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1.
Guido W. Sonnemann Anne Solgaard Konrad Saur Helias A. Udo de Haes Kim Christiansen Allan Astrup Jensen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(6):325-333
On August 30, 2001, the first in a series of planned global workshops on Life Cycle Management was organized in Copenhagen by UNEP in cooperation with dk-TEKNIK. The workshop provided an international forum to share experiences on LCM. The specific purpose of the workshop was to define the focus of a possible UNEP programme on Life Cycle Management under the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. Life Cycle Management has been defined by the SETAC Europe Working Group on LCM as an integrated framework of concepts, techniques and procedures to address environmental, economic, technological and social aspects of products and organizations to achieve continuous environmental improvement from a life cycle perspective. Life Cycle Management has been requested as an additional component for the Life Cycle Initiative by business organizations as well as governments in order to provide practical approaches for management systems in this area. The breakout groups of the workshop focussed on the role of integrating environmental management practices, concepts and tools in a life cycle perspective, on the integration of socio-economic aspects of sustainability in life cycle approaches, including the definition of adequate indicators for these aspects, on the communication strategies to promote life cycle thinking, and on the demand side of LCA. The workshop closed with a consensus that the UNEP/ SETAC Life Cycle Initiative should really include a programme on Life Cycle Management with the proposed areas of work. UNEP in cooperation with SETAC should function as a global catalyser of knowledge transfer and cooperation on life cycle approaches. The key issue behind all activities would be the promotion of Life Cycle Thinking since all break-out groups mentioned the importance of well-prepared communication strategies. Another interesting outcome of the workshop is the clear interest of different stakeholders in the consideration of social and institutional effects of products, in addition to environmental and economic impacts, i.e. a sustainable development perspective. 相似文献
2.
LCA in Japan: policy and progress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Hunkeler Itaru Yasui Ryoichi Yamamoto 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(3):124-130
A summary of the current Japanese activities related to Life Cycle Assessment are presented with a specific comparison of Life Cycle Impact Assessment in relation to European tendencies. Japanese organizations involved in LCA, recent legislation impacting LCA activities and LCA case studies are also tabulated. The LCA priorities of policy makers and industrialists are discussed in comparison and compared to those in the United States. Projects within the Life Cycle Assessment Society of Japan and the Man-Earth Project are highlighted including the construction of a public LCI data base and the prediction of 21st century environmental crises. 相似文献
3.
Mary Ann Curran Steven B. Young 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2014,19(10):1667-1673
Purpose
Much collective wisdom and experience have been gained as an increasing number of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reviews are conducted. However, specifics on how and when to conduct critical review of LCA studies are still lacking. Toward this need, a technical session entitled “LCA Critical Review” was held during the Life Cycle Management (LCM) conference in Gothenburg, Sweden, 26 August 2013. The goal of the session was to have experts address LCA critical review as well as engage attendees in discussing gaps in the current guidance and how the review process can be improved.Methods
The LCM session consisted of six presentations followed by open discussion with all session attendees. This paper begins with a review of the current state-of-the-practice in LCA critical review (CR) followed by a summary of the LCM session. It concludes with suggestions for how the newly drafted technical specification, ISO TS 14071 Critical review processes and reviewer competencies, can be improved as it is being developed.Results and discussion
ISO TS 14071 promises to provide additional guidance to move the practice forward. But at only eight pages in length, its potential effectiveness appears moderate. Additional detailed guidance is needed to move the critical review process toward increased uniformity and clarity of practice, for example, when critical review is necessary.Conclusions
A session on LCA critical review is planned to be held during the Life Cycle Management 2015 conference which will occur in Bordeaux, France (http://lcm2015.org/). Discussion on these issues related to LCA review will be continued. 相似文献4.
