老参地与土壤微生物生态

对于老参地的形成,目前多数人认为是由于土壤有机质减少所致,并且通过了阶段性成果鉴定,但本人拟从土壤微生物生态学角度来阐明老参地形成的根本原因,与之商榷。一、老参地问题人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)是中外驰名的贵重药材,我国主要产于长白山一带。从300年前开始进行人参栽培至今,始终存在一个严重的难题,即凡是栽种过人参的土地在五、六十年内不能再栽种人参,否则人参大部分乃至全部会烂掉。人们习惯上把种过人参的土地统称为老参地。老者,土壤     

辽东山区林下人参潜在种植区域的划分

2003年我国开始的林权制度改革使农民成为森林的经营主体,在森林经营中发挥重要作用。本文在对辽宁东部山区参农调查的基础上,分析林权制度改革中参农对人参的林下种植区的自然条件选择,并根据参农的选择结果通过GIS空间分析研究人参在林下的潜在种植区分布,为林权制度改革中林业经营规划提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)参农对人参潜在种植区条件的选择符合人参生长的生理环境需求。(2)参农一般选择阴坡或半阴坡的阔叶林或针阔混交林下作为人参种植区,坡度集中在10°～25°,海拔为300～1000m,以500m处为优选区域。(3)辽宁东部山区人参潜在种植区域主要分布在新宾县、清原县、桓仁县等地。     

南方人参——绞股蓝

人参是众所周知的名贵中药材,主产于我国东北和朝鲜。你听说过南方产的人参吗?这里介绍的绞股蓝就被人们美誉为“南方人参”。 绞股蓝Gynostemma pentaphyllum为葫芦科绞股蓝属的草质藤本植物,又名五叶参、七叶参、七叶胆等。该属植物共有2亚属17种2变种,其中10种2变种为中国特有。绞股蓝具有较广泛的     

不同年龄的野山参和园参中氨基酸含量的对比研究

<正> 人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)系五加科植物的干燥根,是驰名中外的一味珍奇草药。由于野生的人参(野山参)资源越来越少,价格十分昂贵,因此长期以来人们大量地进行人工栽培。人工栽培的人参称园参。关于园参国内外大量的研究确认人参皂甙是其主要的有效成分。除此还含有氨基酸、肽类、多糖、脂肪酸等化合物。然而园参和野山参化学成份有何差异至今国外尚无报道。我们受吉林卫生厅的委托,对长白山野山参中人参皂甙、氨基     

西洋参的生态和在汉中地区引种的展望

西洋参(Panax guinguefolius)是闻名世界的珍贵药用植物,又名北美人参、美国参、花旗参、洋参、广东参和我国人参同属,为五加科植物。其属名“Panax”一词在古代拉丁语和希腊语中都是“能医治百病之草”的意思。它在我国医用已有200多年的历史,1765年刊行的《本草纲目拾遗》见有记载,根据我国中医学家的长期临床观察,西洋参与我国人参药性不同,其性凉而补,“凡欲用人参而不受之温补者,都可以此代之”。根据现代药理化的研究,证明西洋人参和中国人参在医疗价值上有关性和差异性,是两种不能互相代替的补     

不同年限对栽参土壤生物活性的影响

通过对不同年限栽参土壤微生物功能多样性和土壤酶活性的动态变化分析,探究人参生长年限与微生物碳源利用、土壤酶活性之间的相互关系,寻找人参生长与土壤生物活性之间的变化规律,旨在从生物活性角度分析人参连作障碍成因及为科学指导栽参提供理论依据。分析表明,随着人参生长年限的增加,AWCD值、物种丰富度指数和碳源利用丰富度指数均降低,而优势度度指数升高。土壤脲酶,蔗糖酶活性随栽培年限增加活性降低,而过氧化氢酶活性升高。相关性分析表明,微生物代谢与土壤酶活性关系密切,微生物种类多,奇异度高,微生态系统稳定,土壤酶活性高。因此,保证土壤微生物的多样性,保持土壤酶活性,是提高土壤质量的重要手段,也是解决人参连作障碍的有效途径。     

应用11371复合剂防治人参锈腐病的研究

人参锈腐病是栽培参的主要病害,发病率一般在60—80％,对栽培参的损失很大。由于该病是土传病害,而且致病菌复杂,多年来尚无较好的防治方法。本文介绍了使用抗生素11371为主的复合药剂防治人参锈腐病的情况;几年来田间防效稳定在45％以上,最高防效可达70％,并且用药当年可增产15％左右。     

