低温乙醇法与硫酸铵盐析法制备抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白的质量对比研究

目的采用低温乙醇法试制抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白(anti-human T lymphocyte porcine immunoglobulin, P-ATG),并对最终制品与原硫酸铵盐析法工艺制品进行质量对比研究,评价其质量特性。方法采用《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)2015版(三部)中关于P-ATG的制品质量标准及扩展质量研究对商业化规模3批原硫酸铵盐析法及3批低温乙醇法P-ATG制品进行质量对比研究。结果 3批低温乙醇法制品与硫酸铵盐析法制品均达到《中国药典》2015版(三部)中制品质量标准;扩展研究中,2种工艺制品的远紫外CD均值为93.43%,近紫外CD均值为97.68%,远紫外/近紫外CD相似度CV值均0.5%;热稳定性结果显示,2种工艺制品的T_m值除T_m_2外(P=0.031),差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。表明低温乙醇法工艺稳定性良好,批间差异较小,与硫酸铵盐析法具有良好的可比性。结论采用低温乙醇法可获得品质良好的P-ATG制品,可作为P-ATG的生产工艺。     

低温乙醇法和硫酸铵盐析法制备抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白的非临床安全性评价

目的 采用低温乙醇法制备抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白(anti-human T lymphocyte porcine immunoglobulin, P-ATG),并对其进行多项非临床研究,同时与原硫酸铵盐析工艺制品(市售制品)进行非临床对比研究,评价2种制品在毒理特性方面的一致性。方法 给予新西兰兔的血管重复刺激性试验,评价2种制品对注射部位的局部反应;新西兰兔红细胞的体外溶血试验,评价2种制品的溶血性;单次给药静脉注射SD大鼠进行毒性试验,评价2种制品的急性毒性;4周重复给药静脉注射SD大鼠进行毒性并伴随局部刺激性、免疫原性和毒代动力学试验,评价2种制品的长期毒性。结果 2种工艺制品连续5 d静脉注射新西兰兔,未见局部刺激性;2种工艺制品体外对新西兰兔红细胞无溶血作用,不引起新西兰兔红细胞凝聚;供试品组(低温乙醇法)在累计剂量1 560 mg/kg和市售对照组(硫酸铵盐析法)在累计剂量1 640 mg/kg的情况下,单次静脉注射SD大鼠产生的急性毒性反应相同,未显示出明显毒性,P-ATG(低温乙醇法)最大耐受量(maximum tolerance dose, MTD)>1 560 ...     

传代人淋巴细胞免疫猪的免疫效果初探

目的用传代人淋巴细胞替代人T淋巴细胞进行猪的免疫,用于试制抗人T细胞猪免疫球蛋白(anti-human T lymphocyte porcine immunoglobulin,P-ATG)免疫猪血浆,并评价其免疫效果。方法大量培养传代人淋巴细胞至免疫所需浓度及数量,采用常规猪免疫程序进行2次基础免疫及1次加强免疫,获得免疫猪血浆,用E玫瑰花环形成抑制试验和淋巴细胞毒试验进行效价检测。结果 3批免疫猪血浆的E玫瑰花环形成抑制试验结果均达到1∶1 000(花环形成率均小于对照组平均花环形成率的75%),淋巴细胞毒试验结果均达到1∶500(淋巴细胞死亡率均大于20%),效价均达到《中华人民共和国药典》2015版(三部)中生产用免疫猪血浆的效价标准。结论传代人淋巴细胞可作为人T淋巴细胞的替代免疫原进行猪的免疫,获得了效价合格的免疫猪血浆,用于P-ATG的制备。     

用Ig—SPA花环法检测人末稍血淋巴细胞的初步探讨

目前国内外多采用荧光抗体法检测 B淋巴细胞。即用 FITC 标记抗人免疫球蛋白(Ig),然后和人淋巴细胞作用,因 B细胞上有特异的膜表面免疫球蛋白(SmIg)可与抗人 Ig 结合,从而使 B 细胞显示荧光,借助荧光显微镜计算阳性细胞的百分率。此法由于标记荧光的抗人     

