Définition et épidémiologie des troubles de l'éjaculation

Ejaculatory dysfunction is a male sexual disorder and comprises premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, anorgasmia, anejaculation and retrograde ejaculation. The definition of premature ejaculation is based on three essential criteria: brief ejaculatory latency, loss of control and psychological distress for the patient and/or his partner. Comparison of studies on premature ejaculation is difficult due to the absence of physiological data in the general population on ejaculatory latency, the absence of a precise definition of premature ejaculation and the absence of a questionnaire or standardized and valldated methods of evaluation. However, the rare studies performed since 1990 show high prevalences: about 10% of menoften or always experience premature ejaculation. The prevalence of delayed ejaculation and anorgasmia is estimated to be between 5 and 10%. Ejaculatory dysfunctions are therefore significant health problems with consequences on sexuality, fertility and quality of life.     

Genetik des Prostatakarzinoms

Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignancy in males and its etiology is strongly influenced by genetic factors. Nevertheless, no mutated genes which could be used for diagnosis have been identified in a major proportion of familial cases. Three genes with germline mutations have been identified after linkage analysis (ELAC2, RNASEL, MSR1), but these mutations are very rare and their penetrance is not well defined. The association of most genes with genetic variants is weak, and only BRCA2/familial breast cancer is of clinical relevance. As a consequence of the extreme genetic heterogeneity, diagnostic tools are not available and genetic counseling has to rely on risk estimates from pedigree data in which a single affected first degree relative indicates a relevant risk.     

Dispersion du Genre Homo au sud d’Ibérie et au Maghreb. Nouvelles données à propos des fossiles VM-1960 et BL-0

In this article, there is a discussion about out-of-Africa models of Homo dispersal, considering new findings, specially a new site with Oldowan industry in Morocco (Ain-Beni-Mathar), found in 2005 by some of the authors (Gibert J, Gibert L, and El Hamouti). There is also a critical of the models of Homo dispersal only based on carrion consumption. We also discuss some objections about two human remains from Orce sites (VM-1960 and BL-0) based on morphometric data (that, in any case, move these remains away from genus Homo), on authority criteria and ad hoc hypothesis, ignoring the decisive anatomical data.     

Repartition des flavonols dans l'epaisseur des feuilles de quelques vegetaux vasculaires

The tissue localisation of flavonoids has been studied in leaves of Betula, Corylus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Pisum, Platanus, Quercus, Spinacia and Tilia and scales of onion bulbs. All these species contain flavonols which are, for the most part, located in the upper epidermis of the leaves. In the onion bulb, flavonols are exclusively in the epidermis. The flavonols are glycosylated and dissolved in the vacuoles. The leaves were fractionated by an original technique of abrasion of the frozen material. The physiological significance of such a distribution of flavonoids in the adult leaves or scales is discussed.     

Alcaloïdes des feuilles de Voacanga thouarsii

Leaves of Voacanga thouarsii Roem. et Schult. yielded 3 indole alkaloids (ibogaine, voacangine, voacristine) and 12 ‘bis-indole’ alkaloids. Three of the latter are known (vobtusine, vobtusinelactone and subsessiline) and nine are new.     

Scintigraphie pulmonaire pour suspicion d’embolie pulmonaire aiguë : état des lieux des pratiques en France en 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to assess lung scintigraphy practices in France for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism, especially regarding the proportion of centers using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) rather than planar ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) imaging.Materials and methodsAn online survey composed of simple multiple-choice questions was distributed to the 210 french nuclear medicine departments in April and May 2014. The survey covered image acquisition, interpretation criteria for SPECT and planar images, and use of pseudoplanar images and radiopharmaceuticals. Departments were initially solicited by 2 sets of e-mails. They were subsequently contacted by phone. A single response per department was consolidated.ResultsTwo hundred nine responses were collected (participation rate: 99.5%). Sixty-seven percent of french centers indicated use of V/Q SPECT in routine practice. The first intention acquisition protocol was SPECT/CT in 34%, SPECT in 26% and V/Q planar in 34%. The most commonly used criteria for SPECT interpretation were those of the EANM (63%). Criteria used for planar interpretation were heterogeneous (EANM criteria, 39%; no standardized criteria, 28%; PIOPED, 23%). Eighty-three percent of centers used ^99mTc aerosol and 17% ^81mKr.ConclusionThis survey shows that SPECT has largely replaced planar imaging for PE diagnosis with lung scintigraphy. Acquisition protocols and interpretation criteria are inconsistent (especially for planar imaging).     

Alcaloïdes des feuilles du Cinchona ledgeriana

Five monomeric and seven quasi-dimeric indole alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of Cinchona ledgeriana, five are known; the structures of two novel quasi-dimeric alkaloids have been elucidated by chemical correlation.     

Alcaloïdes des écorces de tronc et des écorces de racine de L'Hunteria elliotii

Nine known indole alkaloids were isolated from the stem and root barks of Hunteria elliotii: aspidofractinine, eburnamenine, eburnamine, isoeburnamine, eburnamonine, kopsinine, pleiocarpamine, quebrachamine and vincadifformine, along with o-ethyleburnamine.     

