牛结核病对人类健康的影响及其诊断方法

牛结核病是一种非常重要的人畜共患病,其流行不但对畜牧业的发展产生直接影响,而且会通过各种途径感染人类,给公共卫生带来严重威胁。本文主要就牛结核病的发现、与人结核病之间的关系、对人类健康的影响及其目前的诊断方法等进行介绍。     

副结核分枝杆菌感染的免疫应答与检测方法研究进展北大核心CSCD

副结核分枝杆菌常引起感染牛的产奶量下降、持续性消瘦、顽固性下痢甚至死亡,给畜牧业带来了巨大的经济损失。牛通常在幼年期经口感染该菌并具有一个较长的亚临床期,后期才表现出临床症状,感染前期以细胞免疫为主并伴随着间歇排菌,经过一个2到5年的亚临床期后体液免疫应答增强,同时排菌量明显增加。目前对牛副结核病常用的检测方法有病原学检测方法,基于细胞免疫反应和基于体液免疫反应的检测方法。由于不同方法的反应原理不同,加之副结核分枝杆菌感染动物的特定免疫应答规律,在某一时间内各方法之间敏感性差异较大。本文简要阐述了牛副结核分枝杆菌的传播途径以及牛感染后的免疫应答特点,对牛副结核病的常见诊断方法进行了综述。     

不同牛分枝杆菌特异性基因PCR方法的比较

【背景】牛结核病是我国二类动物疫病,世界动物卫生组织将其列为法定报告的动物疫病。牛主要通过患病牛呼吸道分泌物和咳嗽所产生的气溶胶感染;人则主要通过食用未经高温处理的病牛的肉或奶感染。因此,经过病原学PCR检测对疑似患病牛牛奶或屠宰组织样品进行快速检验确诊,能够最大限度地减少奶牛养殖中乳品生产业的经济损失。【目的】研究并确定适宜的牛分枝杆菌PCR扩增引物及参数,为临床快速准确诊断牛结核病提供参考。【方法】对已报道的5对PCR引物,运用降落(touch down) PCR法确定适宜退火温度(Tm);运用梯度稀释的牛分枝杆菌C68001株(国内牛结核菌素生产用菌株)基因组DNA以及不同菌液含量的人工模拟临床样本(淋巴结、肺脏和牛奶),确定不同引物PCR方法的敏感性;同时以6种常见牛感染菌(牛种布鲁氏菌2308、羊种布鲁氏菌Rev.1、牛分枝杆菌C68001和AN5、禽分枝杆菌C68202、副结核分枝杆菌C68681和胞内分枝杆菌C68226)核酸样本,确定不同引物PCR方法的特异性。【结果】所有引物在53-63℃均含有目的条带,确定引物的最佳退火温度是60℃。在细菌核酸敏感性检验中,1号和3...     

牛结核γ干扰素ELISPOT检测方法的建立

本研究旨在建立一种牛结核γ干扰素ELISPOT检测方法,并评价该方法用于牛结核病检测的价值。通过筛选与天然牛γ干扰素特异性结合的单克隆抗体分别作为包被抗体和检测抗体,并探索不同的实验条件确定最佳包被抗体浓度、最佳细胞数量和最佳检测抗体浓度等,建立牛γ干扰素ELISPOT检测方法。采集30头奶牛尾静脉血并分离外周血单个核细胞,以结核菌素作为刺激原,使用建立的ELISPOT检测方法进行牛结核病检测,并与BOVIGAMTM ELISA试剂盒检测结果进行比较。筛选到两株与天然牛γ干扰素特异性结合的单抗2G5和5E11,确定ELISPOT检测方法的最佳实验条件为:包被抗体2G5浓度2.5μg/m L,每孔细胞数量2.5×105个,检测抗体Bio-5E11浓度1μg/mL。使用建立的ELISPOT检测方法与BOVIGAMTM ELISA试剂盒对30头奶牛进行同步检测,结果显示,以BOVIGAMTM ELISA试剂盒检测结果作为参考标准,14头BOVIGAMTM ELISA试剂盒检测阳性牛中,ELISPOT方法检出的阳性牛为11头,敏感性为78.6%(11/14);16头BOVIGAMTM ELISA试剂盒检测阴性牛中,ELISPOT方法检出的阴性牛为12头,特异性为75%(12/16)。应用结核菌素作为刺激原的牛结核γ干扰素ELISPOT检测方法可用于牛结核病辅助检测,具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