人参的引种试验

<正> 人参(panax ginseng C.A.Mey.)又名山参、园参,为五加科人参属的多年生宿根草本植物。是主产我国东北的一种名贵药材。自古以来,我国劳动人民用为治疗疾病和滋养身体的良药。随着医药科学的深入研究,人参的临床应用更为广泛,因而对人参的需要量也日益增多。 鉴于广西山多,气候条件特殊,若人参引种成功,不仅满足医疗事业的需要,且对发展山区经济,改善人民生活都具有一定的意义。我们于1972年开始进行人参引种试验,现将试验的结果进行总结。     

生物有机肥料对人参重茬栽培地土壤微生态环境的影响研究

在人参重茬栽培地施用人参重茬剂和生物有机肥料,以改善其土壤微生态环境,提高人参的产量和品质。试验结果表明：人参重茬剂可以抑制人参锈斑和腐烂现象,生物有机肥料可以改善人参重茬栽培地的微生物数量、pH值、有机质及速效N、P、K等微生态指标,使人参的产量提高10—30％,品质得到很大提高。     

辽东山区林参复合经营土壤质量评价

林参复合经营是辽东山区典型的林下经济模式之一,而林下参的生长对于环境条件要求很高,其中,土壤质量是制约人参生长的重要因素之一,并对人参产业的健康发展至关重要。目前,阔叶混交林、针阔混交林和蒙古栎纯林是辽东山区广泛分布的林参复合经营林分类型,选择3种林分下立地特征相似、人参种植年限不同的样地,测定土壤物理、化学和生物学因子共25项指标,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关分析等统计学方法和专家经验法构建了林参复合经营土壤质量评价最小数据集(MDS),并利用模糊数学法对不同样地土壤质量进行了定量评价。结果表明,研究区林参复合经营土壤质量评价最小数据集包括容重、pH、有机质、速效K、全Zn、微生物量N、酸性磷酸酶和细菌共8项指标。此外,土壤质量值由高到低依次为针阔混交林对照样地(0.764)蒙古栎纯林对照样地(0.745)针阔混交林14a人参样地(0.614)蒙古栎纯林20a人参样地(0.385)阔叶混交林12a人参样地(0.361)阔叶混交林对照样地(0.354)阔叶混交林6a人参样地(0.323)阔叶混交林9a人参样地(0.308)阔叶混交林3a人参样地(0.230),说明林分类型特征和人参种植年限对土壤质量会产生不同程度影响。今后,在辽东山区林参复合经营发展过程中,可以该最小数据集为基础,充分考虑土壤质量状况,并适当进行管理,以保障人参健康生长,促进人参产业可持续发展。     

Effects of phenolic acids from ginseng rhizosphere on soil fungi structure,richness and diversity in consecutive monoculturing of ginseng

Ginseng yield and quality are seriously compromised by consecutive monoculturing in northeastern China. The imbalance of soil fungi communities and autotoxicity of ginseng are the major factors in consecutive monoculturing ginseng crops. Soil fungal communities were identified using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, applied to soils that consecutively cultured ginseng (CCG) for six years and new forest soil (NFS), or receiving application of phenolic acids (PAs). The CCG field received five treatments with five different phenolic acids, including gallic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PA), benzoic acid (BA) and cinnamic acid (CA), which were detected from ginseng rhizosphere in consecutive cropping soil. Fungal richness, fungi diversity, community composition, relative taxon abundances, root rot disease, and growth rate were compared among the different treatments. 579 fungal operational taxonomic units at 97% ITS sequence identity were found among 201,617 sequence reads derived from 18 separate soil samples. Members of the phylum Ascomycota dominated the soil fungal communities, and putative pathogens, such as Fusarium, Gibberella and Nectriaceae_unclassified which may include the abundant sexual morph of Cylindrocarpon destructans, showed higher relative abundances in the CCG fields. Compared to the CCG and NFS fields, PAs (except CA) enhanced the fungi richness and decreased fungi diversity. Cluster analysis indicated that the PAs (except CA) changed the fungi structure in a uniform way. PAs stimulate root rot disease and enhance disease severity, restricting plant growth. The results suggest that the PAs (except CA) may enhance the fungi richness, decrease the fungi diversity and changed the fungi structure to increase fungal pathogen loads, which could explain the declined yield and quality of ginseng in consecutively monocultured ginseng crops.     

放线菌制剂对人参生长及根域土壤微生物区系的影响

以小兴安岭地区人参为研究对象,探索放线菌制剂对人参的促生效应及对人参根区、根表土壤微生物区系的影响.结果表明： 经放线菌制剂Streptomyces pactum（Act12）处理后,人参药用部分产量增加,品质改善;叶片诱导酶活性提高,根系活力增强;土壤中细菌、放线菌的数量和比例显著增加,真菌的数量和比例减少.与对照相比,土壤微生物区系结构改变:优势菌荧光假单胞菌、韩国假单胞菌和氧化微杆菌在根区、根表土壤中的数量大幅提高;病原真菌烟色织孢霉在根区土壤中减少,在根表土壤中消失.表明施用放线菌制剂Act12能够改善土壤微生物区系,提高人参植株的抗性和根系活力,增加产量并改善品质.     