Genetik des essenziellen Tremors

Essential tremor (ET) is—with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1?%—one of the commonest movement disorders. ET patients predominantly suffer from a postural and kinetic tremor of the arms which might severely impair fine motor skills. The question whether additional symptoms such as mild cognitive deficits and depression, which occur in some patients, belong to the clinical picture of ET is a matter of debate. More than 50?% of all ET patients have a positive family history. In many families ET segregates in a manner compatible with autosomal dominant transmission. Recently mutations in the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene have been identified as one potential cause of monogenic ET. In the majority of patients ET is genetically complex. Twin studies suggest a very high heritability. Two relatively small genome-wide association studies identified risk variants in the LINGO1 gene which plays a role in neuroregeneration and in the SLC1A2 gene which encodes the most important glutamate reuptake transporter of the brain.     

Diagnostic Performance of Various Tests and Criteria Employed in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: A Latent Class Analysis

Aim

The efficiency of various investigations and diagnostic criteria used in diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) remain unknown, primarily because of the lack of a gold standard. Latent class analysis (LCA) can provide estimates of sensitivity and specificity in absence of gold standard. Herein, we report the performance of various investigations and criteria employed in diagnosis of ABPA.

Methods

Consecutive subjects with asthma underwent all the following investigations Aspergillus skin test, IgE levels (total and A.fumigatus specific), Aspergillus precipitins, eosinophil count, chest radiograph, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest. We used LCA to estimate the performance of various diagnostic tests and criteria in identification of ABPA.

Results

There were 372 asthmatics with a mean age of 35.9 years. The prevalence of Aspergillus sensitization was 53.2%. The sensitivity and specificity of various tests were Aspergillus skin test positivity (94.7%, 79.7%); IgE levels>1000 IU/mL (97.1%, 37.7%); A.fumigatus specific IgE levels>0.35 kUA/L (100%, 69.3%); Aspergillus precipitins (42.7%, 97.1%); eosinophil count>1000 cells/µL (29.5%, 93.1%); chest radiographic opacities (36.1%, 92.5%); bronchiectasis (91.9%, 80.9%); and, high-attenuation mucus (39.7%, 100%). The most accurate criteria was the Patterson criteria using six components followed by the Agarwal criteria. However, there was substantial decline in accuracy of the Patterson criteria if components of the criteria were either increased or decreased from six.

Conclusions

A.fumigatus specific IgE levels and high-attenuation mucus were found to be the most sensitive and specific test respectively in diagnosis of ABPA. The Patterson criteria remain the best diagnostic criteria however they have good veridicality only if six criteria are used.     

Alcaloïdes des feuilles et écorces de tronc d'Alstonia odontophora

Six known indole alkaloids were isolated from the leaves and stem bark of Alstonia odontophora: vincamajine, 11-methoxy- akuammicine, quebrachidine, pleiocarpamine, antirhine, pleiocorine and pleiocraline, along with the novel bisindole, N (I′)-demethylpleiocorine.     

Identification des constituants de l'essence des aiguilles de Pinus pinaster

The chromatographic analysis of the volatile leaf oil of Pinus pinaster Ait. showed 42% of monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, limonene, cis-ocimene, terpinolene, para-cymene, 35% of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (cubebene, copaene, caryophyllene, humulene, germacrene D, α- and γ-muurolenes, δ- and γ-cadinenes) and 23% of oxygenated compounds including esters (linalyl, bornyl, geranyl, neryl and farnesyl acetates), alcohols (cis-hexenol, linalool, α-fenchol, trans-pinocarveol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, dihydrocarveol, guaiol, junenol and α-cadinol), one aldehyde (hexenal) and one ketone (piperitone). Three non terpenoid phenylethyl esters were also identified: phenylethyl isovalerate, methyl-2 burtyate and 3-3 dimethylacrylate. Some alcohols and mainly α-terpineol and linalool seemed to be formed during the steam distillation process, they were absent when the leaf oil was obtained by maceration of small portions of leaves in the usual solvents of terpenes.     

Zur biogenese des tigogenins in Digitalis lanata und des solasodins in Solanum laciniatum

7α-[³H]-20-hydroxycholesterol was converted by Digitalis lanata plants into tigogenin. 7α-[³H]-20-hydroxycholesterol and 7α-[³H]-26-aminodihydrodiosgenin were utilized for the biogenesis of solasodine by plants of Solanum laciniatum. These results are discussed in relation to spirostanol and spirosolan alkaloid biogenesis.     

Zur konfiguration des cyanglycosides holocalin

From its behaviour on GLC holocalin possesses the (R)-configuration in the chiral centre of its aglycone; consequently the diastereomeric glycoside zierin belongs to the (S)-series.     

