四川当归属八种植物的核型及地理分布研究

本文首次报道四川八种当归属植物的染色体数目和核型。染色体基数x=11,除青海当归为四倍 体植物外,其余种类均为二倍体植物。金山当归 2n=22=20m+2sm;城口当归 2n=22=18m+2sm^sat+2sm;疏叶当归在不同地区有2种核型：2n=22=18m+4sm和 2n=22=16m+6sm;四川当归2n=22=16m+2sm^sat+4sm;茂汶当归2n=22=16m+6sm;青海当归 2n=4x=44=36m+8sm;当归2n= 22=14m+8sm;峨眉当归2n=22=10m+2sm+10st。除金山当归和 疏叶当归的部分居群核型为1A型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据核型的不对称性程度和外部形态分析 了各种类的演化水平,结合四川当归属植物的种类及地理分布,提出四川可能是当归属植物的原始中心和演化中心之一。     

当归属及近缘小属的核型演化及地理分布研究

本文报道了当归属Angelica及3个近缘小属12种植物的核型,其中10种为首次报道。带岭当归A．dailingensis 2n＝22＝20m+2sm(SAT);丽江当属A．likiangensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 青海当归A．nitida 2n＝22＝14m+4sm+4sm(SAT);林当归A．silvestris 2n＝22＝16m+4sm(SAT)+2st(SAT);紫花前胡A．decursiva 2n=22＝16m+4sm+2sm(SAT);秦岭当归A．tsinlingensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 阿坝当归A．apaensis 2n＝22＝14m+6sm+2st(SAT);隆萼当归A．oncosepala2n＝4x＝44＝28m+12sm+4st,三小叶当归A．ternata 2n=22＝10m+8sm(SAT)+4st(SAT);柳叶芹Czernaevialaevigata 2n=22＝14m+6sm+2sm(SAT);短茎古当归Archangelica brevicaulis 2n＝22＝8m+2m(SAT)+4sm+4sm(SAT)+4st;高山芹Coelopleurum saxatile 2n＝28＝12m+6sm+10st。除带岭当归核型为1A型和高山芹为2B型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据染色体长度比和平均臂比绘制了本次和我们过去已报道的当归属及近缘属23种植物的核型散点图。据核型类型和近端着丝点的有无,把当归属20个种的核型分3组。并结合外部形态、花粉类型和地理分布,探讨了各近缘属的系统演化关系。     

四川当归属8种植物果实和叶柄解剖学研究

通过对四川当归属植物果实的解剖研究表明,果实均背腹压扁,背棱槽油管多为1,合生面油管多为2,在少数种间有一定差异,如茂汶当归和紫花前胡合生面多于2;侧棱翅状,较果体宽,或与果体近等宽,也有的窄于果体;胚乳腹面微凹或平直．偶有凸出。果实的油管特征、侧棱翅发达程度和胚乳的形状等特征可以为种间关系提供参考。叶柄类型多样,包括圆环型、“西”型、星散型等。叶柄横切面的形状、近轴面沟槽的有无、髓腔的有无以及叶柄横切面上维管束的数目和排列类型等特征比较稳定,并且具有明显的种间差异,可以作为本属分类的重要依据。     

黄芪属六种植物的核型多样性

采用常规压片法,对豆科黄芪属6种植物制备染色体标本进行核型分析。结果表明:体细胞中期染色体数目分别为:沙打旺、斜茎黄芪、达乌里黄芪2n=16,均为二倍体;草木樨状黄芪2n=32,为四倍体;紫云英、鹰嘴紫云英则呈现多数目性,紫云英染色体数变动范围为55～65,64条稍多,鹰嘴紫云英染色体数变动范围51～65,62条稍多,均为混倍体。核型公式分别为:沙打旺2n=2x=16=12m+4sm;斜茎黄芪2n=2x=16=10m+6sm;达乌里黄芪2n=2x=16=16m;草木樨状黄芪2n=4x=32=32m;紫云英2n=64=62m+2sm;鹰嘴紫云英2n=62=12M+50m(2SAT)。染色体核型呈现多样性。     