José Potting Mary Ann Curran Harro von Blottnitz 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(4):326-329
Introduction
The biannual Life Cycle Management conference series aims to create a platform for users and developers of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and related tools to share their experiences. A key concern of the LCM community has been to move beyond the production of LCA reports toward using the developed knowledge. This paper reports and evaluates some of the main outcomes of the 4th International Life Cycle Management Conference (LCM 2009). 相似文献5.
This paper deals with the question of whether Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), with their focus on objective and quantitative
results, are the best way to support public policy processes. The public policy making process is characterized as a continuous
discoursive struggle. Criteria are defined to distinguish between good and bad public policy discourses to judge the effects
of LCA on the public policy process. Many policy scientists argue that methodologies that emphasize quantification and the
use of formal methods are not beneficial for sound public policy making. An empirical report of the role LCAs played in public
policy making processes on PVC and chlorine in the Netherlands is made to evaluate the contribution of LCAs to public policy
making processes and to identify the main limitations of the current LCA methodologies and practices. It appears that political
actors tend to use LCAs in a polarizing way. LCAs are easily misused due to their apparent objectivity, and the quantitative
and black box nature of their results. LCAs contain an implicit, normative frame that does not match the environmentalists’
perception on the kind of evidence needed on toxic effects of organochlorines, which reduced the open nature of the Dutch
PVC debate. It is recommended to develop a methodology for product evaluation that approaches the issue in a more open and
emergent way to prevent “premature closure” of the analysis. It is expected that a focus on the development of balanced, rich
arguments on facts and values in the study process will be more fruitful than the calculation of integral, quantitative indicators. 相似文献
6.
Life Cycle Profitability combines financial data, and forecasts, with market research to guide pricing decisions and to evaluate
the cash flow consequences of goods and services. The ratio of direct and indirect costs, as well as the premium customers
are willing to pay for “green” products, provide a quantitative means to identify business and environmental opportunities.
Life Cycle Profitability is developed to fit into existing organizational structures permitting firms to protect asset value,
reduce legal defense and liability costs, quantify make-or-buy decisions, and aid in ecodesign and new product introduction.
It aims at the interface between accounting, legal, marketing, production and EHS divisions.
This paper develops “Life Cycle Profitability” as a tool based on measurables which exist within organizations. In this sense,
Life Cycle Profitability is an evolutionary means to conduct business practice under scenarios where envirotechnical imperatives
compliment short term financial necessities and strategic planning initiatives. The author aims to demonstrate that Life Cycle
Profitability is a more meaningful method, and indicator, than non-cost based ecometrics and can compliment the qualitative
continuous improvement accounting methods advocated by EMS and ISO 14000 standards, as well as by the Integrated Product Policy
initiative 相似文献
7.
David W. Pennington Kirana Chomkhamsri Rana Pant Marc-Andree Wolf Giovanni Bidoglio Klaus Kögler Pavel Misiga Michel Sponar Bettina Lorz Guido Sonnemann Paolo Masoni Hongtao Wang Lin Ling Carla Castanho Chen Sau Soon Maurizio Fieschi Assunta Filareto Michael Hauschild 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(3):231-237
Introduction
The European Commission is supporting the development of the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD). This consists primarily of the ILCD Handbook and the ILCD Data Network. This paper gives an insight into the scientific positions of business, governments, consultants, academics, and others that were expressed at this public consultation workshop.Workshop focus
The workshop focused on four of the topics of the main guidance documents of the ILCD Handbook: (1) general guidance on life cycle assessment (LCA); (2) guidance for generic and average life cycle inventory (LCI) data sets; (3) requirements for environmental impact assessment methods, models and indicators for LCA; and (4) review schemes for LCA.Workshop participation
This consultation workshop was attended by more than 120 participants during the 4 days of the workshop. Representatives came from 23 countries, from both within and outside the European Union.Workshop structure
Approximately half of the participants were from business associations or individual companies. Another 20% were governmental representatives. Others came predominantly from consultancies and academia.Results
This public consultation workshop provided valuable inputs into the overall ILCD Handbook developments as well as for further development. This paper focuses on some of the main scientific issues that were raised. 相似文献8.