2008 年国际结核病研讨会简讯

由深圳华大基因研究院和European Action onGlobal Life Science(EAGLES)共同主办的2008国际结核病研究研讨会于2008年11月5～7日在中国深圳顺利举行.来自世界各国的30余位结核病领域高级专家参加了这次会议,就全球及中国结核病的形势、结核病的诊断技术、结核病药物和疫苗研究及传统中医药在结核病治疗中的应用等议题进行了研讨.此次会议旨在交流结核病研究领域最新的研究成果和实践经验,推动结核病的研究、预防和治疗,加强世界各国在结核病领域的合作.     

多重耐药性结核病的现状,机制与诊治

结核病仍然是全球的公共卫生问题,近年来特别是多重耐药性（ＭＤＲ）结核病病例的增多,造成了诊断和治疗上的巨大困难,严重影响到结核病的控制。本文阐述了多重耐药结核病的现状、传播、诊断和防治,并着重介绍了目前在耐药机制的分子生物学研究和耐药性的检定方面是的一系列进展。     

结核分枝杆菌基因分型技术的应用

结核分枝杆茵在分子生物学检测技术方面的发展使人们对结核流行和传播的理解有了革命性的变化。目前该茵基因分型主要的技术方法有IS6110分型法、分枝杆茵重复单位分型法、Spologotyping分型法。基因分型法的应用在临床、结核病传播预测、结核病控制,以及对相应基因型的结核发病机制的认识等方面都有很重要的意义,尤其在结核病的预防和控制中显示出更美好的应用前景。     

结核病防治基础研究进展

结核病(tuberculosis)是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)引起的一种慢性传染病.结核病经呼吸道传播,肺部是Mtb感染的主要和起始器官.因此,肺结核是最主要的结核病.除肺部外,其他系统器官如骨关节、淋巴结、泌尿生殖系统、肠道、肝脏等均可受累而发生结核病.     

结核分枝杆菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的分子机制研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)通过空气传播引起人类感染的慢性传染病,耐药结核分枝杆菌的流行是目前结核病防治的世界难题。氟喹诺酮类药物是人工合成药物,应用于耐药结核的临床治疗中,在治疗中起着核心的作用。但近年来,氟喹诺酮类药物的抗性菌株不断出现,愈发增加了结核病治疗的困难与治疗失败风险。在临床中氟喹诺酮药物的靶点比较清楚,是结核分枝杆菌的DNA旋转酶。目前发现结核分枝杆菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的机制主要包括药物靶点DNA旋转酶的关键氨基酸改变、药物外排泵系统、细菌细胞壁厚度的增加以及喹诺酮抗性蛋白MfpA介导的DNA旋转酶活性调控。其中在氟喹诺酮靶标DNA旋转酶功能活性改变的耐药机制方面,编码DNA旋转酶基因突变一直是研究的热点,但近年来发现DNA旋转酶的调控蛋白MfpA以及DNA旋转酶的修饰在细菌耐药性中起着重要的作用,相关机制还亟待发现。本文综述了当前结核分枝杆菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的作用机制,旨在为研发精准诊断技术和药物发掘提供科学理论基础和参考。     

抗结核病药物的开发

抗结核病药物的开发是目前世界各国研究的热点和难点之一.世界主要制药公司如葛蓝素、利莉,主要机构如世界银行、世界卫生组织等都高度重视抗结核病药物的开发.另外,还成立了全球抗结核病药物开发联盟.     