重组猪肺表面活性蛋白A在体外可抑制PRRSV感染宿主细胞

【目的】研究重组猪肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)在体外对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染的抑制作用。【方法】采用PCR方法从含有猪SP-A基因的质粒中扩增SP-A基因,并将其插入到含有人CD5信号肽序列的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1A-CD5中,构建成SP-A基因的真核分泌型表达载体pcDNA-CD5-SPA/MH。将重组表达载体通过磷酸钙介导转染HEK293T细胞进行瞬时表达,通过Western blot方法鉴定表达产物,采用Ni-NTA琼脂糖凝胶亲和层析法从培养基中分离和纯化重组SP-A蛋白,通过ELISA方法检测SP-A蛋白与PRRSV的结合活性。将SP-A蛋白与PRRSV孵育,然后感染MARC-145细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞,感染72 h后测定病毒滴度,分析重组SP-A蛋白对PRRSV感染的抑制作用。【结果】结果表明构建的真核表达载体能够介导SP-A基因在HEK293T细胞中进行分泌表达;表达的重组猪SP-A蛋白能够与PRRSV进行剂量依赖性结合;用重组猪SP-A蛋白与PRRSV进行孵育,然后感染MARC-145细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞,结果显示SP-A处理的PRRSV感染细胞后的病变程度明显低于对照组。感染72 h后,SP-A处理组的PRRSV在MARC-145细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞的滴度明显低于SP-A非处理组。【结论】重组猪SP-A在体外对PRRSV的感染有明显的抑制作用,揭示SP-A具有抗PRRSV的活性。     

人酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn的真核表达、纯化及鉴定

[目的]构建含人酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn基因的载体并进行真核表达、纯化和研究其对细胞增殖的影响。[方法]提取人Hela细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR方法获得Lyn基因并克隆至pcDNA3.1(-)载体。经双酶切、PCR和测序方法鉴定后,将重组质粒瞬时转染HEK 293T细胞表达目的蛋白,应用组氨酸标签镍离子螯合磁珠纯化融合蛋白,通过Western Blot检测蛋白的表达及纯化,并用CCK-8法检测过表达Lyn后细胞增殖能力的变化。[结果]成功构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-Lyn并进行瞬时表达和蛋白纯化,CCK-8法检测过表达Lyn的HEK 293T细胞的增殖能力显著性下降(P0.01)。[结论]Lyn在HEK 293T细胞中成功瞬时表达及纯化,并可以使细胞的增殖能力受到明显抑制,为稳定表达和深入研究其生物学功能及作用机制奠定基础。     

人巨细胞病毒免疫球蛋白的研制及其临床应用

制备人源性高效价人巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)特异免疫球蛋白 (IgG)。采用ELISA从检定合格的血浆中筛选出滴度≥ 1∶5 0 0 0的血浆 ,合并后按低温乙醇法制备HCMV IgG ,再次检定后应用于临床。结果显示 ,按人免疫球蛋白标准检定 ,所制备的HCMV IgG全部合格 ,HCMV IgG滴度为 1∶15 0 0 0 0。临床应用结果表明 ,2批高效价HCMV IgG均可明显降低先天性HCMV感染率。     

人、猪、鼠血管内皮及平滑肌细胞培养与纯化方法的改进

对培养和纯化猪主动脉内皮细胞,人脐静脉内皮细胞,猪和鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞的方法进行改进。对其鉴定方法进行了讨论,用胶原酶或胰酶消化法,或机械法分别从猪主动脉,人脐静脉,鼠主动脉获得内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞进行培养,用光学相差显微镜,免疫组化的方法进行鉴定,结果显示,相差显微镜观察,人脐静脉内皮细胞接种后2-3小时贴壁,继而铺开生长,在视野内形成散在细胞团,细胞呈铺路石样排列的单层,随着传代次数增多,可见核分裂,双核及多核,猪血管内皮细胞呈鹅卵石样,多角形,生长分裂旺盛时可见两个或多个核,猪和鼠的平滑肌细胞在相差显微镜下外观为长梭形,细胞生长致密时排列成束,相互平行,并且重叠生长,表现为典型的“波峰”与“浪谷”状。猪血管内皮细胞DiI-Ac-LDL染色,在荧光显微镜下显示特征性的黄绿色荧光,人Ⅷ因子抗原免疫组化检测人脐静脉内皮细胞,显微镜下可见核周胞浆呈现阳性反应,免疫组织化学法进行平滑肌细胞α-肌动蛋白染色,显微镜下见细胞浆内着色,本介绍的培养及纯化猪血管内皮细胞,猪平滑肌细胞,鼠平滑肌细胞的方法简便易行。     