Chiu Chuen Onn Sumiani Yusoff 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(9):985-993
Background, aim, and scope
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an emerging supporting tool designed to help practitioner in systematically assessing the environmental performance of selected product’s life cycle. A product’s life cycle includes the extraction of raw materials, production, and usage, and ends with waste treatment or disposal. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) as a part of LCA is a method used to derive the environmental burdens from selected product’s stages. LCIA is structured in classification, characterization, normalization and weighting. Presently most of the LCIA practices use European database to establish the characterization, normalization and weighting value. However, using these values for local LCA practice might not be able to reflect the actual Malaysian’s environmental scenario. The aim of this study is to create a Malaysian version of normalization and weighting value using the pollution database within Malaysia. 相似文献9.
Manfred Marsmann Sven Olaf Ryding Helias Udo de Haes James Fava Willie Owens Kevin Brady Konrad Saur Rita Schenck 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(2):65-65
Life Cycle Impact Assessment describes indicators and does not predict actual impacts. The value of an LCA is its comprehensive review of all stages of a product’s life cycle and its synoptic view of all relevant environmental issues. The current version of the 14042 draft describes the uniqueness of Life Cycle Impact Assessment approach which is distinct from other assessment techniques. The wording was designed to help users of the standard understand how and why LCIA is distinct from other assessment methods. In closing, we would like to highlight our opinion that the present document on the level of a DIS is sound, stable and practical within the ISO 14040 series of standards. We do not agree withHertwich & Pease that the present document prevents the use of LCIA. It makes a choice regarding the exclusion of weighting across categories in order to prevent misuse in deriving inappropriate claims. And for characterisation it has achieved a well founded synthesis. In addition, we strongly believe that this standard will stimulate the international scientific discussion of LCA and will substantially contribute to enhanced and more valuable applications of LCA in the future. 相似文献
10.
Arnold Tukker 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(2):105-112
This is the final paper of a series of three on the use of LCA in a strategic EIA made for the second Dutch National Hazardous Waste Management Plan (NHWMP). A comparison of two options for paint packaging waste separation is given: cryogenic versus shredder-flush separation. The high liquid nitrogen use in the cryogenic process, and particularly the energy needed to produce it, tends to make the cryogenic process environmentally less favourable. As for the other technology comparisons in the EIA, no particular problems arose. The EIA passed its peer review successfully and survived a very extensive public review procedure, in spite of the fact that it supported decisions involving very high financial stakes. Several lessons can be learned from this experience. First, LCA is a suitable tool in strategic EIAs on waste. Second, time-consuming, interactive public participation in LCA is no precondition for public acceptance — a process ofstakeholder deliberation that ensures that the practitioner knows the relevant perspective is enough. Third, high decision stakes do not automatically demand very extensive LCA work. Our experience shows that LCAs just above screening level can provide robust support to decisions involving dozens of million Euros. More extensive work would not have lead to more specified preferences. Rather, in our view, being well aware of the key discussion points in advance which are seen as relevant for the comparison by stakeholders, and having good insight in the related inherent limits of LCA, is the key to optimal decision support with LCA. 相似文献
11.
Reliability of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results depends on the availability and quality of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data.
In order to provide high-quality LCI data for background systems in LCA and to make it applicable to a wider range of fields,
harmonization strategies for already existing datasets and databases are required. In view of the high significance of LCI
data as a basis of major fields of action within a sustainability strategy, the German Helmholtz Association (HGF), under
the leadership of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) has taken up this issue in its research programme. In 2002, the FZK
conducted a preliminary study on ‘Quality Assurance and User-oriented Supply of a Life Cycle Inventory Data’ funded by the
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Within the framework of this study, a long-term concept for improving the
scientific fundamentals and practical use of LCI data was developed in association with external experts. The focus is on
establishing a permanent German ‘Network on Life Cycle Inventory Data’ which will serve as the German information and cooperation
platform for all scientific and non-scientific actors in the field of life cycle analysis. This network will integrate expertise
on LCA in Germany, harmonise methodology and data, and use the comprehensive expert panel as an efficient basis for further
scientific development and practical use of LCA. At the same time, this network will serve as a platform for cooperation on
an international level. Current developments address methodological definitions for the initial information infrastructure.
