温室白粉虱在雪莲果和烟草上的生物学特性比较

温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)是雪莲果和烟草种植中主要害虫之一。雪莲果和烟草都是大叶寄主植物,本研究旨在比较温室白粉虱在雪莲果和烟草上的生物学特性,为利用雪莲果作为寄主植物大量繁育温室白粉虱和丽蚜小蜂提供参考依据。在人工气候室条件下,以雪莲果和烟草作为寄主植物繁育温室白粉虱,明确各龄期若虫的大小、发育历期、存活率、成虫产卵量和寿命。结果表明,温室白粉虱各龄若虫在雪莲果上均大于烟草上若虫;温室白粉虱在雪莲果上从卵到成虫发育需要19. 5 d,明显短于烟草上21. 1 d;在雪莲果和烟草上温室白粉虱卵到成虫的存活率分别为82. 0%和80. 0%,无显著性差异;温室白粉虱在雪莲果上单雌平均产卵量为166. 2粒,明显高于烟草上132. 7粒;温室白粉虱在雪莲果上雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为31. 3 d和25. 0 d,明显长于烟草上27. 9 d和22. 0 d。本文研究结果表明,温室白粉虱在雪莲果上的生物学特性参数明显优于烟草,表明雪莲果适合作为大量繁育温室白粉虱的寄主植物,为进一步开发应用雪莲果为中间寄主植物大量繁育丽蚜小蜂提供了理论依据。     

水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养合成黄酮及抗氧化活性

对水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养过程中细胞生长、黄酮积累和底物消耗的动力学过程进行了研究.经15 d液体培养可获得最大生物量干重和黄酮产量分别为17.2 g·L-1和607.8 mg·L-1,通过调控基本培养基种类和有机添加物可提高雪莲细胞的生长和黄酮积累.获得的水母雪莲细胞培养物具有明显的抗氧化活性,其抗氧化活性与雪莲细胞中的黄酮含量相关.     

播种深度对天山雪莲种子萌发的影响

天山雪莲[Saussurea involucrata(Kar.et Kir.) Sch.-Bip.],又称新疆雪莲、雪莲或雪莲花,为菊科(Compositae)风毛菊属(Saussurea DC.)多年生草本植物,主要分布在新疆天山、昆仑山、阿尔泰山和帕米尔高原,生于海拔2 400 ～4 000 m的石缝、砾石坡和湿润沙地上,通常需5～8a发育成熟并开花结果.天山雪莲是传统药用植物,具有温肾助阳、祛风胜湿和通经活血等功效,主治类风湿性关节炎、小腹冷痛和月经不调等.现代药理和临床研究结果显示:天山雪莲还具有延缓衰老的功效,并且在治疗脑动脉硬化、缺血性中风、抗菌消炎、抑制癌细胞增殖和抗氧化等领域都有重要的研发价值[1-4].     

新疆雪莲水溶性多糖的分离纯化及组成分析

为合理利用雪莲提供一定依据,对新疆天然雪莲进行多糖提取分离纯化.新疆天然雪莲经热水浸提,乙醇沉淀得粗多糖.粗多糖经Sevage法和酶法联合脱蛋白,酸性乙醇分级,得初步纯化的多糖XL1,XL2,XL3.其中XL3经DEAE-SephdexA25分离纯化得纯化多糖XL31.XL31经检测为纯多糖.气相色谱分析表明新疆天然雪莲多糖XL1,XL2,XL3和XL31均为Ara、Rha、Xyl、Gal、Glc、GalA六种单糖组成的酸性杂多糖,但单糖的摩尔比不同.     

新疆雪莲的组织培养及植株再生

新疆雪莲(Saussureainvolucrata Kar.et Kir.)是菊科凤毛菊属多年生草本植物,属国家三类珍稀植物.民间多用于治疗风湿性关节炎、月经不调、宫寒腹痛等症.近年来,雪莲作为民族药和民间药在抗炎、镇痛、抗早孕、抗衰老及抑制癌细胞增生等方面备受关注.新疆雪莲主要分布在4 000 m以上的高原寒带山区,其生境特异,生长缓慢,人工栽培困难,加上长期以来对雪莲的粗放型和掠夺性采挖,资源已严重匮乏,并处于濒危的境地,自然资源难以满足临床日益增长的需要.采用组织培养技术可能有助于解决这一问题.     