宠物结核病的危害及其防治

随着生活水平的提高,宠物的数量和种类增长迅速。结核病是目前病死人数最多的人兽共患病,犬、猫和鸟类都能感染发病,对人类,尤其是免疫抑制人群威胁很大。监测和防治宠物结核病对人类结核根除计划具有重要意义。     

Risk factors for the detected presence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle in south central Spain

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease of livestock and wildlife, which has major social and economic costs. In Spain, cattle test-and-slaughter schemes have dramatically reduced TB levels, but a wildlife reservoir of the disease is thought to be preventing total eradication. We aim to identify the risk factors for the presence of TB in cattle in Spain. In this case–control study, we combined a farmer-based questionnaire and participatory mapping with government records in Almodovar, Spain. Data were collected from a mixture of TB-free and TB-infected farms, yielding a total sample of 73 farms. Generalised linear modelling and information theory were used to identify the risk factors strongly associated with TB, and farmers were also asked their opinions on TB and wildlife management. The risk factors most strongly associated with TB on a farm were the presence of wildlife, the number of streams per hectare and feeding volume foods (e.g. hay) on the ground. Farmers’ opinions about TB were influenced by their experience of the disease and their interactions with wildlife. The results highlight the complexities of managing TB, and demonstrate the need for a system-level understanding of the inter-relationships among epidemiological, ecological, environmental, social and political risk factors.     

我国牛病毒性腹泻流行现状与防控策略

我国牛病毒性腹泻病(Bovine viral diarrhea,BVD)的流行比较复杂,其病原BVDV (BVDV-1和BVDV-2)不仅仅局限于已知易感动物牛群感染,其他动物种群中感染BVDV-1和BVDV-2的现象也值得注意,如猪群中BVDV感染很大程度上混淆了猪瘟等病原的监测,从而加剧病程发展。牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)可致持续感染(Persistent infection,PI),这一特性导致该病的净化面临巨大困难,对整个养殖场的健康发展形成了严峻威胁。BVDV抗原变异速率非常快,目前BVDV-1已有22个亚型,BVDV-2有4个亚型,鉴于病原在自然界的适应和演进特性,对该病的防控措施迟后其病原的变异速度。因此,定期摸清BVDV-1和BVDV-2在我国的流行现状是实施疫病净化的第一步和关键步骤,进一步借鉴国外BVD净化成功经验,综合考虑我国国情,采取适宜的防控策略,逐步净化该病原感染,有助于促进国内养殖业的健康发展。     

Economic considerations for the eradication endgame

An infectious disease will be eradicated only if it is eliminated everywhere, including in the hardest-to-reach, most vaccine-wary communities. If eradication is successful, it promises a dividend in the form of avoided infections and vaccinations. However, success is never certain unless and until eradication is achieved, and claiming the dividend means bearing the possibly great risk of re-emergence. Economic analysis of eradication evaluates these risks and rewards relative to the alternative of ‘optimal control’, and also exposes the incentives for achieving and capitalizing on eradication. Eradication is a ‘game’, because some countries may be willing to eliminate the disease within their borders only if assured that all others will eliminate the disease within their borders. International financing is also a game, because each country would rather free ride than contribute. Finally, for diseases such as polio, capitalizing on eradication is a game, for should any country continue to vaccinate in the post-eradication era using the live-attenuated polio vaccine, the countries that stop vaccinating will be exposed to the risk of vaccine-derived polioviruses. In the framework developed in this paper, eradication is a seductive goal, its attainment fraught with peril.     

Drugs versus bugs: in pursuit of the persistent predator Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) claims a life every 10 seconds and global mortality rates are increasing despite the use of chemotherapy. But why have we not progressed towards the eradication of the disease? There is no simple answer, although apathy, politics, poverty and our inability to fight the chronic infection have all contributed. Drug resistance and HIV-1 are also greatly influencing the current TB battle plans, as our understanding of their complicity grows. In this Review, recent efforts to fight TB will be described, specifically focusing on how drug discovery could combat the resistance and persistence that make TB worthy of the moniker 'The Great White Plague'.     