一种新的静脉输注用免疫球蛋白

<正>在治疗耐抗菌素感染中,以及无疑在降低免疫缺乏病人的细菌感染中,人免疫球蛋白(IgG)是有价值的。然而,用低温乙醇法从人血浆制备的IgG只能限于肌肉常规注射,因为在静脉输注时和输注后能发生严重的类过敏性反应。这些副作用已被归因于在分离过程形成的聚合IgG所引起的非特异性补体激活和某些杂质,诸如PKA。聚合物     

抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的:采用杂交瘤技术制备抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体,并对其进行鉴定。方法:经抗原免疫的小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞以常规方法融合;用间接ELISA法筛选分泌抗体的杂交瘤细胞株;阳性克隆用有限稀释法获得稳定分泌抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株;扩增杂交瘤细胞注射进小鼠腹腔后制备腹水;纯化腹水中的单克隆抗体并对其亚型进行鉴定;用间接ELISA法测抗体效价;将肺癌组织制成石蜡切片,用抗人B7-H1抗体进行免疫组化染色。结果:获得1株稳定分泌抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,所分泌的单抗类型为IgG1;抗体效价为1×108,纯化后的抗体含量为6.76g/L;免疫组化实验中,单抗可与肺癌组织表面的B7-H1蛋白特异地结合。结论:制备了人B7-H1单克隆抗体,为B7-H1检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

Alteration in lymphocyte population and humoral immune response in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats

AimsProinflammatory cytokine production by a skewed T cell compartment has been shown to be elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is unknown whether humoral immune response controlled by lymphocytes is altered in T2D.Main methodsLymphocyte populations and immunoglobulin production were investigated in Goto–Kakizaki (G–K) rat, which is a genetic experimental model for T2D, and Wistar rat as a control. Each lymphocyte population was analyzed using flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin in plasma was measured before and after immunization with ovalbumin. The immunoglobulin subclasses and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulins were measured by enzyme-immunoassay. Effects of improvement in hyperglycemia of G–K rats by chronic diet restriction on lymphocyte populations were also investigated.Key findingsT/B lymphocyte ratios in blood and spleen from the G–K rats were significantly higher than those from the Wistar rats. The difference in the T/B cell ratio in blood of the G–K and Wistar rats was not affected by the diet restriction and the immunization. The ability of immunoglobulin production in G–K rats was comparable to that in Wistar rats, while the levels of natural IgM and ovalbumin-specific IgG2a were higher in plasma from the G–K rats than in plasma from the Wistar rats.SignificanceSince helper T cell type 2 (Th2) is known to regulate the class switch to IgG2a in rats, the results of this study suggest that G–K rats are characterized as immunologically Th2 dominant, resulting in increases in natural IgM and T/B cell ratio.     

Genetic control of B- and T-Lymphocyte abnormalities of NZB mice in crosses with B10.D2 mice

Parental NZB and B10.D2, F₁ and F₁ × B10.D2 mice were studied to determine the genetic control of (1) altered B-cell IgD expression, (2) plasma cell frequency, (3) IgM secretion per plasma cell, (4) primary in vitro cytotoxic T-cell responses to H-2-compatible cells, (5) production of thymocyte-binding antibodies, and (6) production of red-cell-specific antibodies. The results demonstrate that, in this cross, IgD abnormalities and production of red-cell-specific antibodies were recessive traits. There was a common genetic influence on plasma cell frequency, IgM secretion per plasma cell and production of thymocyte-binding antibodies which was distinct from the genes governing the ability to generate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to H-2-compatible cells.Abbreviations used in this paper CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte - F1 anti-Fab fluorescein-labeled antimouse Fab - FMF flow microfluorometry - Ig immunoglobulin - IgM/PC IgM secretion per PC - PC plasma cell - sIg surface immunoglobulin - TBA thymocyte-binding antibody     

Memory B cells and CD27

Following antigen activation in germinal centers, B cells develop into memory B cells or plasma cells. Triggering via B-cell immunoglobulin receptors by antigens, cytokines and direct cell-to-cell contact by B and T cells plays an important role in the B cell differentiation into memory or plasma cells. Adult human peripheral blood B cells are separated into three subtypes by the expression of IgD and CD27, which belong to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family: IgD+ CD27- naive B cells, IgD+ CD27+ and IgD- CD27+ B cells. CD27+ B cells are larger cells with abundant cytoplasm carrying somatic hypermutation, and have an ability to produce immunoglobulin, indicating that CD27 is a memory marker of B cells. The ligation of CD27 yields crucial signals that positively control the entry of B cells into the pathway to plasma cells. We review observations on subpopulations and differentiation of mature B-cells by T/B cell interaction via CD27/CD70 as compared with CD40/CD154 interaction, and discuss about memory B cells.     