高山之花——雪莲

雪莲 (Saussureainvolucrata Kar.et.Kir.ex Maxim)属菊科风毛菊属草本植物 ,生长在海拔 2 5 0 0～ 35 0 0 m的石缝、岩壁、砾石坡地中。新疆等西部高山地区的著名花卉。雪莲根黑、叶绿、苞白、花红。株高 15～ 35 cm,茎粗厚 ,直立 ,密集着 10多片嫩绿的长圆形叶片 ,幼小时全株有特异的香味。雪莲种子在 0℃发芽 ,3～ 5℃生长 ,幼苗能经受 - 2 1℃的严寒。每年生长期不足 2个月 ,5年才开花。雪莲是高山稀有的名贵药用植物。雪莲形态娇艳 ,屹立于冰峰悬崖 ,挺拔于狂风暴雪。唐代诗人岑参吟咏雪莲“赞花中折 ,骈叶外包 ,异香腾风 ,秀色媚景…     

水母雪莲愈伤组织cDNA文库的构建

用TRIZOL Reagent提取水母雪莲红色系1～15d愈伤组织总RNA,用SMART cDNA Library Construction Kit构建cDNA文库.经测定原始文库滴度达到1.5～4×106,扩增总文库滴度达到1011,重组率达到98%,插入片段在0.5kb到3kb之间,多在1kb左右.通过PCR检测,从总文库中检测到了雪莲CHS、DFR及SmP基因的特异片段.SmP基因是转录调控因子,其表达丰度很低.各项指标都表明,已获得高质量的cDNA文库,为雪莲基因资源保存,雪莲类黄酮次生代谢分子调控奠定了坚实的基础.     

雪莲的医用（综述）

雪莲的医用（综述）中国蛇协沈阳生物资源医用研究所覃公平雪莲为菊科凤毛菊属植物,植物学名为ＳａｕｓｓｕｒｅａｍｕｏｌｕｉｒａｔａＫａｒｅｔＫｉｒｅｒＭａｘｉｎ,同属植物有几十种之多,如青、甘产的水母雪莲、川、滇产有绵头雪莲和毛头雪莲,西藏雪莲以及新疆雪...     

云南迪庆州传统藏药雪莲资源的保护和可持续利用

对云南省迪庆藏族自治州传统藏药雪莲资源及其利用的状况进行了调查。通过调查发现该地区雪莲植物共有22种及1变种,市场上常当作商品出售的有5种。雪莲每年的贸易量达到55000kg,而且资源利用方式落后,已经造成雪莲特别是二年生的雪莲个体数明显减少,严重威胁了这些物种的生存。依据调查结果,建议提高人们的保护意识,控制雪莲的采集量、限制一年生雪莲采集的时间以及禁止多年生雪莲的采集。     

天山雪莲生物技术研究进展

天山雪莲,又称高山雪莲,菊科多年生草本植物,是我国珍贵的高山药用植物,含有多种对人体机能的有益成份,它能对人体起到极好的调理和保健作用受到人们的普遍关注。本综述首先介绍了天山雪莲的生理生态;其次就天山雪莲的组织培养进行概述,包括外植体、激素、培养条件对天山雪莲组织培养的影响;最后,介绍了近几年天山雪莲分子生物学方面及其他方面的研究成果。     