As a novel element, user needs are differentiated in parallel according to the broad application fields of LCI-data from product
declaration to process design. Case studies will be used to define tailored interfaces for the database, since different data
quality levels will be encountered. 相似文献
12.
Junichi Kasai 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(5):313-316
Experiences with-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the Japanese Automotive Industry and the author’s thoughts on how to apply
LCA for automobiles are described. In this paper, LCA applications are categorized into three types:
The idea of the above mentioned categorization and distinctions of LCA applications may also be useful for assembly-based
industries other than the automotive industry. 相似文献
1. | LCA that is strictly based on ISO 14040 series standards → In Japan, this type of LCA studies is used commonly by industry-wide or nation-wide research work, |
2. | LCA that is somehow not consistent with the ISO standards → This type is internally utilized by individual business companies for the purpose of development of environmentally conscious products with discussions about their own subjective judgement and choices, and |
3. | LCA that is completely streamlined in regard to the ISO standards → This type is limited to internal improvement activities for each process or shop in a factory, based on Life Cycle considerations. |
13.
Cyril J. May 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2006,10(4):212-215
Book reviewed in this article:
Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle Inventory, byForbes R. McDougall, Peter R. White1, Marina Franke1, andPeter Hindlel
Solid Waste Engineering, by P. Aarne Vesilind1, William A. Worrell, and Debra R. Reinhart1
Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash, by Elizabeth Roytel 相似文献
Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle Inventory, byForbes R. McDougall, Peter R. White1, Marina Franke1, andPeter Hindlel
Solid Waste Engineering, by P. Aarne Vesilind1, William A. Worrell, and Debra R. Reinhart1
Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash, by Elizabeth Roytel 相似文献
14.
José Potting Michael Hauschild Henrik Wenzel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(1):16-24
The absence of spatial and temporal information in the data from a typical Life Cycle Inventory puts constraints on the possibilities
of subsequent Life Cycle Impact Assessment to predict actual impact. Usual methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (often
referred to as “less is better” methods) make only limited use of spatial and temporal information, because they predict concentration
increases rather than full concentrations. As a consequence it does not seem possible to evaluate whether a threshold value
is surpassed. The resulting poor accordance between the predicted impact and the expected occurrence of actual impact is a
major problem. This problem is particularly relevant for human toxicity assessment, since the probability of surpassing thresholds
here traditionally is the main point of attention. A considerable group of practitioners suggests to follow an “only above
threshold” principle by introduction of assessment tools from risk assessment and environmental impact assessment in LCA.
Intensive debate is going on about possibilities and limitations of “less is better” and “only above threshold”. The debate
is obscured by two underlying discussions (about no-effect-levels and about data-availability) that are partly, but not fully
intertwined. Both principles tend to be given fixed positions in these discussions, and are therefore often put forward as
fundamentally different and incompatible with each other. This article entwines the discussions, shows parallels between both
principles, and uses these parallels to present a new method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment of human toxicity from air emissions
that — with limited data requirement from Life Cycle Inventory — can take as well threshold evaluation and spatial source-differentiation
into account. 相似文献
15.
Welling Sebastian Ryding Sven-Olof 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2021,26(2):275-289
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Life cycle assessment (LCA) is considered a robust method to analyse the environmental impacts of products and is used in public and private... 相似文献
16.