Preinoculation of lettuce and onion with VA mycorrhizal fungi reduces deleterious effects of soil salinity

The hypothesis that inoculation of transplants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi before planting into saline soils alleviates salt effects on growth and yield was tested on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). A second hypothesis was that fungi isolated from saline soil are more effective in counteracting salt effects than those from nonsaline soil. VAM fungi from high- and low-salt soils were trap-cultured, their propagules quantified and adjusted to a like number, and added to a pasteurized soil mix in which seedlings were grown for 3–4 weeks. Once the seedlings were colonized by VAM fungi, they were transplanted into salinized (NaCl) soil. Preinoculated lettuce transplants grown for 11 weeks in the saline soils had greater shoot mass compared with nonVAM plants at all salt levels [2 (control), 4, 8 and 12 dS m^–1] tested. Leaves of VAM lettuce at the highest salt level were significantly greener (more chlorophyll) than those of the nonVAM lettuce. NonVAM onions were stunted due to P deficiency in the soil, but inoculation with VAM fungi alleviated P deficiency and salinity effects; VAM onions were significantly larger at all salt levels than nonVAM onions. In a separate experiment, addition of P to salinized soil reduced the salt stress effect on nonVAM onions but to a lesser extent than by VAM inoculation. VAM fungi from the saline soil were not more effective in reducing growth inhibition by salt than those from the nonsaline site. Colonization of roots and length of soil hyphae produced by the VAM fungi decreased with increasing soil salt concentration. Results indicate that preinoculation of transplants with VAM fungi can help alleviate deleterious effects of saline soils on crop yield.     

Biodiversity and distribution of endophytic fungi associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax quinquefolium</Emphasis> L. cultivated in a forest reserve

Endophytic fungi residing in Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) have not been well characterized. We collected American ginseng of one-, two-, three- and four-year-old plants cultivated in a forest reserve and identified the endophytic fungal isolates using traditional methods. The colonization frequency and the dominant endophytic fungal species were investigated. Endophytic fungal diversity indices and similarity coefficient were also assessed and all age groups of American ginseng studied were colonized by endophytic fungal assemblages; 134 fungal isolates were assigned to 27 taxa. The infection frequencies varied with the host age and tissue. The dominant endophytic fungi were recorded for each tissue and age of host. The roots of two- and four-year-old American ginseng exhibited the highest and the lowest Shannon-Wiener index respectively. Four-year-old American ginseng had a low similarity coefficient when compared with each of the other three ages classes. The possible role of endophytic fungi in relation to American ginseng cultivation is discussed.     

Soil salinity delays germination and limits growth of hyphae from propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Colonisation of plant roots by some arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is reduced in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl), probably due to a direct effect of NaCl on the fungi. However, there appear to be differences between the fungi in their ability to colonise plants in the presence of NaCl. This experiment tested the hypothesis that propagules of different isolates and species of AM fungi from saline and nonsaline soils would differ in their ability to germinate and grow in the presence of NaCl in the soil solution. Spores or pieces of root colonised by a range of AM fungi were incubated between filters buried in soil to which NaCl had been added at concentrations of 0, 150 or 300 mM in the soil solution. At regular intervals, filters were removed from the soil and both the percentage of propagules which had germinated and the length of proliferating hyphae were determined. Germination of spores of AM fungi studied was delayed in the presence of NaCl, but the fungi differed in the extent to which germination was inhibited. Two isolates of Scutellospora calospora reached maximum germination in 300 mM NaCl, but neither of two isolates of Acaulospora laevis germinated in the presence of NaCl. Germination of spores of the other fungi, including some isolated from saline soil, fell between these extremes. For some fungi, the specific rate of hyphal extension was reduced by NaCl. For others, the specific rate of growth was similar in the presence of NaCl to that in the control treatment, but overall production of hyphae was reduced in the NaCl treatments because germination was reduced.     