基于芽苗砧嫁接油茶砧穗创伤后内源激素动态变化分析

为研究油茶(Camellia oleifera A)嫁接时穗条和砧木创伤后内源激素动态变化规律,解析影响砧穗嫁接面愈合的生理机制,为油茶砧穗愈合生长机理提供理论支持。以树龄6年的长林18号和53号的穗条和实生砧木为材料,按照芽苗砧嫁接方法切割穗条S0(0 min)、S10(10 min)、S40(40 min)和砧木茎段Z0(0 min)、Z10(10 min)后,利用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、反式玉米素(TZR)、玉米素(Zeatin)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量,分析不同时间段内源激素变化及品种间差异的关系。结果显示:创伤后18号的TZR、Zeatin和SA含量总体高于53号;18号IAA、SA和JA逐渐下降;TZR和Zeatin分别在S10和S0达最高值后下降;ABA在S10达最高值。53号IAA和JA爱S10达最高值后下降;TZR、Zeatin和SA在S10达低值后逐渐上升;ABA在S0达高值后逐渐下降。砧木茎段创伤前后激素含量除JA外18号高于53号;两品种Z0时激素含量下降,Z10后上升,仅53号ABA和SA含量在Z0达高值后下降。砧木茎段和根部激素含量在品种间除JA外18号高于53号,茎段的IAA、ABA高于根部,其他激素为根部高于茎段。激素比值在品种间和部位间差异明显;IAA/ABA、IAA/TZR、IAA/Zeatin和IAA/JA、ABA/TZR、ABA/Zeatin和ABA/JA比值为53号高于18号;穗条内SA/IAA为18号高于53号,SA/JA和SA/ABA为53号高于18号;砧木茎段均为18号高于53号;TZR/SA、TZR/JA比值在穗条和砧木茎段为18号高于53号。两品种创伤后IAA与JA极显著正相关,而IAA与SA,SA与JA在18号极显著正相关,53号极显著或显著负相关;53号TZR、Zeatin、SA间极显著或显著正相关,JA与TZR、Zeatin和SA极显著负相关。砧木茎段创伤后18号激素间为极显著或显著正相关;53号TZR和Zeatin与IAA、JA极显著正相关,与SA存在显著负相关,SA与JA有显著负相关。砧木茎段和根部间品种间仅在SA与各激素间相关性存在差异,其他激素间存在极显著正相关或负相关。综上所述,砧穗创伤后激素水平上18号在创伤面易于愈伤组织发育,而53号抗逆激素水平较高且与细胞分裂增殖类激素负相关,可能影响53号嫁接后愈合生长;嫁接应在创伤后10 min内较为适宜;砧穗间激素含量及比值的差异可能会影响后期嫁接部位形态重建以及穗条生长。     

Seasonal patterns in feeding ecology of three small fishes in the Biandantang Lake, China

Feeding ecology of three small fish species, Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus and Pseudorasbora parva was studied seasonally in the Biandantang Lake, a small, shallow lake in central China. Gut length, adjusted for total body length, was significantly higher in spring than in other seasons for all the three species. Seasonal changes in gut length were not associated with changes in food quality. Weight of fore-gut contents, adjusted for body weight, was significantly higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn in H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and significantly higher in autumn than in spring and summer for P. parva. Percentage of empty fore-guts was highest in summer and lowest in spring for H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and highest in winter and lowest in autumn for P. parva. Diet of the three small fishes showed apparent seasonal changes, and these changes reflected partly the seasonal fluctuations of food resources in environment. Diet breadth was high in winter and low in autumn for H. swinhonis , high in winter and low in spring and summer for C. giurinus , and high in autumn and low in spring for P. parva. Diet overlaps between pairs of species were biologically significant in most cases, except between H. swinhonis and P. parva in summer and autumn and between C. giurinus and P. parva in autumn.     

猪激素敏感脂酶和甘油三酯水解酶基因组织表达特性研究

以八眉猪为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和Western blot方法对猪激素敏感酯酶(HSL)和甘油三酯水解酶(TGH)基因组织表达特点进行了研究。RT-PCR半定量检测显示,HSL基因的mRNA在检测的7种组织中都有表达,其中在脂肪组织表达量较高,中等程度表达于心脏、肝脏、肺、脾和肾脏。TGH基因在7种组织也均有表达,其中肝脏和脂肪组织表达量较高,心脏和肾脏次之,脾脏和肺脏表达量较低。Western blot检测显示,HSL基因在大网膜脂肪和皮下脂肪表达量最高,而在肾脏中没有检测到表达,其他组织中中度表达;TGH基因在大网膜脂肪、皮下脂肪、肝脏、肺脏和脾脏组织中表达,其中在脂肪组织和肝脏组织中表达量最高,而在心脏和肾脏中没有检测到表达。以上结果表明:HSL和TGH基因存在转录后调控,这可能与其在不同组织中的功能差异有关。     