六种国产兰属植物的核型研究

首次研究了6种国产兰届植物的染色体形态和核型。果香兰(Cymbidium suavissimum)核型为2n＝40＝30m 10sm;碧玉兰(C．lowianum)为2n=40=26m 12sm 2st;文山红柱兰(C．wenshanense)为2n＝40=28m 10sm 2st;虎头兰(C．hookerianum)为2n＝40＝30m 8sm 2st;独占春(C．eburneum)为2n＝40＝36m 4sm莎草兰(C.elegans)为2n＝40＝28m 8sm 4st。结合形态学特征和已有的核型资料,对兰属植物的核型进化进行了初步的讨论。     

四川七种蝙蝠的核型

本报道了四川地区7种蝙蝠的核型。菊头蝠科2种,即角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus comutus)的核型为2n=62,FN=60;栗黄菊头蝠(R．ssinicus)的核型为2n=36,FN=60。蹄蝠科1种,即大蹄蝠(H．armiger)的核型为2n=32,FN=60。蝙蝠科3种,即伏翼(Pipistrellus abramns)的核型为2n=26,FN=44;南蝠(Iaio)的核型为2n=50,FN=48;山蝠(Nyctalus velutinus)的核型为2n=36,FN=50。犬吻蝠科的皱唇蝠(Tadarida teniotis)的核型为2n=48,FN=62。南蝠的核型为首次报道,但栗黄菊头蝠的核型2n=36与安徽张维道报道相同,而与印度和斯里兰卡同种R．rouxii的核型2n=56迥异。分布在中国的栗黄菊头蝠R．sinicus应为独立种而不是R．rouxii的中国亚种。另5种蝙蝠的核型与前人研究结论基本一致。     

基于ITS序列的东亚当归属植物的分类学研究

采用PCR直接测序法,测定了东亚地区狭义当归属Angelica s.s.及其近缘共7属40种代表植物的核糖体DNA ITS序列,并结合GenBank中相关植物的ITS序列(含外类群3种),应用遗传距离与系统树分析法对东亚地区狭义当归属植物内部以及当归属与其近缘属植物之间的亲缘关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)广义当归属中的狭义当归属、柳叶芹属Czernaevia和高山芹属Coelopleurum之间的亲缘关系较近,山芹属Ostericum与它们的亲缘关系较远,这与果实形态、化学分析的结果一致,建议将山芹属作为一个相对独立的分类群处理。(2)ITS序列分析结果支持狭义当归属不是单起源的自然分类群,而应该被分成若干组的观点。(3)ITS序列以及化学成分分析结果表明,前胡属Peucedanum与狭义当归属之间的亲缘关系很近。(4)形态、化学成分以及ITS等多方面分析结果显示,当归A.sinensis与狭义当归属的多数植物之间均有一定的差距,其归属问题值得商榷。(5)ITS序列与化学成分的分析结果均显示藁本属Ligusticum不是一个自然类群。     

毛茛属五种植物的核型

对中国云南毛茛属（Ranunculus）5种植物核型进行研究,结果表明,毛茛组茴茴蒜（Ranunculus chinensis Bunge）和禺毛茛（R．cantoniensis DC．）核型公式为2n=2x=16=6m＋4sm＋6st和2n=4x=32：14m＋6sm＋12st;该组茴茴蒜、禺毛茛和扬子毛茛（R．sieboldii Miq．）的不同居群核型存在自西向东不对称系数渐增大现象。在美丽毛茛组中,深齿毛茛（R．pulchellusvar．stracheyanus Hand．-Mazz．）的中甸居群核型（2n=4x=32=12m＋12sin＋8st）与青海居群核型（2n：4x：32：24m＋8sm）明显不同;毛果高原毛茛（R．tangusticusvar．dasycarpus（Maxim．）L．Liou）染色体数目（2n=40）,核型公式（2n=5x=40=30m＋10sm）和纳帕海毛茛（R．napahaiensis W．T．Wang＆L．Liao）染色体数目（2n=40）,核型公式（2n=5x=40=20m＋16sin＋4st）为首次报道。     