Structure génétique des cécidomyies des céréales en Tunisie

Genetic structure of Hessian flies in Tunisia. The genetic structure of M. destructor and M. hordei was investigated by sampling 21 fields of cereals in 14 localities of central and southern Tunisia. As previously shown, there was no strict association between the cereal species (wheat, barley and oat) and the Mayetiola species. M. destructor males displayed no heterozygosity at the Pgm3 locus, indicating that they were hemizygous as is the PGM locus in North America. In M. hordei, heterozygous males were observed at all loci, but strong heterozygote deficits were found at two loci (Mdh2 et Hk). Since no such deficit was observed in females, the population structure of M. hordei was studied only in females. Although heterozygosity was two fold higher in M. hordei than in M. destructor, the two species were similar for other genetic characteristics, including a low (Fst < 0.05) but significant (P < 0.05) genetic differentiation, no isolation by distance, and similar rates of gene flow (5.7 ≤ Nm ≤ 9.6). These results are discussed in relation to their consequences in the event of controlling Tunisian Hessian flies using wheat cultivars that are resistant to a M. destructor biotype.     

Weidegesellschaften des Kremnitzer Gebirges,Slowakei

Aus dem Andesitgebiet des Kremnitzer Gebirges (Mittelslowakei) wird eine vegetationskundliche Analyse der wichtigsten Weidegesellschaften dargelegt. Die Talweiden stellt die AssoziationLolio-Cynosuretum Tx. 1933 dar. Sie ist nur wenig verbreitet u. zw. in der Subassoziationtypicum. Eine ähnliche Gesellschaft wird in der Form einer Sammeltabelle aus dem Tal des Slaná-Flusses angeführt. Am meisten sind die Bergweiden verbreitet, die durch die AssoziationAnthoxantho-Agrostietum Sillinger 1933 em.Jurko 1969 repräsentiert werden. Die für niedrigere Lagen charakteristische SubassoziationA.—A. typicum kann in zwei Varianten gegliedert werden, eine oligotrophe mitOnonis spinosa und eine eutrophe (gemäht und beweidet) mitRhinanthus minor. Die SubassoziationA.—A. nardetosum subass. nova ist in Höhen von über 700 m anzutreffen. Die bisher veröffentlicheten Tabellen dieses Typs wurden einer syntaxonomischen Revision unterzogen und im Rahmen dieser Subassoziation mehrere Varianten herausgestellt. Die selteneren Halbtrockenrasen im Kremnitzer Gebirge werden provisorisch nur alsBrachypodium pinnatum-Gesellschaft dargestellt. In zwei Aufnahmen aus diesem Gebiet wird dasNardetum montanum Sillinger 1933 dokumentiert. Endlich wird ganz kurz eine wirtschaftliche Bewertung dieser Gesellschaften angeführt.     

Zur primärstruktur des cytochromes c des steppenzebras (Equus quagga Boehmi)

Cytochrome c of the zebra (Equus guagga Boehmi) differs from horse cytochrome c in having in its polypeptide chain one serine residue instead of none and 9 threonine residues instead of 10. This replacement has been localised at position 47 of the sequence.     

Populationsgenetik des Y-Chromosoms

The Y chromosome is the most variable haploid marker in the human genome and is ideally suited for studying the evolution and demography of very young species such as Homo sapiens sapiens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites (short tandem repeats) play a pivotal role in reconstructing recent episodes of human evolution. Phylogeographic analyses using Y-chromosome markers are important for characterizing population structures and movements, interpreting biological forensic evidence, and providing insights into epochs for which no artifacts are available.     

Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: A comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation

BackgroundThe possibility that onchocerciasis may cause epilepsy has been suggested for a long time, but thus far, an etiological link has not been universally accepted. The objective of this review is to critically appraise the relationship between Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy and subsequently apply the Bradford Hill criteria to further evaluate the likelihood of a causal association.MethodsPubMed and gray literature published until September 15, 2020, were searched and findings from original research were synthesized. Adherence to the 9 Bradford Hill criteria in the context of onchocerciasis and epilepsy was determined to assess whether the criteria are met to strengthen the evidence base for a causal link between infection with O. volvulus and epilepsy, including the nodding syndrome.ResultsOnchocerciasis as a risk factor for epilepsy meets the following Bradford Hill criteria for causality: strength of the association, consistency, temporality, and biological gradient. There is weaker evidence supporting causality based on the specificity, plausibility, coherence, and analogy criteria. There is little experimental evidence. Considering the Bradford Hill criteria, available data suggest that under certain conditions (high microfilarial load, timing of infection, and perhaps genetic predisposition), onchocerciasis is likely to cause epilepsy including nodding and Nakalanga syndromes.ConclusionApplying the Bradford Hill criteria suggests consistent epidemiological evidence that O. volvulus infection is a trigger of epilepsy. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for seizure induction still need to be elucidated.     

Identification et dosage des constituants amers des racines de Gentiana lutea L.

The bitter constituents of Gentiana lutea L. roots were isolated and identified by mass spectrometry. Gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, amarogentin were characterized and their abundance evaluated. Amarogentin was shown to be the main bitter constituent of the roots. By cultivation of Gentiana lutea, roots with a high content in amarogentin can be obtained in 2 yr.