Epidemiology and eradication of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) virus in Finland

Background  

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) is a significant disease among domestic and wild cattle. The BHV-1 infection was first detected in Finland in 1970; presumably it was imported in 1968. The infection reappeared in the large-scale bulk-tank milk surveillances which started in 1990, and was eradicated in 1994. Our aim is to describe the epidemiology of this infection in Finland, and its eradication.     

Pest problems: The view of the Animal Health Board

Abstract

The national perspective that the Animal Health Board (AHB) brings to this forum is, of course, the control and, if possible, the eradication of bovine Tb from New Zealand. Our interest in pest management is in the wild and feral animals which are known to be vector/reservoirs of the disease. In this case the most notable and significant is the possum.     

Congenital tuberculosis associated with maternal disseminated miliary tuberculosis

Untreated tuberculosis during pregnancy presents a serious risk for transmission of disease to the newborn and can result in adverse perinatal and obstetrical outcomes. Tuberculosis during pregnancy and congenital tuberculosis are infrequent conditions and are difficult to diagnose due the non-specificity of the symptoms. A case report is presented of a woman who had no children previously with disseminated miliary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis symptoms appeared immediately after birth of the first child, with a clinical diagnosis on the second month after childbirth, whereupon the patient died. The son, a premature infant, showed disease symptoms from the first day, with primary pulmonary complex and persistent atelectasis due to bronchial obstruction. The obstruction was due to thoracic lymphadenitis and coinfection with cytomegalovirus. The infant received standard treatment and his condition improved.     

A vision of a world without polio: the OPV cessation strategy.

Once the eradication of wild poliovirus has been confirmed, the public health benefits of routine immunization with OPV will no longer outweigh the burden of disease either due to paralysis caused by OPV (vaccine associated paralytic polio), or by outbreaks caused by circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. The eventual cessation of OPV use in routine immunization programmes worldwide will become necessary to assure a lasting eradication of polio. As the world moves towards polio eradication and its certification, preparations are therefore being intensified for OPV cessation, and the risk management framework for safe OPV cessation is being put in place. The framework includes bio-containment of all known poliovirus and potentially infected substances, development of an international stockpile of oral polio vaccine, ensuring a mechanism for continued global surveillance and response for polio after eradication has been certified, and national policies if countries decide to continue vaccinating with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). It is ironic that the vaccine on which the world has depended for polio eradication will itself become a risk to eradication once the transmission of wild poliovirus has been interrupted. Final preparations for the eventual global and simultaneous cessation of OPV will require the same level of international cooperation and coordination that has brought the world to the verge of polio eradication.     

Spatial Dynamics of Bovine Tuberculosis in the Autonomous Community of Madrid,Spain (2010–2012)

Progress in control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is often not uniform, usually due to the effect of one or more sometimes unknown epidemiological factors impairing the success of eradication programs. Use of spatial analysis can help to identify clusters of persistence of disease, leading to the identification of these factors thus allowing the implementation of targeted control measures, and may provide some insights of disease transmission, particularly when combined with molecular typing techniques. Here, the spatial dynamics of bTB in a high prevalence region of Spain were assessed during a three year period (2010–2012) using data from the eradication campaigns to detect clusters of positive bTB herds and of those infected with certain Mycobacterium bovis strains (characterized using spoligotyping and VNTR typing). In addition, the within-herd transmission coefficient (β) was estimated in infected herds and its spatial distribution and association with other potential outbreak and herd variables was evaluated. Significant clustering of positive herds was identified in the three years of the study in the same location (“high risk area”). Three spoligotypes (SB0339, SB0121 and SB1142) accounted for >70% of the outbreaks detected in the three years. VNTR subtyping revealed the presence of few but highly prevalent strains within the high risk area, suggesting maintained transmission in the area. The spatial autocorrelation found in the distribution of the estimated within-herd transmission coefficients in herds located within distances <14 km and the results of the spatial regression analysis, support the hypothesis of shared local factors affecting disease transmission in farms located at a close proximity.