The essential role of L-glutamine in lymphocyte differentiation in vitro

The biochemistry of human B lymphocyte differentiation to plasma cells is incompletely understood. L-glutamine appears to be required for both lymphoblastic transformation and plasma cell formation in pokeweed-mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Cells cultured with pokeweed mitogen in glutamine-deficient RPMI-1640 with 10% heat-inactivated and dialyzed fetal bovine serum were unable to incorporate 3H-thymidine or undergo morphologic lymphoblastic transformation assessed at 72 hours. However, 3H-thymidine incorporation could be maximally restored with as little as 0.08 mM L-glutamine or by using nondialyzed heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, containing approximately. 1 mM L-glutamine. In subsequent cultures, using glutamine-deficient RPMI-1640 with 10% nondialyzed heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, lymphoblastic transformation was equivalent with or without additional L-glutamine supplementation. However, only cultures with 2 mM L-glutamine supplementation underwent plasma cell differentiation as assessed by cytoplasmic staining with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin. When the kinetics of cellular immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion were analyzed by 3H- leucine incorporation into immunoglobulin, synthesis was 2-5 fold greater, and secretion 3-10-fold greater in cell cultures with 2 mM L-glutamine supplementation. By electron microscopy, only the glutamine-supplemented cells showed development of rough endoplasmic reticulum consistent with active immunoglobulin production. L-glutamine supplementation had no apparent effect on cell recovery, viability, % B cells, % T cells, % monocytes, or % helper and suppressor T cells. Thus, L-glutamine is essential for both lymphoblastic transformation and plasma cell differentiation. Future investigation of the selective nutritional requirements of cultured cells should yield further insights into the biochemical control of immune cell differentiation and function.     

Immunologic effects of interferon-alpha in man: treatment with human recombinant interferon-alpha suppresses in vitro immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic type B hepatitis

The effect of human recombinant interferon-alpha on lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation was studied in 18 patients with chronic type B hepatitis who were participating in a randomized controlled trial of interferon-alpha therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by lymphopheresis before and during a 4 mo course of interferon. Pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin synthesis by PBMC obtained from patients before therapy was similar to that of PBMC from normal individuals. However, after 2 wk treatment with human recombinant interferon-alpha mitogen-induced immunoglobulin production was decreased by an average of 50%. Staining for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin revealed decreases that paralleled secreted immunoglobulin, indicating that interferon-alpha treatment inhibited immunoglobulin synthesis. Mixing autologous T and B cell enriched populations from before and during interferon treatment revealed that the decrease in immunoglobulin synthesis involved a defect in the B cell-enriched population. In contrast to immunoglobulin synthesis, pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was not significantly affected by in vivo administration of interferon-alpha. Thus a major effect of in vivo interferon-alpha on immunoregulation in patients with chronic type B hepatitis appears to be an inhibition of the late stages of B cell differentiation into immunoglobulin producing and secreting plasma cells.     

B-lymphocyte dysfunction in chronic HIV-1 infection does not prevent cross-clade neutralization breadth

Aberrant expression of regulatory receptors programmed death-1 (PD-1) and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is linked with dysregulation and exhaustion of T lymphocytes during chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection; however, less is known about whether a similar process impacts B-lymphocyte function during HIV-1 infection. We reasoned that disruption of the peripheral B cell compartment might be associated with decreased neutralizing antibody activity. Expression of markers that indicate dysregulation (BTLA and PD-1), immune activation (CD95), and proliferation (Ki-67) was evaluated in B cells from HIV-1-infected viremic and aviremic subjects and healthy subjects, in conjunction with immunoglobulin production and CD4 T cell count. Viral load and cross-clade neutralizing activity in plasma from viremic subjects were also assessed. Dysregulation of B lymphocytes was indicated by a marked disruption of peripheral B cell subsets, increased levels of PD-1 expression, and decreased levels of BTLA expression in viremic subjects compared to aviremic subjects and healthy controls. PD-1 and BTLA were correlated in a divergent fashion with immune activation, CD4 T cell count, and the total plasma IgG level, a functional correlate of B cell dysfunction. Within viremic subjects, the total IgG level correlated directly with cross-clade neutralizing activity in plasma. The findings demonstrate that even in chronically infected subjects in which B lymphocytes display multiple indications of dysfunction, antibodies that mediate cross-clade neutralization breadth continue to circulate in plasma.     

The immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch

Conclusions While much has been learned concerning the molecular structural basis for the heavy chain class switch, many questions relating to the regulation of the switch remain unanswered, or at least controversial. Identification of the enzyme system which mediates the class switch, as well as other regulatory, possibly X-linked, genes should provide the necessary key to our understanding of this unique process.AbbreviationsB cell lymphocyte derived from the bone marrow in adult mammals or the bursa of Fabricius in chickens - bp base pair - C immunoglobulin constant region - CDR complementarity-determining region of the immunoglobulin variable region - D diversity gene segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene - H immunoglobulin heavy chain - Ig immunoglobulin - J joining region gene segment of the immunoglobulin variable region gene - kb kilobase - L immunoglobulin light chain - LPS lipopolysaccharide - Pyr pyrimidine - S-, s-site, s-region switch rearrangement site - SCE sister chromatid exchange - sIg surface immunoglobulin - T cell lymphocyte derived from the thymus - USCE unequal sister chromatid exchange - V immunoglobulin variable region     

Trypanosoma cruzi: plasma corticosterone after repetitive stress during the acute phase of infection

An increased level of plasma corticosterone is one manifestation of severe environmental or physiologic stress. The stress response mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is already known to suppress immunoglobulin production and to impair immune function, but there are few studies relating stress and plasma corticosterone to the outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. In this study, male Wistar rats were infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi and then subjected to repetitive stress by exposure to ether vapor for 1min twice a day during the acute phase of infection. Stressed animals showed decreased lytic antibody activity and lowered levels of peritoneal macrophages. Despite an increase in the weight of the spleen, histological analyses demonstrated tissue alterations, the presence of amastigote nests, and a complete absence of activated lymphoid follicles. These results suggest that stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone can suppress the immune response and worsen tissue injury during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection.     

Membrane organization in immunoglobulin E receptor signaling

The structure and dynamics of the plasma membrane are proposed to be critical for the initial steps of signal transduction by the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. Recent experimental advances indicate that interactions between the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor and the tyrosine kinase Lyn with cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich regions within the plasma membrane are important for receptor function. This accumulating evidence points to spatio-temporal control of immunoglobulin E receptor signaling by the organization of the plasma membrane; an attractive hypothesis is that ligand-dependent receptor aggregation causes the segregation of Lyn-containing ordered regions of the plasma membrane from disordered regions.     

Influence of colostrum intake on piglet survival and immunity

Colostrum intake from birth to 24 h after the onset of parturition (T24) was estimated for 526 piglets from 40 litters. Plasma concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactate, glucose and cortisol were determined at T24 for six piglets per litter. Plasma IgG concentration was also assayed at weaning (28 days) on the same piglets. Rectal temperature was measured at T24 on all piglets. Mortality was recorded until weaning and comparisons were made between piglets that died before weaning and those that were still alive at weaning. The piglets that died before weaning had lower birth weight, lower colostrum intake, lower weight gain between birth and T24, and had a lower rectal temperature, higher plasma cortisol concentration and lower plasma IgG and glucose concentrations at T24 than piglets still alive at weaning. In addition, a higher proportion of piglets that died before weaning had difficulty taking their first breath after birth and were affected by splayleg. Considering all piglets, colostrum intake was positively related to rectal temperature and plasma glucose concentration and negatively related to plasma cortisol concentration at T24. Plasma IgG concentration at T24 was explained by colostrum intake, IgG concentration in the ingested colostrum, birth weight and birth rank (P<0.0001). Plasma IgG concentration at weaning was related to plasma IgG concentration at T24 (r=0.54; P<0.0001) and to colostrum intake (r=0.32; P<0.0001). Finally, body weight was explained by colostrum intake, birth weight and age until 6 weeks of age (P<0.0001). These results show that colostrum intake is the main determinant of piglet survival through provision of energy and immune protection and has potential long-term effects on piglet growth and immunity.