Screening and characterization of endophytic fungi of Panax ginseng Meyer for biocontrol activity against ginseng pathogens

Forty endophytic fungi isolated from ginseng plants were screened to identify metabolites that had antifungal activity against ginseng microbial pathogens. The metabolites from the fungi were extracted from the liquid culture filtrates using ethyl acetate and then evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against ginseng pathogens (Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum panacicola, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora cactorum). Six of the fungi (Colletotrichum pisi, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phoma terrestris, unknown 1 and 2) showed effective antimicrobial activity against all or some of the ginseng pathogens, with the extract of P. terrestris showing the strongest antimicrobial activity. The extract also showed inhibitory activity against spore germination of the pathogens. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of P. terrestris extract revealed that forty-one compounds were present in metabolites containing mainly N-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methoxyphthalimide (32% of the total metabolites) and 5H-dibenz [B, F] azepine (7%). Treatment with P. terrestris extract also caused morphological changes and reduced expression of the genes involved in mycelial growth and virulence. Treatment also induced defense-related genes in detached Arabidopsis leaves that were inoculated with the pathogens. These results indicate the antimicrobial potential for use of metabolites extracted from the ginseng endophytic fungi as alternatives to chemicals for biocontrol.     

西洋参根残体对自身生长的双重作用

无论在自然生态环境还是在人工农田环境下,植株残体进入土壤后都会对土壤的物理化学性质以及后茬植物的生长产生重要影响。西洋参（Panax quinquefolium L.）为人参属多年生名贵药材,在栽培生产中存在严重的连作障碍问题。为了探明秋后残留在土壤中的须根降解产物对来年植株生长的影响,以及收获后残留在田间的根茬对连作西洋参生长的作用,本实验以3年生西洋参苗为研究对象,采用室内水培试验以及田间盆栽试验,通过添加西洋参根的粉碎物模拟根残体,测定其对西洋参生长的影响。水培试验中全营养液中分别添加0.02 mg/mL、0.1 mg/mL、0.5 mg/mL西洋参根粉碎物,处理后每隔5天测定植株叶片展开情况、株高、冠幅等生长指标。盆栽试验在土壤中添加0.1 mg/g根粉碎物,于栽种后1-2个月测定西洋参叶片展开情况、株高、冠幅等生长指标;水培及盆栽试验均于展叶期、现蕾期、结果期测定地上部及地下部生物量。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定根围土壤中8种酚酸类化合物的含量。试验结果表明,水培溶液中添加0.02-0.5 mg/mL根残体,可显著抑制西洋参自身地上部分生长,推迟展叶期,结果期生物量降低14.9%-45.0%;对地下部分的影响主要表现为在展叶期显著促进须根生长(p<0.05)。与水培试验相比,盆栽土壤中添加0.1 mg/g根残体同样导致西洋参展叶期推迟;不同的是处理组的地上、地下部及须根的平均生物量均高于对照。另外,添加根残体后盆栽西洋参根围土壤中丁香酸、香草醛、p-香豆酸、阿魏酸等酚酸类化感物质含量下降49.1%-81.4%,但作为逆境信号物质的水杨酸含量升高59.9%。以上结果可以初步确认根残体对西洋参早期生长具有自毒和促进的双重作用,表现为抑制地上部分生长,导致生物量显著下降;同时在生长早期促进须根生长;但在田间环境下,自毒作用可能受根残体降解速度以及土壤对降解产物吸附的影响有所减弱,使促进作用更为明显。     

Tritrophic interactions in a soil community enhance decomposition rates

Microbivorous soil fauna can influence decomposition rates by regulating biomass and composition of the microbial community. The idea that predators at higher trophic levels regulate population densities of microbivorous fauna and thus indirectly increase microbial growth and activity has often been suggested but rarely examined in soil ecosystems. In this paper the effects of tritrophic interactions on decomposition processes in the soil are studied and expressed as soil respiration, hyphal lengths, cellulase and chitinase activities. The experiments were carried out in soil microcosms in a factorial design with three fungal species ( Alternaria alternata , Fusarium oxysporum , Trichoderma viride ), the fungivorous collembolan Folsomia fimetaria and the predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer . The respiration rate was significantly higher with three trophic levels than in those with two and lowest in those with only fungi present. This indicates that a low level of grazing stimulates microbial respiration more than a high level or no grazing at all. The effect was similar for all three fungal species but most pronounced in microcosms with the fungus A. alternata which was a preferred food source by the collembolans. Hyphal lengths were in all cases but with T. viride reduced in the presence of collembolans and predatory mites. T. viride had a slightly higher chitinase activity than the other fungi but increased numbers of trophic levels did not affect the enzymatic activities of any of the fungi.     

Influence of soil fumigation and source of strawberry plants on population densities of spores and infective propagules of endogonaceous mycorrhizal fungi

Summary Fumigation of soil with methyl bromide-chloropicrin (2∶1, w/w) killed all detectable infective propagules of endogonaceous fungi in one field and reduced those in another to a trace. However, spore population densities were reduced by only half in the first field and not affected in the second. These effects persisted overwinter in the first field and through the growing season in the second. Apparently spores killed by fumigation do not degrade in soil readily. No evidence was obtained that commercial strawberry transplants were an important source for introduction of endogonaceous fungi.