百合属4种植物的核型研究

采用常规压片法对4种百合属植物野百合(L.brow n ii F.E.B row n ex M ie llez.)、兰州百合(L.d av id iiDuchartre var.un icolor(Hoog.)Co Hon.)、川百合(L.d av id ii Duchartre)、湖北百合(L.henry i B aker)进行了核型研究.结果表明,4种百合的染色体数目均为2n=24,核型除川百合为3A外,其余3种均为3B型.核型公式分别为:野百合2n(2x)=24=4m(2SAT) 2sm(2SAT) 4st 14t,兰州百合2n(2x)=24=2m(2SAT) 2sm 10st(2SAT) 8t 2T,川百合2n(2x)=24=2m(2SAT) 2sm 12st(3SAT) 8t,湖北百合2n(2x)=24=4m 18st 2t,其中湖北百合染色体核型为首次报道.通过比较发现,兰州百合与川百合的核型最为相似,亲缘关系相近;核型不对称性为兰州百合>川百合>野百合>湖北百合,以湖北百合的核型较为原始.     

Study on Karyotypes of Six Species in Angelica from Sichuan,China

Karyotypes of 6 species in Angelica L . from Sichuan are studied at population level and the karyotype of A. pseudoselinum is firstly reported . It is found that the number of chromosomes are invariably 2n = 2x =22 , with most of them are median and submedian centromeric chromosomes, while subterminal centromeric chromosomes exist in A. omeiensis . The majority of karyotypes belong to 2A, and Shihuiyao population of A. laxifoliata has 1A types . As for karyotypic formula , A. omeiensis is 2n =22 = 10m+ 2sm+ 10st , A. maowenensis is 2n =22= 16m+ 4sm+ 2sm (SAT) , A. sinensis is 2n = 22 = 14m+ 8sm, A. apaensis is 2n = 22 = 14m+8sm, and A. pseudoselinum is 2n =22 = 12m+ 8sm+2sm (SAT ) . However, different populations of A. laxiforliata don’t have the same karyotypic formulae, and there are some variations between the caryotypes more or less . According to Stebbins, A. omeiensis’s evolution status was showed by the highest index of asymmetry among six species studied in this paper , while A. laxiforliata is a little primitive because of its lower index of asymmetry and its 1A caryotypes . However , the morphological, anatomic , karyotypic characters and that of pollen grains are evolving asynchronously , suggesting that, Sichuan as one of the frequency centers of Angelica L . in China , is also one of thedifferentiation centers of Angelica L .     

A Study on Karyotypes of Eight Species and Geographical Distribution of Angelica (Umbelliferae) in Sichuan

Nearly 32 species of Angelica occur in China, taking up one third of total species number of the genus in the world, with 12 species in Sichuan. In the present paper karyotypes of 8 species from Sichuan are first reported with x = 11. The parameters of chromosomes of 8 species are given in Table 1 and the karyotypes are shown in Plate 1, 2. The karyotype formulae are as follows: A. valida Diels K(2n) =22=20m+2sm (Wulong Xian, alt. 1900m); A. dielsii Boiss. K(2n) =22= 18m+2sm^sat+2sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 3000m); A. laxifoliata Diels has 2 kinds of karyotypes in 3 populations: K(2n) =22= 18m+4sm (Hanyuan Xian, alt. 1900m) and K(2n) =22= 16m+6sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2500m and Baoji in Shaanxi, alt. = 1500m); A. setchuensis Diels K (2n) = 22 = 16m+2sm^sat+4sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2800m); A. maowenensis Yuan et Shan K(2n) =22= 16m+ 6sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2800); A. chinghaiensis Shan ex K.T.Fu K (2n) = 4x= 44 = 36m+8sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 3500m); A. Sinensis (Oliv.)Diels K(2n) =22= 14M+8sm (Songpan Xian, alt. 2900m); A. omeiensis Yuan et Shan K (2n) = 22 = 10m+2sm+ 10st (Mt. Omei, alt. 2100m). The karyotypes of A. valida and 2 populations of A. laxifoliata belong to “1A” and those of one population of A. laxifoliata and the rest 6 species “2A”. By analysing the correlation between the karyotypic symmetry and vertical distribution of A. laxifoliata and A. chinghaiensis, it is considered that as altitude rises, the karyotypic asymmetry and ploidy increases. Comparing with the karyotypes of other species distributed in Northeastern China and Japan previously reported, the karyotype of A. valida with oblong-ovoid fruits and 1-2-pinnate leaves is most primitive and that of A. omeiensis with nearly rounded fruits and 3-ternate-pinnate leaves is most advanced in Angelica. Based on the fact that many species including the most primitive and the most advanced species are concentrated in Sichuan, it may be suggested that the center of origin and diversity of Angelica be inSichuan characterized.     

