Features of the contour of the inner surface of the cardiac ventricles and Thebesius-Vieussens vessels

Using certain morphological methods, relief peculiarities of the cardiac ventricle chambers, form and extent of the intertrabecular spaces, connections with the myocardial blood bed have been studied in 92 human hearts. Foramina, fissurae and excavations on the internal surface of the ventricles are the beginnings of the intertrabecular spaces, in their deep parts elements of the microcirculatory blood bed of the myocardium have openings. As demonstrate serial sections, there are not any immediate anastomoses between the myocardial arteries, veins and the intertrabecular spaces. This fact does not confirm the existing opinion that the smallest cardiac veins (Viessen-Thebesian vessels) belong to the arterio-venous anastomoses. A propose is made to use the term "the smallest cardiac veins" only to the veins that directly open into the auricular chambers.     

Preliminary electronmicroscopical observations on the ampulla caudalis and the discharge of the material of Reissner's fibre into the capillary system of the terminal part of the tail of Ammocoetes (Agnathi)

The discharge of the material of the Reissner's fibre (RF) and the massa caudalis (MC) into the "meningeal spaces" has until now not been studied in detail and with the aid of the electron-microscope. It was generally assumed that the material of the MC disintegrates in the "meningeal spaces", but the nature and function of those spaces have not been established. The CNS of Ammocoetes ist encompassed by the meninx primitiva, which is the meningeal tissue of the lower vertebrates; the meninx does not differentiate during ontogeny into the pia mater and the arachnoides. In contrast, the meninx primitiva of mammals is the anlage in the ontogenetical sense of the leptomeninges in adult individuals. The results presented in this paper are valid for Ammocoetes only; Petromyzon and Myxine must be studied anew from a perspective which may be the result of our study. Of particular interest would be an anatomical analysis of these caudalmost structures of the CNS (Ampulla caudalis [AC], MC, neuropori, lacunae etc.) in Branchiostoma. The diameter of the RF of Ammocoetes is approximately 1.7 micron; this is not different from the diameter of the RF in adult individuals. In the AC the RF divides into several smaller fibres which eventually disintegrate and form the amorphous MC. In sagittal sections, the fibrillary structure of the RF is distinct. In cross sections the small fibres may appear as globules. The terminal part of the RF is very often coiled. The ependyma of the caudal part of the canalis centralis (CC) ist not remarkable; liquor contacting neurons are frequently found with their dendrites touching the RF. Liquor contacting neurons are never found in the ependyma of the AC. The ependymal cells of the dorsal part of the AC possess neither kinocilia or microvilli. The disappearance of these organelles begins in the dorsal part of the caudalmost segment of the CC. Most surprising is the distribution of the attachment devices which are probably desmosomes. In the ependyma of the caudal part of the spinal cord the attachment devices are typically situated; in the ependyma of the AC these devices are absent. We use the general term "attachment devices" until the nature of these devices has been clearly determined. In the caudalmost part of the spinal cord as well as in the AC, the intercellular spaces between the ependymal cells communicate, forming a 3-dimensional labyrinth. If there are no attachment devices between the proximal parts of the ependymal cells, the intercellular spaces may provide a passageway between the CC and the loose tissue of the meninx primitiva.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The Continuity of Right and Left Ventricular Myocardial Sinusoidal Spaces and its Relation to Right Ventricular Implants

Evidence is presented which indicates that blood leaving side branches of an internal mammary artery implanted into the anterior wall of the right ventricle flows from the tunnel in which it lies through myocardial sinusoidal spaces of the anterior right ventricular wall across the midline to fill corresponding spaces in the anterior wall of the left ventricle and thence is carried to the left coronary sinus. The myocardial sinusoidal spaces of right and left ventricles have been well outlined, using injections of polyvinyl acetate and the technique of digestion casts. We have been able to show that there is no barrier between the myocardial sinusoids of the right circulation and those related to the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. In structure, these myocardial sinusoidal spaces are quite different from the intramyocardial coronary arteriolar zones which, in 93% of human hearts, are separated from one another without collateral communication.The continuity of the right and left ventricular myocardial sinusoids explains why implantation of a right internal mammary artery into the anterior wall of the right ventricle combined with a corresponding left implant, epicardiectomy and free omental graft, has been so effective in our hands in the treatment of far-advanced human coronary artery insufficiency.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the microcirculatory bed of the human spinal dura mater]

