重金属污染土壤原位化学固定修复研究进展

重金属污染土壤原位化学固定修复是通过添加不同外源物质固定土壤中重金属元素,达到降低重金属迁移性和生物有效性的一种重要方法.由于操作方便和效果快速,使其在污染土壤治理过程中有着不可代替的作用,尤其对于耕作土壤中的面源污染.许多具有俘获土壤中重金属离子能力的自然物质和工业副产品如磷矿石、泥炭土、石灰和有机肥等都可用在实地的固定修复中.采用实验室评价和实地应用评价,一方面可以评估这些固定物质在土壤中对重金属离子的固定效率;另一方面可以评估重金属的溶出、释放和生物毒性等生态风险.本文对原位修复过程中采用的不同固定物质的来源和分类进行了概述,对化学固定过程的机理进行了探讨,同时阐述了重金属污染土壤化学固定修复应用过程中的实验室评价和实地应用评价方法,分析了化学固定修复的局限性并提出了今后的发展方向.     

细菌内毒素研究进展

内毒素（endotoxin）是一种革兰阴性细菌细胞壁外膜的主要组成成分,其化学本质为脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）,是诱发炎症反应过程中主要的致病成分。本文就细菌内毒素的信号通路、检测方法及抗内毒素药物的研发进行了综述。     

不同研发阶段的骨关节炎治疗药物开发进展

骨关节炎是常见的退行性关节疾病,在老年人群中发病率较高。尽管已有一些药物可用于缓解骨关节炎导致的疼痛,但现已上市的药物在骨关节炎治疗上的效果有限,且存在一定程度的不良反应,使骨关节炎在临床治疗上无法达到十分满意的效果。对此,国内外对用于骨关节炎的化学药、生物药、中药的治疗研发进行了诸多探索,这些研发为改善骨关节治疗的效果带来了新希望。本文对骨关节炎治疗用药的研发进展进行综述,尤其是对已进入临床研究阶段的骨关节炎治疗用化学药、生物药研究进展进行了比较分析,以期为相关研发人员提供启示。     

西部资源植物药战略研讨会圆满举行

为了加快中国科学院”十二五”新药创新体系的建设,充分发挥西部资源植物药研发优势,由中国科学院昆明植物研究所植物化学与西部植物资源持续利用国家重点实验室主办的”西部资源植物药战略研讨会”于2010年7月29～30日在云南省昆明市举行。     

资源植物研发重点实验室

资源植物研发重点实验室是整合了植物所从事资源植物应用基础研究和技术研发方面的相关力量而成立的所级重点实验室,为植物园主要的研发技术力量。该实验室面向国家在特色经济植物发展中的重大需求,主要关注     

地下水微生物功能群及生物地球化学循环

地下水系统是地球关键带的重要组成部分,为微生物提供了特殊的栖息环境和复杂的生存条件,进而演化出复杂的生物地球化学过程。随着多技术、多学科的交叉融合及发展,近几十年地下水微生物功能群及生物地球化学循环研究取得了引人瞩目的重要进展。本文从地下水中的微生物群功能分区、微生物介导的地球化学元素循环、污染与修复中的生物地球化学过程,以及生物地球化学过程数值模拟等方面对国内外相关研究进展进行了综述,并对地下水系统中微生物"暗物质、暗过程"、微生物修复、地下水医学地质学,以及地下水多学科交叉融合等研究方向和前景进行了展望。     

大肠杆菌菌落控制新模式

计算机科学先驱艾伦·图灵(Alan Turing)于1952年首次提出自然界中出现复杂、不规则图案的机制,图灵模式已经在物理和化学中被验证,越来越多的证据表明它也存在于生物系统中。2021年2月24日Synthetic Biology报道,西班牙进化生物学研究所(institut de Biologia Evolutiva,CSIC-UPF)的研究者在实验室中对大肠杆菌进行微调,使菌落呈现出图灵模式。     

冬虫夏草活性成分研究进展

本文系统综述了冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis的主要化学组成和药理学作用研究进展,重点对冬虫夏草多糖、核苷、肽类和甾醇的研究成果进行了总结,同时也针对有关冬虫夏草的一些问题进行了客观评述,为深入研究其有效成分与虫草相关新药物研发提供了依据和思路.     