两种国产苏铁属植物的核型分析

报道了苏铁属（Cycas L.）2种植物的染色体数目及其核型.它们的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=2x=22,核型均属3B型.核型公式分别是：海南苏铁C.hainanensis K（2n）=2x=22=4m＋2sm＋4st＋12T,仙湖苏铁C.szechuanensis subsp.fairylakea K（2n）=2x=22=2m＋4sm＋4st＋12T.两种苏铁的核型均为首次报道.支持基于染色体资料把苏铁属分为两个类群的观点.     

青藏高原六种棘豆属植物的染色体数目及核型报道

对6种棘豆属植物（Oxytropis）的13个居群样进行细胞学研究,其中黄花棘豆（O．ochrocephala）、绢毛棘豆（O．tatarica）、甘肃棘豆（O．kansuensis）和铺地棘豆（0．humifusa）为首次报道染色体数目（2n=16）和核型;在胀果棘豆（O．stracheyana）中（2n=48）首次发现B染色体。现有的细胞学资料表明：棘豆属植物中多倍体占总报道数的58％,这说明多倍化在本属植物的进化过程中起着非常重要的作用,但青藏高原仅有一种植物发现多倍体,多倍化并不占主导地位,而主要表现为二倍体水平上的结构变异,即核型不对称性的变化。     

Chromosome Numbers and Karyotypes of Six Oxytropis Species (Fabaceae) from the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau,China

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 13 populations of six Oxytropis species (Fabaceae) from the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, China, were presented. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes in O.ochrocephala, O.tatarica, O.kansuensis and O.humifusa (2n=16) were reported for the first time. B chromosomes were found from O.stracheyana (2n=48). The basic chromosome number of x=8 is confirmed for the genus. The available chromosomal data indicate that polyploidy may have played an important role in the evolution of the genus, with the incidence of polyploidy in the genus reaching 58%. However, our results indicated that among the populations here examined only one was a hexaploid with 2n=48. Such a chromosomal pattern indicates that the karyotypic repatterning at the diploid level seems to be the predominant feature of chromosomal evolution in the Oxytropis species from the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, and that sympatric speciation via hybridization and polyploidization has played a minor role in the species diversification of the genus from this area.     

野牡丹科6种植物染色体数目及核型分析

研究了野牡丹科国产野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)4种植物和从国外引种的蒂牡花属(Tibouchina Aubl.)2种植物的染色体数目,并对4种野牡丹属植物的核型进行分析。结果表明, 野牡丹属植物的染色体数目为2n=24,为二倍体植物,蒂牡花属的蒂牡花(T. urvillean)和银毛野牡丹(T. heteromall)的染色体数目为2n=36。核型公式为：野牡丹(M. malabathricum) 2n=10m(2SAT)+14sm;毛稔(M. sanguineurn) 2n=10m+12sm+2st;地稔(M. dodecandrum) 2n=12m+12sm;细叶野牡丹(M. intermedium) 2n=12m＋10sm+2st。核型分析表明国产野牡丹属植物染色体为小染色体,绝对长度为0.43~1.79 µm;核型不对称系数为59.47~62.91,均属2B型。野牡丹属植物的核型为首次报道。     