Some morphofunctional peculiarities in microcirculatory pathways of the dura mater of the human spinal cord are described. They are concerned with the structure of arteriolo-venular anastomoses through which a rather large amount of arterial blood is transported into the venous bed. Around the vessels of arterial type running at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the vessel connective tissue fibres of the dura mater, there is a tissue layer intensively impregnated with silver salts and stained PAS-positively. The venous part of the dura mater microcirculatory pathways has a large number of accessory reservoirs in the form of venous "lakes". Functional importance of the peculiarities mentioned above for the dura mater and the perimedullar apparatus is clarified.     

Structure of the excretory ducts, intraorganic lymphatic vessels, tissue canals and intercellular space of various organs (data of scanning electron microscopy injection replicas)

Architectonics of the biliary canaliculi and intrahepatic ducts systems, as well as intraorganic urinary pathways in white rats have been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy of injection replica. Acinar structure of the intralobular part of the biliary bed has been proved. Anastomoses between the biliary canaliculi of the neighbouring lobules have been demonstrated. A useful method for obtaining injection replica of the intraorganic lymphatic vessels is filling of the ductal system of the parenchymatous organs with solid resins (methylmethacrylate+) under a high (nonphysiological) pressure. Casts of periportal and paravenous hepatic lymphatic vessels have been obtained. An ability of methylmethacrylate to replicate intercellular and connective tissue spaces is verified. Casts of the perisinusoid spaces (Disse) are obtained for the first time.     

Immunolocalization of human cystatins in neutrophils and lymphocytes

The endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, cystatin A and cystatin B, have been localized in sections of human liver by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Cystatin A was localized in neutrophils and cystatin B was found in lymphocytes. Both types of cell were present in the blood vessels and within the sinusoids between the parenchymal cells. Cystatin A was also found in some of the parenchymal cells surrounding the blood vessels but, in contrast to the uniform fluorescence of the leucocytes, the staining in the parenchymal cells was granular and rather irregular.     

Cardio- and hemodynamics of dogs during the development of postischemic shock reaction

Experiments on dogs have shown that tension of peripheral capacitive vessels decreased and development of the blood deposition reaction in the venous part of the vascular bed occurred immediately after beginning of long-ischemized tissue perfusion. This leads to limitation of venous blood return to the heart, decrease of the cardiac output and development of the system hypotension. Lowering in the perfusion coronary pressure induced limitation of the coronary blood flow and inhibition of the myocardial contractility. Indicated constriction of resistive vessels and dilatation of the capacitive ones may be due to an increase of the prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 blood levels. Described disturbances achieved their maximum 3 hours later and were accompanied by arterial hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis and hypercapnia.     

Structure of lymphatic vessels in the rat thyroid gland

The lymphatic bed of the thyroid gland has been studied in 24 intact rats. Three techniques facilitating to reveal lymphatic vessels in the organ have been used: preparation of semithin sections, injection of the blood bed with methyl methacrylate with a successive chemical extraction of the preparations, injection of the blood bed with liquid solution of methyl methacrylate with a consecutive study of the preparations in the scanning electron microscope. Methods of electron histochemistry (revealing horseradish peroxidase) and kryofractography have been applied. Construction of the thyroid lymphatic bed, structure of the wall are described, fibroblastic membrane (F-membrane) is revealed and the signs are presented, that allow to differentiate F-membrane from endothelium of the lymphatic capillaries. The pathways of lymph outflow in the rat thyroid gland consist of the following links: interstitial space in the interlobular spaces of the gland, into them the tissue liquor (lymph) is filtered ; plates of the F-membrane regulating direction of excessive albumin-containing liquor in the lymphatic capillaries, surrounding groups of 5-11 follicles, embracing the microlobule of the gland and situating in the interlobular spaces, deferent lymphatic vessels.     