搭建科技条件平台,培育生物医药产业

21世纪,发展生物技术、抢占生物经济的制高点已经成为各国的国家战略。中关村科技园区海淀园出于培育新的经济增长点的战略考虑,投入巨资建设了中关村生物医药园———生物医药专业孵化器,搭建了培育生物医药产业发展的条件平台。一、建设创新服务平台,促进企业的自主创新中关村生物医药园建设了服务于企业创新的条件平台,具有如下特点:首先是开放实验室的建设中主要围绕着医药产品发的全部研发过程设计,包括合成实验室、分子生物实验室、质量控制实验室、制剂实验室,保证一个创新项目在中关村生物医药园能够依托开放实验室实现全过程研究。…     

化学毒剂侦检的现状与前景

现场、在位、实时的便携式侦检技术是应对化学战、化学恐怖袭击及突发性化学事件的关键要素;灵敏、特异的实验室筛查鉴定分析技术则是事件定性的重要依据.本文分别从化学毒剂毒物的侦检技术、优势、用途,以及实验室筛查策略和相关鉴定技术等方面,对其发展现状和应用前景进行了评述和探讨.     

Prediction of human thermophysiological responses during shower bathing

This study develops a model to predict the thermophysiological response of the human body during shower bathing. Despite the needs for the quantitative evaluation of human body response during bathing for thermal comfort and safety, the complicated mechanisms of heat transfer at the skin surface, especially during shower bathing, have disturbed the development of adequate models. In this study, an initial modeling approach is proposed by developing a simple heat transfer model at the skin surface during shower bathing applied to Stolwijk’s human thermal model. The main feature of the model is the division of the skin surface into three parts: a dry part, a wet part without water flow, and a wet part with water flow. The area ratio of each part is decided by a simple formula developed from a geometrical approach based on the shape of the Stolwijk’s human thermal model. At the same time, the convective heat transfer coefficient between the skin and the flowing water is determined experimentally. The proposed model is validated by a comparison with the results of human subject experiments under controlled and free shower conditions. The model predicts the mean skin temperature during shower fairly well both for controlled and free shower bathing styles.     

The impact of different types of bath in the behaviour and physiology of 'rooming in' newborn babies

The new scientific knowledge about the behaviour of the newborn and their interactions as a developing factor, as well as the new neurosciences findings about the initial brain formation, gave us several elements for a new vision and reflection about the perinatal routines in hospitals. This study raises questions about the first experiences of the rooming in newborns during the specific act of bath, as the only determining factor in altering both behaviour and physiology. Through the monitoring of the heart rate frequency and observing the changes in the states of consciousness level, this article shows how the type of bath that the newborn is subjected to influences his/her organisation. The study showed significant results in the parameters observed during the electric shower bath, leading to unbalance of the subsystems where the individuals organise themselves; such findings made us classify this procedure as very stressing to the baby. To the contrary the bath in the "Tummy Tub" presented insignificant changes, showing a relaxed baby with normal bath behaviours and physiological status; thus this procedure appears to contribute to an energetic and interactive balance of the baby's various systems. The aggressive approach (electric shower) does not allow the newborn auto-regulation to occur and to get proper stimulation and learn basic interactive responses which would facilitate his /her healthy early infancy development.     

Molecular analysis of shower curtain biofilm microbes

Households provide environments that encourage the formation of microbial communities, often as biofilms. Such biofilms constitute potential reservoirs for pathogens, particularly for immune-compromised individuals. One household environment that potentially accumulates microbial biofilms is that provided by vinyl shower curtains. Over time, vinyl shower curtains accumulate films, commonly referred to as "soap scum," which microscopy reveals are constituted of lush microbial biofilms. To determine the kinds of microbes that constitute shower curtain biofilms and thereby to identify potential opportunistic pathogens, we conducted an analysis of rRNA genes obtained by PCR from four vinyl shower curtains from different households. Each of the shower curtain communities was highly complex. No sequence was identical to one in the databases, and no identical sequences were encountered in the different communities. However, the sequences generally represented similar phylogenetic kinds of organisms. Particularly abundant sequences represented members of the alpha-group of proteobacteria, mainly Sphingomonas spp. and Methylobacterium spp. Both of these genera are known to include opportunistic pathogens, and several of the sequences obtained from the environmental DNA samples were closely related to known pathogens. Such organisms have also been linked to biofilm formation associated with water reservoirs and conduits. In addition, the study detected many other kinds of organisms at lower abundances. These results show that shower curtains are a potential source of opportunistic pathogens associated with biofilms. Frequent cleaning or disposal of shower curtains is indicated, particularly in households with immune-compromised individuals.     