海南隔距兰属植物6个种的核型分析

采用压片法对海南产隔距兰属植物6个种,即：大序隔距兰Cleisostoma paniculatum（ker—Gawl．）Garay、短序隔距兰C．striatum（Rchb.f．）Garay、短茎隔距兰C.parishii（Hook．f.）Garay、金塔隔距兰C．filiforme,（Lindl．）Garay、尖喙隔距兰C.rostratum（Lodd．）Seidenf．、红花隔距兰C．williamsonii（Rchb．f）Garay的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果如下：大序隔距兰2n=2x=38：36m＋2sm;短序隔距兰2n=2x=38=2M＋36m;短茎隔距兰2n=2x=38=2M＋34m＋2sin;金塔隔距兰2n=2x=38=38m;尖喙隔距兰2n=2x=38=36m＋2sin;红花隔距兰2n=2x=38=34m＋4sm（2SAT）。主要由正中部着丝点区染色体组成。除尖喙隔距兰核型分类为1A型外,其他的都为1B型。     

Chromosomes of Six Fabaceous Species from Baoxing County,Sichuan Province

Meiosis and/or mitosis of six species of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) from Baoxing County, Sichuan, China, were investigated. The voucher specimens are conserved in PE. Eight pairs (n=8) and 10 chiasmata in meiosis of pollen mother cells have been observed in Medicago lupulina L. (Pl. 1, A-C). Meiotic observation on pollen mother cells in Lotus tenuis W. et K. shows 6 bivalents (n=6) in MI and 9 chiasmata in diakinesis (Pl. 1, D-E). In this species 12 somatic chromosomes (2n=12) in anther wall cells have also been observed. The chromosomal formula may be expressed as 2n=12=8m+2sm+2sm^SAT (Pl. 1, F-G). In pollen mother cells of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., 7 bivalents in MI and 7 chromosomes in A II have been observed (Pl. 2, A-B). From A II (Pl. 2, B, the inset on the right) the chromosomal formula, n=7= 2m+2sm+lst^SAT+2t, may be constructed. Only three chromosomes in this karyotype may be found to have counterparts in the one reported by Srivastava (1963), which shows striking differences between these two karyotypes. Meiotic MI shows 7 pairs (n=7) in Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray. Vicia sativa L. is very variable in its chromosomes. Our observation shows 6 pairs (n=6) in MI and in diakinesis in pollen mother cells. In Vicia villosa Roth, all the previous chromosome reports are 2n=14 or n=7, but the result of our work shows that somatic chromosomes are 2n=12 in anther wall cells (Pl. 3, D, E). The karyotype in our material (Pl. 3, E) is that the longest pair of chromosomes are metacentric, the pairs 2-4 are terminal, 5 are metacentric and last pair are submetacentric, differing vastly from the idiogram (Pl. 3, F) presented by Yamamoto (1973). Therefore both the chromosome number and structure in our material are greatly different from those in all the previous reports. The evolutionary trends of chromosomes in the genus Vicia is discussed in the work. Srivastava (1963) holds that the primitive basic number of chromosome in the genus is 6 and thus both 5 and 7 are derived. The present author would propose another possibility that 7 is the original basic number and the other numbers are derived ones. First, as shown in Table 1, x=7 occurs in 47 per cent of species in the genus, but 6 only in 28 per cent. Secondly, x=7 is predominant in the perennial and primitive section Cracca. Thirdly, in genera related to the genus under consideration, such as Lens, Pisum and Lathyrus, x=7 is also the predominant basic number. Fourthly, according to Raven (1975) 7 is the primitive basic number in the angiosperms and x= 7, 8 and 9 are the predominant in the angiosperms.