Patrick Hofstetter Thomas Baumgartner Roland W. Scholz 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(3):161-175
Methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment have to cope with two critical aspects, the uncertainty in values and the (unknown) system behaviour. LCA methodology should cope explicitly with these subjective elements. A structured aggregation procedure is proposed that differentiates between the technosphere and the ecosphere and embeds them in the valuesphere. LCA thus becomes a decision support system that models and combines these three spheres. We introduce three structurally identical types of LCA, each based on one coherent but different set of values. These sets of values can be derived from the Cultural Theory and are labeled as ‘egalitarian’, ‘individualistic’, and ‘hierarchic’. Within Life Cycle Impact Assessment, a damage oriented assessment model is complemented with both a newly developed precautionary indicator designed to address unknown damage and an indicator for the manageability of environmental damages. The indicators for unknown damage and for manageability complete the set of indicators judged to be relevant by decision makers. The weights given to these indicators are also value-dependent. The framework proposed here answers the criticisms that present LCA methodology does not strictly enough separate subjective from objective elements and that it fails to accurately model environmental impacts. 相似文献
17.
Matthias Finkbeiner Konrad Saur Peter Eyerer Yasunari Matsuno Atsushi Inaba 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(3):127-132
Sustainable development can only be achieved if industry adoptsboth product related and organisation related environmental management tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental
Management Systems (EMS). In Japan, EMS (ISO 14001) is more widely applied than LCA (ISO 14040). Therefore,one means by which Japanese industries could be motivated to adopt and use LCA is to relate LCA-activities to the policies and
instruments of ISO 14001. The potential of such a comprehensive approach was analysed by a survey of 270 Japanese enterprises
(response rate 45%). The results indicate that 19% of the responding representatives had responsibilities for both LCA and
EMS, while the remaining only work in one of both fields. A statement in the company’s/ plant’s Environmental Policy of ISO
14001, stating that LCA is to be used as part of the EMS, was found in 42% of all companies. A surprising number (39%) either
already use, or plan to use, LCA and EMS as combinated/integrated tools. A strong argument for the establishment of a comprehensive
approach can be seen in the perception of the usefulness of LCA, which was rated significantly higher in companies that acknowledged
the complementary potential of LCA and EMS. 相似文献
18.
Patrick Hofstetter Thomas Baumgartner Roland W. Scholz 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(2):95
Methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment have to cope with two critical aspects, the uncertainty in values and the (unknown) system behaviour. LCA methodology should cope explicitly with these subjective elements. A structured aggregation procedure is proposed that differentiates between the technosphere and the ecosphere and embeds them in the valuesphere. LCA thus becomes a decision support system that models and combines these three spheres. We introduce three structurally identical types of LCA, each based on one coherent but different set of values. These sets of values can be derived from the Cultural Theory and are labeled as ‘egalitarian’, ‘individualistic’, and ‘hierarchic’. Within Life Cycle Impact Assessment, a damage oriented assessment model is complemented with both a newly developed precautionary indicator designed to address unknown damage and an indicator for the manageability of environmental damages. The indicators for unknown damage and for manageability complete the set of indicators judged to be relevant by decision makers. The weights given to these indicators are also value-dependent. The framework proposed here answers the criticisms that present LCA methodology does not strictly enough separate subjective from objective elements and that it fails to accurately model environmental impacts. 相似文献
19.
Masataka Yano Ryohsuke Aoki Yoshihumi Nakahara Norihiro Itsubo Toshio Ohta 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(5):261-264
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has launched a national project, ‘Development of Assessment Technology
of Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Products’ (commonly known as the LCA Project). The activities of this project will
be continued for 5 yeas since fiscal 1998 with an overall budget of total 850 million yen. The LCA Project aims to develop
a highly reliable LCA database and LCA methodology which can be readily used throughout Japan. In this paper, the overall
plans and current activities of project are indicated. 相似文献
20.
Catherine Benoît-Norris Gina Vickery-Niederman Sonia Valdivia Juliane Franze Marzia Traverso Andreas Ciroth Bernard Mazijn 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2011,16(7):682-690