48. 46、138. 60、147. 45、165. 00 min;体外固有清除率CLint分别为0. 0442、0. 0286、0. 0100、0. 0094、0. 0084m L/(m L·mg);在人肝微粒体中,胡椒碱主要被CYP3A4和CYP2C9酶代谢。推测胡椒碱在各种肝微粒体中的代谢均相对较稳定,其中大鼠和人的肝微粒体代谢性质最相近,在后续的实验中可以考虑用大鼠的代谢结果预测人的代谢结果;人肝微粒体中参与胡椒碱代谢的酶主要有CYP3A4和CYP2C9。     

低频电刺激对不同动物血内激素水平的影响

目的探索低频电刺激对不同动物血内激素水平的影响。方法分别给予中国树鼩、Wistar大鼠、BALB/c小鼠低频电刺激后,分别在12、24、36 h各取一组动物采血,用放射免疫法检测去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline,NA)、内皮素(endothelin,ET)水平。结果给予中国树鼩、Wistar大鼠、BALB/c小鼠低频电刺激后12、24、36 h,NA、ET水平比对照组显著升高(P0.01),给予利血平后24 h,再给予相同电刺激,NA、ET水平比单纯电刺激组明显降低(P0.05~0.01)。不同动物对同一刺激的应激敏感程度不同,敏感程度按照中国树鼩、Wistar大鼠、BALB/c小鼠的顺序依次降低。结论低频电刺激能促进中国树鼩、Wistar大鼠、BALB/c小鼠NA、ET释放,利血平具有降低机体对低频电刺激的应激作用。     

花背蟾蜍和中华蟾蜍皮肤腺体及耳后腺体的组织学研究

目的了解花背蟾蜍和中华蟾蜍皮肤腺和耳后腺的显微结构特点。方法采用大体解剖学方法观察耳后腺的外部形态及皮肤分泌物特征,采用常规石蜡包埋组织切片技术、HE和PAS染色方法观察皮肤腺和耳后腺的结构。结果花背蟾蜍和中华蟾蜍相比,皮肤黏液腺和耳后腺的显微结构差异有显著性,皮肤颗粒腺结构相似,推测当颗粒腺中的分泌物排出后,腺体外的上皮肌细胞变厚,细胞界限明显。花背蟾蜍皮肤黏液腺有两类分泌细胞相间排列成花环型。根据黏液腺分泌细胞的高矮（即中等高柱状、矮柱状和极矮柱状）,中华蟾蜍皮肤黏液腺相应地可见到三种形态,第三种黏液腺的分泌细胞极矮腺腔较大,数量极少,基本上只在前后肢皮肤中观察到。花背蟾蜍和中华蟾蜍的耳后腺也有差别：一是,中华蟾蜍耳后腺中大瓶状腺体内含物明显不同;二是,中华蟾蜍耳后腺中大瓶状腺体的大导管外侧有不同腺体存在,花背蟾蜍则无;三是,中华蟾蜍耳后腺表皮下大瓶状腺体上有钙化层存在,花背蟾蜍则无。结论两种蟾蜍皮肤腺和耳后腺均存在一定的差异,这种形态结构的差异与其生活习性和防御机能密切相关。     

Tracheobronchial epithelium in the adult rhesus monkey: a quantitative histochemical and ultrastructural study

Previous studies of the intrapulmonary conducting airways of sheep and rabbit have demonstrated marked diversity in the epithelial populations lining them. Because studies of trachea and centriacinar regions of macaque monkeys suggested that primates may be even more diverse, the present study was designed to characterize the epithelial population throughout the airway tree of one primate species, the rhesus monkey. Trachea and intrapulmonary airways of the right cranial and middle lobes of glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde-infused lungs of five adult rhesus monkeys were microdissected following the axial pathway. Each branch was assigned a binary number indicating its specific location within the tree. The trachea and six generations of intrapulmonary airway from the right cranial lobe were evaluated for ultrastructure and quantitative histology as were those of the right middle lobe for quantitative carbohydrate histochemistry. Four cell types were identified throughout the tree: ciliated, mucous goblet, small mucous granule, and basal. The tallest epithelium lined the trachea; the shortest, the respiratory bronchiole. The most cells per unit length of basement membrane were in proximal intrapulmonary bronchi; the least, in the respiratory bronchiole. The nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial or Clara cell was restricted to respiratory bronchioles. Sulfomucins were present in the vast majority of surface goblet cells in the trachea and proximal bronchi. In proximal bronchi, neutral glycoconjugates predominated in glands and acidic glycoconjugates in surface epithelium. In terminal and respiratory bronchioles the ratio of acidic glycoconjugate to neutral glycoconjugate equaled that in proximal bronchi, although glands were not present. Sulfomucins were minimal in terminal airways. We conclude that the characteristics of the epithelial lining of the mammalian tracheobronchial airway tree are very species-specific. The lining of the rhesus monkey does not have the diversity in cell types in different airway generations observed in sheep and rabbit. Also, the populations lining these airways in the rhesus are very different from either the sheep or rabbit in number, proportions of different cell types, glycoconjugate content, and distribution of specific cell types.     

