鱼类动眼神经的形态学研究

目的：应用生物胞素法观察罗非鱼动眼神经的形态分布。方法：本实验用罗非鱼,10只（性别不限）,体长12．16cm,动物浸入140mg／L三卡因间氨苯酸乙脂甲磺酸盐{tricainemethanesulfonate（MS222）}溶液中麻醉,在手术显微镜下暴露动眼神经,通过生物胞素（Biocytin）结晶追踪技术研究定位硬骨鱼类动眼神经的形态分布。结果：①被标记的神经纤维长而粗细不等,排列比较松散,从后外向前内方向行走,逐渐靠近,终于位于中脑腹侧部的动眼神经核细胞,同时可以观察到有些神经纤维交叉到对侧。②神经核细胞呈圆形和卵圆形,大小不一,亦可见神经元的突起,有的突起呈螺旋状连于胞体,有的呈线状连于胞体,形成神经终末及突触联系,并可见到多极神经元,并在神经纤维之中也可以见到少数神经核细胞,但部分标记结构并不太完整,有些标记的神经细胞和神经纤维不是很清楚。结论：鱼类动眼神经纤维在中脑内的走行与其他动物基本一致,动眼神经核位于中脑水管腹侧部。     

鱼类三叉神经中脑核位置及细胞形态的研究

目的:应用生物胞素法观察罗非鱼三叉神经中脑核位置及细胞形态特征。方法:本研究选用罗非鱼15只(雌雄不限),体长15~20 cm,浸入140 mg/L三卡因间氨苯酸乙脂甲磺酸盐(MS222)溶液中麻醉,在手术显微镜下暴露脑和神经,通过生物胞素(Biocytin)结晶追踪技术研究罗非鱼三叉神经中脑核的位置、细胞形态分布。结果:(1)罗非鱼的三叉神经中脑核位于中脑后交联水平。(2)三叉神经中脑核的下行纤维与运动核之间存在突触联系。(3)三叉神经中脑核的细胞形态为圆形或卵圆形。结论:罗非鱼的三叉神经中脑核位于中脑后交联的高度,其接受走行于三叉神经三大分支内的感觉纤维并发出的下行纤维与运动核形成突出联系。     

逆行追踪法对鱼类三叉神经节细胞的定位研究

目的:应用逆行追踪法研究罗非鱼三叉神经节细胞体在神经节内的分布特征.方法:罗非鱼浸入140mg/L三卡因间氨苯酸乙脂甲磺酸盐{tricaine methanesulfonate(MS222)}溶液中麻醉,在手术显微镜下暴露神经,通过生物胞素(Biocytin)结晶逆行追踪技术研究定位硬骨鱼类三叉神经节内细胞体的位置.结果:①眼神经、上颌神经、下颌神经的神经节细胞胞体分别位于同侧三又神经节的背侧部、中间部和腹侧部.②上颌神经和下颌神经的细胞在神经节内存在着重叠.结论:罗非鱼三叉神经节细胞在神经节内具有局在性分布.     

鱼类三叉神经运动核的形态学研究

目的:应用生物胞素法观察罗非鱼三叉神经运动核的形态及细胞分布特征.方法:本实验用罗非鱼,15只(性别不限),体长12～16 cm,动物浸入140 mg/L三卡因间氨苯酸乙脂甲磺酸盐{tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222)}溶液中麻醉,在手术显微镜下暴露神经,通过生物胞素(Biocytin)结晶追踪技术研究定位硬骨鱼类三叉神经运动核的形态及细胞分布.结果:①硬骨鱼类罗非鱼的三叉神经运动核分为腹侧和背侧两组细胞群.②三叉神经根注入列中两组细胞群都能观察到被标记的细胞.下颌神经注入列中被标记的细胞以背侧群为主.上颌神经及眼神经注入列中两群细胞都没有发现被标记细胞,但上颌神经组中能观察到神经终末及突触联系.结论:硬骨鱼类罗非鱼的三叉神经运动核分为两组细胞群.三叉神经运动核发出的纤维走行于下颌神经内.     

大鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布

用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法观察了大白鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＤＳ）阳性神经元的分布及形态特征。结果显示：在视上核、室旁核的大细胞部、环状核、穹窿周核、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑腹内侧核、下丘脑背内侧核、乳头体区大部分核团均可见一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元聚集成团。在视前内侧区、视前外侧区、下丘脑前区、下丘脑背侧区、下丘脑后区、室周核、室旁核小细胞部及穹窿内可见散在的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元。室周核内可见呈阳性反应的接触脑脊液神经元的胞体及突起。一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元大多可见突起,有的突起上可见１～２级分支,并可见膨体。下丘脑大部分区域内可见阳性神经纤维。弓状核内可见许多弧形纤维连于第三脑室室管膜和正中隆起。     

大鼠第三脑室及中脑水管多巴胺能触液神经元的分布

目的观察大鼠第三脑室、中脑水管及中缝背核内多巴胺能触液神经元的分布情况.方法应用CB逆行追踪、TH免疫组织化学和CB/TH免疫荧光双重标记技术,观察多巴胺能触液神经元在间脑及中脑内的分布情况.结果 TH免疫阳性触液神经元分布在第三脑室尾侧部和中脑水管全程的腹侧室管膜上及室管膜内,其胞体呈倒置梨形、圆形或椭圆形、多角形和梭形;在中缝背核内可见少量CB/TH免疫荧光双重标记的远位触液神经元;另在正中隆起部位TH免疫阳性神经末梢含量丰富.结论大鼠第三脑室、中脑水管及中缝背核内存在多巴胺能触液神经元,其在脑-脑脊液之间的信息传递中有着重要的作用.     

纽蛋白在原代培养脊髓神经元的分布及其在神经元形态的相关性

目的：用免疫组织化学及形态学等方法对原代培养大鼠脊神经元的形态及其纽蛋白（vinculin)分布进行研究。方法：实验采用原代培养的大鼠脊髓神经元,用细胞松驰素D（cytochalasinD)－丝状肌动蛋白解剖处理细胞后,用相差显微镜观察细胞形态,同时用单克隆抗体免疫组化方法显示细胞内纽蛋白的分布,结果：原代培养的脊髓神经元可见2－4个细长的突起,免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白姑神经元的胞体及突起均有分布,细胞松驰素D处理细胞后,神经元胞体变大,轮廓不清,突起增多,变矩,变粗,多分支且分支末端膨大,免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在核周的人布明显增加,而且在突起内的分布则变得不连续,呈散在点状。结论：丝状肌动蛋白（filemental-actin,F-actin）的完整性对维持神经元的正常形态是必需的,神经元形态的变化与纽蛋白分布的变化相关。     

小鼠眼神经注入Dil后三叉神经节的形态学研究

目的：经眼神经注入DiI研究小鼠三叉神经节的形态学结构。方法：小鼠10只,体重25—30克,雌雄不拘,进行灌注固定后,在外科显微镜下开颅并确认三叉神经节和眼神经,分别于双侧眼神经植入DiI染色晶体。37℃恒温箱放置3个月,待DiI染色晶体扩散后,取出植入DiI染色晶体的眼神经和三叉神经节,再根据神经走向切片,通过荧光显微镜观察DiI染色晶体在三又神经节内的分布。结果：眼神经离三叉神经节约1cm处植入DiI染色晶体后,应用荧光显微镜明视野观察,均可见到高密度标记的眼神经纤维,行向后内,穿经眶上裂入颅。逐步靠近三叉神经节外上方,并进入三叉神经节内,眼神经标记的神经元位于三叉神经节的前内侧。在三叉神经节内可见到DiI标记的神经节细胞及神经纤维。神经纤维平行致密排列,并被神经节细胞神经纤维分隔成群或簇。神经节细胞呈圆形和卵圆形,大小不一,部分节细胞呈蜂窝状排列。亦可见神经元的突起,有的呈螺旋状连于胞体,有的呈线状连于胞体,并可见到双极神经元。结论：小鼠经眼神经注入DiI后,三叉神经节细胞和神经纤维的排列循序跟其他动物基本一致。     

中国树鼩下丘脑视上核和室旁核内加压素和催产素能神经元的比较分布

应用PAP-PAAP双重免疫组化染色程序在同一切片上进行两种肽能物质的定位,观察了中国树鼩下丘脑视上核和室旁核内VP能和OT能神经元的比较解剖学分布,发现:视上核被视束分成主部和交叉后部。在视上核主部,其头侧部几乎仅含OT能神经元胞体,中间部VP能胞体出现并逐渐增多,尾侧部VP能胞体数目明显超过OT能胞体。在明显含有两种胞体的中间部和尾侧部,OT能胞体多位于背内侧,VP能胞体多位于腹外侧;在视上核交叉后部,其头侧部以VP能胞体为主,且多位于背外侧,OT能胞体多位于腹内侧。中间部OT能胞体多位于内侧,VP能胞体多位于外侧。尾侧部OT能胞体多位于背、腹两侧,VP能胞体则多位于中间;在室旁核,其头侧部几乎全由OT能胞体构成。中间部,VP能胞体出现并逐渐增多,OT和VP能胞体分别主要位于内、外侧。尾侧部两种神经元胞体较明显地分为内、外两群,内侧群主要为OT能胞体,外侧群几乎全为VP能胞体,该群的头侧半又可分为背腹两个亚群,至尾侧半,此二亚群渐合并。本文讨论了OT和VP能神经元在中国树鼩和大鼠视上核和室旁核内的比较分布。     