Status of the circulatory bed of the vascular membrane of the eyeball and retrobulbar structures during experimental venous stasis

In 43 test animals the state of the blood bed in the retrobulbar formations and the eyeball vasular tunic has been studied under venous congestion produced by ligation of the anterior vena cava (in dogs) and both external jugular veins (in rabbits). A complex of histological, histotopographic, morphometric and variation-statistical techniques has been used. The results obtained demonstrate that disturbances in the venous outflow in the anterior vena cava system produce certain responses in all parts of the retrotubular adipose tissue, of the eyeball muscles, of the optic nerve tunics, of the vascular tunic. Certain stageness is noted in the course of venous congestion. Places of the greatest morphological changes in the eyeball vascular tunic are determined. They are zones of vorticose veins formation and the area corresponding to the posterior pole of the eyeball. The analysis of the specific areas of the intermuscular arteries and veins cross sections demonstrates that in the reaction of these vessels to the different venous outflow in the anterior vena cava system these is certain unevenness in different ofthalmic muscles.     

Hemo- and lymphomicrocirculatory bed of the broad ligament of the uterus in the presence of collateral circulation

Structural adaptation of the vascular bed in the broad ligament of the dog uterus has been studied at various time of the experimental phlebohypertension. Restitution of the circulation after the posterior vena cava occulsion occurs phasically. The venous collateralies are not formed at one time and it is connected with the venous pressure level in the inferiocaval system and with some changes in the construction of the microcirculatory bed. Basing on the morphometry data, a general equation has been derived which reflects dynamics of the microangiological parameters and demonstrates unidirectionness of the adaptive reactions in the vascular bed at the disturbed venous circulation. Using principles of the system-structural analysis and the mathematical graph theory, we consider the microcirculatory system of the broad ligament of the uterus as a graph-system and study the reorganization of the microcirculatory network at a venous congestion. Realization of the compensatory possibilities is reached in the microcirculatory bed by a changed relationships in the number of the intervascular connections. The latter are estimated according to the graph-schemes of the microvascular bed. Morphokinetics of the connections between the vessels is characterized by widening or narrowing the borders of the "adaptive norm" and by changing the microangioarchitectonics. At the same time, there is noted formation of specialized microhemoangioconstructions. Morphofunctional state of the lymphatic system is connected with reorganization of the angioarchitectonics. This is certain manifestation of the law of the lymphatic and blood beds "synergism". Thus, the structural changes of the vascular bed are aimed to support a certain hemodynamic level.     

Immunolocalization of human cystatins in neutrophils and lymphocytes

Summary The endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, cystatin A and cystatin B, have been localized in sections of human liver by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Cystatin A was localized in neutrophils and cystatin B was found in lymphocytes. Both types of cell were present in the blood vessels and within the sinusoids between the parenchymal cells. Cystatin A was also found in some of the parenchymal cells surrounding the blood vesscts but, in contrast to the uniform fluorescence of the leucocytes, the staining in the parenchymal cells was granular and rather irregular.     

Development of the paravascular bed of the vessels of the human heart during the prenatal period of ontogenesis

The paravascular bed of the cardiac vessels has been studied in 128 human fetuses at the age of 3-9 lunar months. Anatomical and histological techniques have been used, morphometrical analysis has been carried out. The paravascular bed of the cardiac wall vessels begins to form from the vascular epicardial network and from the paraneural vessels in 5-month-old fetuses. The paravasal longitudinal tracts are the first to form (the venous ones preceed the arterial). During the seventh month the nutritive vessels and the intramural networks of the main cardiac arteries and veins develop. The formation of the paraarterial bed is connected with the vascular diameter and with thickness of the arterial walls. Certain regularities in development of the venous paravascular bed are defined. By the beginning of the 8th month there are all main components of the paravascular bed of the cardiac vessels.     