洪湖野菰及其化学成分分析

野菰(Zizania latifolia)是湖北省洪湖中优势水生维管束植物,其群落占全湖355平方公里面积的127平方公里。茎和叶的年生物量为4379克鲜重/平方米,全湖总年产量121700吨干重,目前未被利用。野菰各器官的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别以百分干重表示:根,7.0和4.76;根状茎,11.3和8.85;茎,9.5和7.15;嫩茎梢,22.4和16.53;叶,16.8和14.61。500克干叶的必需氨基酸含量接近100克干重草鱼幼鱼背肌的必需氨基酸含量。脂肪:叶中3.4～4.2,茎中2.2;粗纤维:叶中26.8～28,茎中24.2;灰分:叶中10.0,茎中5.8。菰茎含可溶性糖类30％以上,其中葡萄糖,果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖是主要成分。结果表明野菰是一种优质饲料。     

社鼠组织器官同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法,分析了社鼠的肝、肾、心肌、骨骼肌、肺、脾和脑等多种组织器官的ＬＤＨ、ＡＤＨ、ＥＳＴ、和ＳＯＤ４种同工酶,对各组织器官的酶带数目和分布,以及酶活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,社鼠的ＬＤＨ同工酶、ＡＤＨ同工酶和ＥＳＴ同工酶具有比较明显的组织特异性,而ＳＯＤ同工酶的组织特异性较低。肺和脾除ＥＳＴ同工酶活性较高外,脑除ＬＤＨ同工酶活性较高外,其它３种同工酶的活性均较低;而肝和肾中４种同工酶的活性普遍很高。心肌和骨骼肌因氧张力不同而使ＬＤＨ同工酶酶谱存在明显差异,但其它３种同工酶酶谱却非常相似。同工酶的组织特异性与各组织器官所执行的生理功能是相一致的     

Dynamics of growth and the content of endogenous phytohormones during kidney bean scoto-and photomorphogenesis

The dynamics of growth and the contents of free and bound endogenous IAA, gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (zeatin and its riboside), and ABA in kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Belozernaya) grown in darkness or in the light was studied. Phytohormones were quantified in 5–15-day-old plants by the ELISA technique. Plant growth and phytohormone content were shown to depend on plant age and the conditions of illumination. During scotomorphogenesis, changes in the biomass and hypocotyl length were highly correlated with the content of GA, whereas during photomorphogeneses, these parameters were correlated with the content of zeatin. In darkness, epicotyl growth displayed a positive correlation with the content of GA, whereas in the light, the correlation was negative. Growth characteristics of the primary leaves were shown to correlate with IAA in darkness and with GA and zeatin in the light. At a low concentration of cytokinins in illuminated leaves, cell divisions occurred, whereas, at the higher cytokinin concentrations, cell expansion occurred. The highest content of GA was characteristic of leaves in the period of growth cessation. ABA accumulated during active leaf and root elongation and biomass increment in the light and during hypocotyl growth in darkness. After plant illumination, the ratio of auxins to cytokinins increased in bean roots and decreased in their epicotyls. Thus, light changed the developmental programs of bean plants, which was manifested in the changed rate and duration of growth of various organs (root, hypocotyl, epicotyl, and leaf). Some mechanisms of light action depended on the contents of IAA, ABA, GA, and cytokinins and the ratios between these phytohormones. Differences between scotonorphogenesis of mono-and dicotyledonous plants are discussed in relation to the levels of phytohormones in them.     

啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化

啮齿动物对植物种子的取食和扩散影响种子的时空分布,继而影响种子的萌发和幼苗建成,因而在森林更新中起着重要作用.在国有济源市愚公林场,选择退耕地生境,于春季、夏季、秋季分别释放人工标记的山杏种子,观察啮齿动物扩散与埋藏山杏种子的季节性差异.结果表明：1）退耕地中的啮齿动物主要包括大林姬鼠、社鼠、黑线姬鼠;2）山杏种子扩散速率在春季显著慢于夏季,夏季显著慢于秋季;3）种子搬运量受季节和种子状态交互作用影响,春季显著少于夏季,夏季显著少于秋季;4）不同季节种子平均搬运距离不同,秋季不同状态种子的搬运距离均大于春季和夏季;5）啮齿动物对山杏种子的贮藏点大小多为1粒种子,少量为2、3粒种子,且贮藏点大小与季节间存在显著的交互作用,春季单粒种子的贮藏点数量显著少于夏季和秋季,而夏季与秋季的贮藏点则倾向于多粒种子;6）在夏季和秋季各有5枚（共释放1800枚）被啮齿动物分散贮藏的山杏种子建成幼苗.     