纽蛋白在原代培养脊髓神经元的分布及其与神经元形态的相关性

目的　用免疫组织化学及形态学等方法对原代培养大鼠脊髓神经元的形态及其纽蛋白 (vinculin)分布进行研究。方法　实验采用原代培养的大鼠脊髓神经元 ,用细胞松弛素 D(cytochalasin D) -丝状肌动蛋白解聚剂处理细胞后 ,用相差显微镜观察细胞形态 ,同时用单克隆抗体免疫组化方法显示细胞内纽蛋白的分布。结果　原代培养的脊髓神经元可见 2～4个细长的突起 ;免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在神经元的胞体及突起均有分布。细胞松弛素 D处理细胞后 ,神经元胞体变大 ,轮廊不清 ,突起增多 ,变短、变粗 ,多分支且分支末端膨大 ;免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在核周的分布明显增加 ,而在突起内的分布则变得不连续 ,呈散在点状。结论　丝状肌动蛋白 (filem ental- actin,F- actin)的完整性对维持神经元的正常形态是必需的 ;神经元形态的变化与纽蛋白分布的变化相关     

Dil对鱼类视觉传导通路的形态学研究

目的：应用Dil染色晶体研究罗非鱼脑、脑神经及其视觉传导路的形态分布。方法：罗非鱼6只,体长12．16ctn,进行灌注固定后,在外科显微镜下开颅并确认脑和脑神经根,分别于双侧视神经植入Dil染色晶体。37℃恒温箱放置3个月,待Dil染色晶体扩散后,取出植入Dil染色晶体的视神经和脑,再根据神经走向切片,通过荧光显微镜观察Dil染色晶体在视觉传导路的形态分布。结果：①外科显微镜下可以观察到罗非鱼的脑分为端脑、中脑、间脑、小脑和延脑5部分,并同时观察到10对脑神经。②右侧视神经植入Dil染色晶体后,均可见到标记的右侧视神经纤维,行向后内,穿经视神经管入颅,逐步靠近左侧视神经,进一步行向后内,经过左侧视神经上方,进行完全交叉,形成视交叉,再经左侧视柬连于左侧间脑视盖。结论：罗非鱼的脑分为5部分,脑神经只有10对。罗非鱼视交叉属于完全性交叉,视觉中枢可能位于间脑视盖内。     

电刺激猫中脑中央灰质发音区的反应及该区的传入联系

刺激猫中脑中央灰质发音区可引起动物发音、情绪反应以及心律异常、血压升高等变化。同时,本研究还揭示,分别在中脑中央灰质嘴侧和尾侧发音区注入辣根过氧化物酶后,其逆行标记神经元分布相类似;但是,中脑中央灰质发音区和非发音区的传入联系则互不相同。     

An immunohistochemical and chromatographic analysis of the distribution and processing of proneuropeptide Y in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates a number of circadian rhythms in mammals. A neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing pathway from the intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate to the SCN is considered to carry information of the environmental light-dark cycle. Antisera directed against NPY, Cys-NPY(32-36)amide or the C-terminal extended peptide of proNPY(68-97) (CPON) and avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry were used to define the precise distribution of NPYergic nerve fibers in the SCN, and to compare the location of the various fragments of proNPY in these nerves. Gel chromatography and specific radioimmunoassays were applied to quantify the efficiency of the amidation of NPY, and to study the size of peptides demonstrating NPY- and NPYamide-immunoreactivity in anterior hypothalamic extracts. NPY-, NPYamide-, and CPON-immunoreactive nerve fibers exhibited apparently the same distribution and morphology in the SCN. Immunoreactive fibers were preferentially located in the ventral part of the SCN, but along the rostrocaudal axis of the nucleus, the density and the precise distribution of immunoreactive elements changed. From the rostral third of the SCN to the middle third, the number of immunoreactive fibers increased and their distribution extended in a dorsal and lateral direction. In the caudal part of the SCN, the number of immunoreactive elements decreased and the innervation spread to an even more dorsolateral location. Dorsal aspects of the rostral SCN contained a moderate number of fibers, whereas the dorsomedial quadrant of the caudal 2/3 of the SCN was almost devoid of immunoreactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide: detailed immunohistochemical distribution in the central nervous system