Subendocardial vascular plexus of the human ventricular myocardium in ontogenesis studied by scanning electron microscopy]

By means of scanning electron microscopy of native and corrosive preparations peculiarities of endocardium of the papillary-trabecular apparatus of the human heart ventricle and its vessels have been studied in ontogenesis. Folds of the endocardium increase its contact area with blood and also increase reserve of its elasticity at diastole. The subendocardial vascular plexus is formed by capillary-like venous sinusoids. They situate in the direction to the compact myocardium at the depth of 300-500 mcm. They are supposed to perform resorptive functions of nutritive substances and oxygen from blood, which is in the ventricular cavities and to smooth blood pressure between blood in the ventricular cavities and vessels of the compact myocardium.     

Microtubules and epithem-cell morphogenesis in hydathodes of Pilea cadierei

When cell divisions have ceased, the epithem of the hydathodes of Pilea cadierei Gagnep. et Guill. consists of small polyhedral cells exhibiting a meristematic appearance, and completely lacks intercellular spaces. The cortical microtubules in epithem cells exhibit a unique organization: they are not scattered along the whole wall surface but form groups lying at some distance from each other. In sections, from two to eight groups of microtubules can be observed, each lining a wall region averaging between 0.5 and 1.5 m in length. These groups represent sections of microtubule bundles girdling a major part or the whole of the cell periphery. They are connected to one another by anastomoses, forming a microtubular reticulum. The assembly of microtubule bundles is followed by the appearance of distinct local thickenings in the adjacent wall areas. The cellulose microfibrils in the thickenings are deposited in parallel to the underlying microtubules. Gradually, the vacuolating epithem cells undergo swelling, except for the areas bounded by the wall thickenings. Since the latter, and actually their constituent bundles of cellulose microfibrils, cannot extend in length the differential cell growth results in schizogenous formation of intercellular spaces between contiguous cell walls at their thickened regions. The spaces then broaden and merge to become an extensive intercellular space system. As a result of the above processes, the epithem cells become constricted and finally deeply lobed. The observations show that (i) the cortical microtubules are intimately involved in the morphogenesis of the epithem cells and (ii) the initiation and development of the epithem intercellular spaces is a phenomenon directly related to cell morphogenesis and therefore to the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton. The sites of initiation of these spaces are highly predictable.     

Morphofunctional characteristics of the intrinsic arterial vessels of the kidney in healthy subjects and in various cardiovascular diseases

The investigation has been performed in 132 kidneys of corpses of persons at various ages, 96 of them died from some cardiovascular diseases and 36--from mechanical asphyxia. Injection, macro-microscopical, histological, biometrical and variational-statistic methods have been used. The total section areas of the arterial vessels is determined, it characterizes the vascular bed capacity of the renal cortical and medullary parts. At atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiac ischemia an essential decrease in the vascular bed capacity in the cortical part and its increase in the medullary part of the kidney is observed. An increasing diameter of the juxtamedullary glomeruli is supposed to intensify the juxtamedullary blood stream. The greatest changes in architectonics and capacity of the renal arterial bed is observed at hypertension combined with atherosclerosis, and the least--at a chronic cardiac ischemia.     

Intraorganic venous bed of the stomach cardia in children during the first 3 years of life

The intraorganic venous bed of the gastric cardial part has been studied in 27 organs, obtained from children corpses of both sex beginning from birth up to three years of life. They died from causes that were not connected with gastric or vascular system pathology. The results of the investigation prove the presence of mucous, submucous, muscular and serous-subserous venous plexuses in the wall of the gastric cardial part in children of the first three years of life. Every membrane of the stomach wall has its specific structure of the venous link in the microcirculatory bed. In the stomach mucous membrane already in a newborn there are complexly built microcirculatory pathways. Age changes are mostly expressed in the venous link of the gastric mucous membrane; this is probably connected with functional activity of the given layer of the organ. The largest venous vessels are situated in the gastric submucous base. By the end of the newborn period and, especially fully, during the successive age periods immune protection of the gastric wall is formed as an accumulation of lymphoid tissue to an antigenic effect of food. In these age groups certain structural mechanisms of blood outflow from the gastric wall appear.     