Dichloroacetate- and trichloroacetate-induced phagocytic activation and production of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues of mice after acute exposure

Dichoroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are by-products formed during chlorination of the drinking water and were found to be hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents. In this study, the abilities of the compounds to induce oxidative stress and phagocytic activation have been studied in B6C3F1 mice. Groups of mice were administered 300 mg/kg of either DCA or TCA, p.o, and were sacrificed after 6 or 12 h. Peritoneal lavage cells (PLCs) were isolated and assayed for superoxide anion (SA) production, and hepatic tissues were assayed for the production of SA, lipid peroxidation (LP), and DNA-single strand breaks (SSBs). TCA resulted in significant production of SA in the PLCs, and in the production of SA, LP, and DNA-SSBs in the hepatic tissues, 12 h after dosing, as compared with the control. DCA administration, on the other hand, resulted in significant increases in the productions of LP and DNA-SSBs in the hepatic tissues at both time points, and in SA production in PLCs and hepatic tissues, 6 h after dosing. However, DCA-induced increases in SA production in PLC and hepatic tissues declined at the 12-h time point, reaching control level in the hepatic tissues. These results may implicate the contribution of phagocytic activation to the induction of oxidative stress in the hepatic tissues and also the role of SA production in the induction of LP and/or DNA damage in those tissues, in response to the compounds. The results also suggest studying the involvement of these mechanisms in the long-term hepatotoxicity/hepatocarcinogencity of the compounds.     

Seasonal variation of organogenetic activity and reserves allocation in the shoot apex of Pinus pinaster Ait

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To understand better the basic growth characteristics of pines and the fundamental properties of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), variations within the shoot apex of buds were studied. METHODS: A detailed structural comparison of meristem dimensions, organogenetic activity, and the presence of lipids, starch grains and tannins was performed on shoot apices of juvenile, and male and female adult Pinus pinaster at five different times in the annual growth cycle. KEY RESULTS: There were significant correlations among traits and differences in the pattern for juvenile and adult shoots. In juvenile shoots, peaks of organogenesis were present in spring and autumn, but not in summer. In adult shoots, one peak, characterized by an increase in meristem dimensions, was present in summer. The accumulation of starch grains beneath the SAM and of tannin in sub-apical pith parenchyma were at their maximum when organogenetic activity was high in spring and autumn in juvenile plants, and in summer in adult plants. In juvenile and adult plants, lipids were stored within the SAM in autumn, filling a large part of the bud in winter, and were depleted in the cortical parenchyma and then in the pith during shoot elongation. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on the sites of accumulation within the SAM and on the stage of the annual growth cycle, lipids, starch and tannins may be involved in different processes. In spring, energy and structural materials released by lipid hydrolysis may contribute to stem elongation and/or cell-to-cell communication. During organogenesis, energy and structural materials released by starch hydrolysis may influence developmental programmes in the SAM and adjacent cells. Tannins may be involved in cellular detoxification. At the end of the growing season, accumulation of lipid and starch is positively correlated with the onset of dormancy.     

Developmental and regional expression and localization of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in RNA translocation.

RNA localization is a regulated component of gene expression of fundamental importance in development and differentiation. Several RNA binding proteins involved in RNA localization during development in Drosophila have been identified, of which Y14, Mago, Pumilio, and IMP-1 are known to be expressed in adult mammalian intestine. The present study was undertaken to define the developmental and regional expression of these proteins, as well as Staufen-1, in mouse intestinal cells and in other tissues and cell lines using RT-PCR, and localization using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Staufen-1, Y14, Mago-m, and Pumilio-1 were expressed in intestinal epithelial cells of both villus and crypt and in Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells. In contrast, expression of IMP-1 was age- and region-specific, showing clear expression in distal fetal and newborn intestine, but very low or no expression in adult. The mRNAs were cytosolic, with more apical than basal expression in enterocytes. Staufen protein showed a similar localization pattern to that of its cognate mRNA. Overall, the data suggest an essential role for these proteins in intestinal cells. Age and regional expression of IMP-1 may indicate a role in regulation of site-specific translation of intestinal genes or in RNA localization.