With the use of an antiserum generated in rabbits against synthetic human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) the distribution of CGRP-like immunoreactive cell bodies and nerve fibers was studied in the rat central nervous system. A detailed stereotaxic atlas of CGRP-like neurons was prepared. CGRP-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the rat central nervous system. CGRP positive cell bodies were observed in the preoptic area and hypothalamus (medial preoptic, periventricular, anterior hypothalamic nuclei, perifornical area, medial forebrain bundle), premamillary nucleus, amygdala medialis, hippocampus and dentate gyrus, central gray and the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus. In the midbrain a large cluster of cells was contained in the peripeduncular area ventral to the medial geniculate body. In the hindbrain cholinergic motor nuclei (III, IV, V, VI, VII XII) contained CGRP-immunoreactivity. Cell bodies were also observed in the ventral tegmental nucleus, the parabrachial nuclei, superior olive and nucleus ambiguus. The ventral horn cells of the spinal cord, the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia also contained CGRP-immunoreactivity. Dense accumulations of fibers were observed in the amydala centralis, caudal portion of the caudate putamen, sensory trigeminal area, substantia gelatinosa, dorsal horn of the spinal cord (laminae I and II). Other areas containing CGRP-immunoreactive fibers are the septal area, nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei (e.g., medial preoptic, periventricular, dorsomedial, median eminence), medial forebrain bundle, central gray, medial geniculate body, peripeduncular area, interpeduncular nucleus, cochlear nucleus, parabrachial nuclei, superior olive, nucleus tractus solitarii, and in the confines of clusters of cell bodies. Some fibers were also noted in the anterior and posterior pituitary and the sensory ganglia. As with other newly described brain neuropeptides it can only be conjectured that CGRP has a neuroregulatory action on a variety of functions throughout the brain and spinal cord.     

Organization of the sensory and motor nuclei of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in lampreys

Anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to examine the afferent and efferent projections of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Except for the ganglion cells and motoneurons, the distribution patterns of HRP-positive elements differed little between the two nerves. Afferent fibers mainly terminated in the ipsilateral cerebellar area, medial octavolateralis nucleus, and between the ventral octavolateralis nucleus and descending tract and nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (dV). In the cerebellar area, most of the labeled fibers were located in the molecular zone, but some penetrated into the granular zone. In the rostral part of the medial octavolateralis nucleus, labeled fibers coursed from the middle to the lateral area, and in the caudal part, they were localized in the dorsal area of the nucleus. In the area between the dV and ventral octavolateralis nucleus, labeled fibers coursed near the dorsal margin of the rostral part of the dV, and in the caudal part, they shifted dorsally. Ganglion cells and motoneurons of each nerve were also labeled.     

Efferent projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the pineal complex of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Summary The intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate nucleus is considered to modulate circadian activity rhythms probably mediated by a direct neuronal connection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The present study in the gerbil demonstrates, by anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), the existence of an additional neuronal projection from a subportion of the lateral geniculate nucleus, involving the intergeniculate leaflet, directly to the pineal gland. PHA-L-immunoreactive nerve fibers originating from perikarya at the injection site were located under the optic tract projecting towards the midsagittal plane. Delicate PHA-L-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus, precommissural nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, and posterior commissure. Single fibers could be followed from the caudal part of the medial habenular nucleus and the pretectal area into the rostral part of the deep pineal gland. Other fibers continued through the posterior commissure into the contralateral hemisphere to terminate in the same structures as on the ipsilateral side. From the posterior commissure, small bundles of thick fibers entered the deep pineal gland where they arborized among the endocrine cells. A few nerve fibers were observed in the habenular commissure and the pineal stalk, but no fibers were identified in the superficial pineal. This direct geniculo-pineal connection suggests that the pineal gland is directly influenced by the optic system.     

鸣禽锡嘴雀(Coccothraustes coccothraustes)发声中枢的定位研究

用常规组织学,HRP 逆行示踪,电生理等方法确定了鸣禽锡嘴雀控制发声的神经核团及这些核团的定位坐标值。锡嘴雀控制发声的神经通路由四级神经核团组成。位于端脑上纹状体腹侧的尾部区域(HVc)是控制鸣禽发声的高位中枢,它发出的神经纤维投射到端脑原纹状体腹内侧的粗核(RA),由 RA 又发出两束纤维,分別投射到中脑丘间核(ICo)和延脑的中间核(IM)。左右侧发声控制神经通路并非严格单侧性,每侧气管鸣管肌群分別受双侧发声中枢的交叉控制。中脑 ICo 在控制发声行为中具有相对独立性。各级发声核团的定位坐标值为,HVc∶p1.3,L/R2.4,H0.8;RA∶1.4,L/R3.2,H6.0;ICo∶p0.3,L/R2.6,H8.5:IM∶P3.1,L/R1.0,H∶7.8。