Immunofluorescent staining of histaminase (diamine oxidase) in human placenta.

An immunofluorescent procedure for the localization of histaminase in human tissue sections has been developed by using a specific antiserum against human placental histaminase. For localization of this enzyme in placental sections, fixation in equal volumes mixture of absolute ethanol and acetone provided the optimum visualization of this enzyme in both frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections. The immunofluorescent staining of this enzyme in placenta is found to be localized in areas within the maternal decidua, both within the cytoplasm of the decidual cells and in tissue space between the cells. The chorionic villi are completely void of the immunofluorescent stain. Variations in patterns of histaminase localization have been found between term and premature placentas, with the former showing a predominantly intercellular localization and the latter a predominantly intracellular localization. The intercellular localization of this enzyme in the decidua may represent a nonspecific diffusion of the enzyme associated with delivery of the placenta or may reflex a specific functional role of the enzyme in the intercellular space during pregnancy.     

Scanning electron microscope study of the liver microcirculation

During the experimental investigation performed in dogs and rats, by means of scanning electron microscopy of corrosive anatomical preparations, the spatial organization of all parts of the hepatic vascular bed (arterial, venous and lymphatic) has been studied, specific features of their components construction have been described. Within the limits of one hepatic lobule the number of vessels included in the portal vein system exceeds that of the arterial ones, originating from the proper hepatic artery system. In every part of the vascular bed the gradient of the form, orientation and pronouncement of the nuclei-containing zones in endotheliocytes and myocytes has been established. Various appliances participating in the blood and lymph stream regulation in different parts of the vascular bed have been revealed. As initial elements of the lymph bed, closed digital or loop-like capillaries should be regarded, they localize in the organ's connective tissue framework. Around the portal and hepatic veins and their branches, as well as around the biliary ducts, well developed plexuses of the lymphatic and blood capillaries and vessels localize, they are the main draining pathways of the organ. The degree of development and pronouncement of these plexuses depends on the lumen size in the formation they accompany.     

The microcirculatory bed of the human heart

Using a complex approach in studying microcirculatory bed of the human heart, possibilities of scanning electron microscopy of corrosive preparations, those of silver nitrate impregnation after V. V. Kuprianov are demonstrated. The silver nitrate impregnation makes it possible to study the wall structure of the microcirculatory pathways, to analyse arrangement of nuclei in the endothelial and muscle cells of the microcirculatory links, to reveal together with the vessels the surrounding tissues. Scanograms of the corrosive preparations of the arterioles demonstrate "circulatory strips", that are absent in the venular part. The relief of the luminal casts of the microcirculatory bed vessels in the human heart is presented as impresses of nuclei of the endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Peculiarities in form and distribution of these nuclei in various links of the microbed are demonstrated.     

Various patterns in the development of the periganglionic vascular bed of respiratory tube ganglia during human embryogenesis

The investigation has been performed in 118 serial sections of human embryos. The development of vascular bed in ganglia of the respiratory tube at early embryogenesis has been studied. The main attention has been paid to the formation of periganglial vascular bed. Loop-like and arc-shaped connections between the developing vessels and galglia and rearrangement of periganglial vascular bed during embryogenesis are described. Three stages in the development of blood supply to the ganglia of the respiratory tube are noted: I stage--avascular (embryos are 17-30 mm long); II stage--formation of periganglial vascular bed (embryos are 33-50 mm long); III stage--formation of intraganglial vascular bed (embryos are 55 mm long and more). Within I and II stages, reorganization phases in the vascular bed are described. A suggestion is made that the vascular factor of the development and differentiation of ganglial elements starts acting since the formation of periganglial vascular bed; before this, the mesenchima surrounding the neuronal plexus performs their trophic.