Distribution of Clara cell secretory protein expression in the tracheobronchial airways of rhesus monkeys

Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) is a protective lung protein that is believed to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticarcinogenic properties; to be present in all adult mammals; and to be well conserved in rodents, humans, and nonhuman primates. The rationale for this study is to define the distribution and abundance of CCSP in the airway epithelium and lavage fluid of the adult rhesus monkey and to provide information for evaluating CCSP as a marker of Clara cells and as a biomarker of lung health. Lung tissue and lavage fluid from 3-yr-old rhesus monkeys were examined using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Proximal bronchi, midlevel bronchi, and terminal/respiratory bronchioles were compared for immunohistochemical localization of CCSP in three-dimensional whole mounts as well as in paraffin and Araldite sections. Immunoreactive CCSP was found in nonciliated cells throughout the airway epithelium. Proximal and midlevel airways had the highest labeling. CCSP decreased in distal airways, and respiratory bronchioles had little to no CCSP. CCSP in the most distal airways was in tall cuboidal cells adjacent to the pulmonary artery. Although a large number of cells were present in the terminal bronchioles that would be classified as Clara cells based on morphology (nonciliated cells with apical protrusions), only a small number stained positively for immunoreactive CCSP. Semiquantitative analysis of Western blots indicated that changes in lavage CCSP are consistent with, and may be predictive of, overall CCSP levels in the airway epithelium in this primate species that is phylogenetically similar to humans.     

Giant mitochondria distinct from enlarged mitochondria in secretory and ciliated cells of gerbil trachea and bronchioles

Numerous mitochondria ranging from slightly larger than normal to several micrometers in diameter (giant) were found in about one-half the serous secretory cells in the surface epithelium of the normal gerbil trachea and proximal bronchi. Tracheal serous cells of mice also were found to contain numerous giant mitochondria. Clara cells of gerbil bronchioles contained abundant giant mitochondria in addition to normal tubular mitochondria and the second population of enlarged spherical mitochondria that have been described in Clara cells of several genera. In contrast, mouse Clara cells revealed the normal tubular and the enlarged spherical mitochondria but no giant mitochondria. A survey of a number of cell types in gerbils failed to disclose hypertrophied mitochondria outside tracheobronchial surface epithelium and bronchioles. The mitochondrial enlargement resulted from an increase of matrix but not cristae. The expansion of matrix displaced the relatively sparse cristae into small collections compressed against the outer membrane. The prevalence of giant mitochondria and of granular endoplasmic reticulum is similar among cells, and these two organelles are codistributed within cells. The megamitochondria and granular reticulum occupy a central stratum, whereas normal mitochondria occur in the apical and basal regions. The giant mitochondria are considered related to a normal biologic activity that is characteristic of respiratory tract epithelium of mice and gerbils selectively and is more prominent in secretory cells than in ciliated cells.     

Mucous cells of the tracheobronchial tree in the ferret

Mucosubstances in the tracheobronchial tree of the ferret were studied histochemically. The submucous glands contained predominantly neutral mucins. Scattered between these were cells containing sulphated mucins and sialidase-labile and sialidase-resistant sialomucins. Most of the goblet cells in the trachea, as well as those in the bronchi and larger bronchioles, contained sulphated mucins. A smaller proportion of the goblet cells showed sialidase-labile and sialidase-resistant sialomucins. It will be interesting to see whether ferrets can be used to produce animal models for hypersecretory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis.     

Karyotypes of Pneumocystis carinii derived from several mammals

Pneumocystis carinii is the most important opportunistic pathogen of humans in the world. Pneumocystis carinii is experimentally detected in the lungs of rats, mice, rabbits, and monkeys, however, the organisms from different mammals are identical in microscopic morphology. The present study tried to find out more mammalian hosts of P. carinii and also to differentiate the organisms from different mammals by karyotyping. Rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, cats, and dogs were successfully infected by P. carinii, but guinea pigs and pigs were not. Karyotype of P. carinii from rabbits showed similar size range of chromosomes with that of the prototype, but in different pattern. The patterns from cats and dogs were also different from that of rats. The present study confirms that cats and dogs are infected by P. carinii and at least total three karyotype strains of P. carinii are proven in Korea.     

SD大鼠、Beagle犬和新西兰白兔主泪腺的解剖学特点及形态学观察

目的观察及比较SD大鼠、Beagle犬、新西兰白兔主泪腺的解剖学和形态学特点.方法 SD大鼠、Bea-gle犬和新西兰白兔的主泪腺剖取并用12%福尔马林固定,进行石蜡切片、HE染色和PAS染色,光学显微镜观察.结果SD大鼠的眶外泪腺和眶内泪腺均为管泡状的浆液性腺;Beagle犬的主泪腺属于管泡状混合性腺,腺组织被结缔组...     

Composition of glycoproteins secreted by tracheal explants from various animal species.

1. The acidic and neutral glycoproteins secreted by cultured tracheal explants from pigs, sheep, rats, mice, monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs and chickens were purified and fractionated by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. 2. The ratios of acidic to neutral mucus glycoproteins were compared for the above animals with that of mucus glycoproteins secreted by cultured human bronchi. 3. The observed ratios of acidic to neutral glycoproteins ranged from 4.0 (mouse) to 7.2 (chicken and pig) from cultured tracheae; secreted human bronchial mucus had a ratio of 2.7. 4. The ratio of acidic to neutral glycoproteins secreted by tracheal explants varied with duration of incubation of the trachea in culture.