Molecular Analysis of Shower Curtain Biofilm Microbes

Households provide environments that encourage the formation of microbial communities, often as biofilms. Such biofilms constitute potential reservoirs for pathogens, particularly for immune-compromised individuals. One household environment that potentially accumulates microbial biofilms is that provided by vinyl shower curtains. Over time, vinyl shower curtains accumulate films, commonly referred to as “soap scum,” which microscopy reveals are constituted of lush microbial biofilms. To determine the kinds of microbes that constitute shower curtain biofilms and thereby to identify potential opportunistic pathogens, we conducted an analysis of rRNA genes obtained by PCR from four vinyl shower curtains from different households. Each of the shower curtain communities was highly complex. No sequence was identical to one in the databases, and no identical sequences were encountered in the different communities. However, the sequences generally represented similar phylogenetic kinds of organisms. Particularly abundant sequences represented members of the α-group of proteobacteria, mainly Sphingomonas spp. and Methylobacterium spp. Both of these genera are known to include opportunistic pathogens, and several of the sequences obtained from the environmental DNA samples were closely related to known pathogens. Such organisms have also been linked to biofilm formation associated with water reservoirs and conduits. In addition, the study detected many other kinds of organisms at lower abundances. These results show that shower curtains are a potential source of opportunistic pathogens associated with biofilms. Frequent cleaning or disposal of shower curtains is indicated, particularly in households with immune-compromised individuals.     

Biological Containment Facility for Studying Infectious Disease

To effectively characterize newly recognized viruses (Marburg, Lassa, etc.) and to study other highly virulent infections for which no effective prophylaxis or therapy exists, special containment facilities must be utilized and conventional techniques modified to minimize risk to laboratory personnel. This paper describes a laboratory suite for such studies, contained within a larger research facility; two separate biological safety cabinet systems, animal rooms support laboratories, change room facilities, shower, air lock, and other safety features are contained in the area. Details of design, construction, airflows, and equipment are described in addition to a discussion of operation, techniques, and modification of laboratory equipment utilized in actual studies.     

下游层析工艺中热原的去除

各国药审部门对于生物药品中热原物质的含量都有严格要求。较主要的热原是内毒素。由于内毒素性质极不均一 ,给除热原的工作带来不少挑战。通过分析内毒素在不同环境下的化学、物理性质 ,对于如何在下游层析工艺中去除热原 ,提出了多种方法和建议。     

Release of Chemicals from Contaminated Soils

At sites that contain contaminated soils, there can be questions about the magnitude of risk posed by the chemicals in the soils and about the cleanup levels that should be achieved. Knowledge about the rate of release of chemicals is important to answers to such questions. This article: (1) describes a laboratory protocol to obtain rate of release information for chemicals in soils, and (2) provides estimates of the rate of release of individual polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds from several manufactured gas plant (MGP) site soils. The data were analyzed using an empirical two-site model. Different fractions of PAH were released rapidly from these soils. For one soil, this fraction was less than 20%, for others, the fraction ranged from 36 to 85%. The first-order rate constant (k2) of PAH released during the slow phase of chemical release ranged from 0.0001 to 0.01 per hour.     

Dye-ligand affinity adsorbents for enzyme purification

Affinity chromatography is widely employed in laboratory and large-scale for the purification of biotherapeutics and diagnostics. Some of the most widely used ligands in affinity chromatography have been several reactive chlorotriazine dyes. In particular, immobilized anthraquinone dyes have found a plethora of applications in affinity chromatography because they are inexpensive, are resistant to chemical and biological degradation, are sterilizable and cleanable in situ, and are readily immobilized to generate affinity absorbents which display high binding capacity for a broad spectrum of proteins. This article provides detailed protocols on the preparation of a dye-ligand affinity adsorbent. Also, detailed protocols for effective application of these media, emphasizing binding and elution conditions are presented.     

The effect of a self-regulating trace heating element on Legionella within a shower

A self-regulating trace heating element was assessed for its ability to maintain a temperature of 50 degrees C in the mixer valve and dead-legs of a shower, and for its effect on legionellas colonizing the shower. The trace heating element maintained a temperature of 50 degrees C +/- 1.5 degrees C in dead-legs when the circulating hot water supply remained above 45 degrees C. Legionellas appeared in a trace heated dead-leg when the temperature of the dead-leg reached 45 degrees C and the hot water supply dropped below this temperature. Legionellas were eradicated or significantly reduced in sections of the shower where a temperature of 50 degrees C was consistently achieved. The mixer valve which was trace heated but not insulated remained colonized with Legionellas. Legionellas were found in shower water throughout the study.     

Excipient Stability in Oral Solid Dosage Forms: A Review

The choice of excipients constitutes a major part of preformulation and formulation studies during the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of excipients affect various formulation parameters, such as disintegration, dissolution, and shelf life, and significantly influence the final product. Therefore, several studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of drug-excipient interactions on the overall formulation. This article reviews the information available on the physical and chemical instabilities of excipients and their incompatibilities with the active pharmaceutical ingredient in solid oral dosage forms, during various drug-manufacturing processes. The impact of these interactions on the drug formulation process has been discussed in detail. Examples of various excipients used in solid oral dosage forms have been included to elaborate on different drug-excipient interactions.