大鼠尾壳核头部一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元区域性分布和脑缺血后变化

用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶法，观察了大鼠尾壳核头部背内侧区，背外侧区，腹内侧区和腹外侧区一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布和形态特征。并在夹闭双侧颈总动脉２小时后，观察这些区域一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的变化。     

青紫蓝兔体内Ghrelin的免疫组化定位

采用免疫组织化学方法研究了Ghrelin在青紫蓝兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)体内的分布定位。结果显示,Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞分布于下丘脑、大脑皮质、延髓、脊髓、胃、小肠和大肠。下丘脑内的阳性神经元胞体主要分布于弓状核、室旁核、腹内侧核、背内侧核和下丘脑外侧区。胃肠道内的Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞存在两种类型,即"闭合型"细胞和"开放型"细胞。实验结果表明,兔体内Ghrelin的分布与人和其他动物的分布基本相似,但也存在一些差异。     

兔脑内Orexin B免疫阳性神经元的分布定位

采用免疫组织化学方法研究了10只青紫蓝兔脑内Orexin B免疫阳性神经元的分布定位。结果显示,Orexin B免疫阳性神经元分布于下丘脑的室旁核、背内侧核、穹隆周核、外侧区和后区以及底丘脑的未定带。以下丘脑背内侧核、穹隆周核和外侧区的阳性神经元数量较多,下丘脑室旁核、后区和未定带较少。表明了兔脑内Orexin B免疫阳性神经元的分布与Orexin A免疫阳性神经元的分布存在一些差异,提示两种Orexin的产生部位和生理功能可能也存在差异。     

大白鼠中缝背核的组织结构及其向尾壳核复合体的定位投射

本实验应用Nissl法、单胺荧光组织化学法和逆行荧光标记与单胺荧光组织化学结合技术对大白鼠中缝背核的组织结构及其向尾壳核（CP）复合体的定位投射进行了观察。结果表明,中缝背核（NRD）可分为五个细胞群:尾侧细胞群、背内侧细胞群、腹内侧细胞群、外侧细胞群和前侧细胞群;大量的5-羟色胺细胞分布于NRD的各个细胞群,少量儿茶酚胺（CA）细胞只见于外侧细胞区。在CP复合体注射逆行荧光化合物快兰（Fast Blue 253/50以下简称FB）之后,中缝背核内出现不少FB标记的5—HT细胞,这些投射于CP复合体的细胞主要位于背内侧细胞群和腹内侧细胞群。本实验结果为进一步研究NRD的功能提供了形态学依据。     

大鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布

用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组织化学方法观察了大白鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶（ＮＤＳ）阳性神经元的分布及形态特征。结果显示：在视上核、室旁核的大细胞部、环状核、穹窿周核、下丘脑外侧区、下丘脑腹内侧核、下丘脑背内侧核、乳头体区大部分核团均可见一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元聚集成团。在视前内侧区、视前外侧区、下丘脑前区、下丘脑背侧区、下丘脑后区、室周核、室旁核小细胞部及穹窿内可见散在的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元。室周核内可见呈阳性反应的接触脑脊液神经元的胞体及突起。一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元大多可见突起,有的突起上可见１～２级分支,并可见膨体。下丘脑大部分区域内可见阳性神经纤维。弓状核内可见许多弧形纤维连于第三脑室室管膜和正中隆起。     

5-羟色胺和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质 和中缝核簇神经元内的共存

实验采用 NADPH组织化学和 5 - HT免疫组织化学双重显色方法研究了 5 - HT和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质 (PAG)和中缝核簇神经元的分布特征及共存情况。结果表明 ;(1 )在 PAG腹外侧区中观察到大量的 NOS阳性神经元和 5 - HT样免疫阳性神经元 ,但是 NOS/ 5 - HT双标神经元较少 ,仅占该区 5 - HT样免疫阳性神经元 2 0 .1 % ,并且主要分布在该区的内侧部 ;在 PAG的背外侧区中观察到密集的 NOS阳性神经元 ,但是几乎未见 5 - HT免疫阳性神经元分布。(2 )在中缝核簇的大多数亚核内均可观察到大量的 NOS神经元和 5 - HT免疫阳性神经元。在中缝背核的内侧部、中缝背核的尾侧部、中缝正中核、尾侧线形核、中缝大核和中缝隐核内双标神经元分别占所在部位中 5 - HT免疫阳性神经元的 44 .6 %、5 3.4%、 44 .4%、 2 6 .2 %、 2 6 .7%和 2 1 .8%。然而在中缝苍白核内仅偶见少数双标神经元。研究结果表明 ,在 PAG和中缝核簇的一些神经元内 5 - HT可以与 NOS共存 ,提示这两种神经活性物质在功能上可能存在着某种相关性 ,有关这些双标神经元的功能意义尚需进一步研究。     

扬子鳄纹状体AChE、SOMmRNA阳性神经元的分布

目的 观察扬子鳄纹状体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase,AChE）和生长抑素信使核糖核酸（somatostatin messenger ribonucleic acid,SOMmRNA）阳性神经元的形态和分布.方法 采用亚铁氰化酮法和原位杂交法观察扬子鳄纹状体内AChE和SOMmRNA阳性神经元的分布和特征.结果 扬子鳄纹状体内有AChE和SOMmRNA阳性神经元分布,两种神经元均有大、中、小型细胞,以中、小型细胞为主,神经元胞体呈圆形、椭圆形、三角形、梭形和多角形.结论 扬子鳄纹状体内有AChE和SOMmRNA阳性神经元分布.     

大鼠隔区接受海马一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元的投射

目的逆行追踪大鼠海马NOS阳性神经元向隔区的投射。方法用HRP逆行追踪与NADPH-d组化方法相结合进行研究。结果背、腹、后海马均有NOS阳性神经元投射至隔区各亚细胞群,后海马NOS阳性神经元向隔外侧核(sl)、隔三角核和隔伞核(ts,sf)的投射量,占后海马至隔外侧核、隔三角核和隔伞核投射量的80％左右。结论大鼠隔区接受海马NOS神经元的投射。     

大鼠延髓至下丘脑腹内侧核的儿茶酚胺能投射神经元在胃伤害性刺激后的Fos表达

本实验用ＨＲＰ注入下丘脑腹内侧核结合逆行追踪与抗ＦＯＳ蛋白和抗酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）抗血清双重免疫细胞化学相结合的三重标记方法,对大鼠孤束核和延髓腹外侧区至下丘脑腹内侧核的儿茶酚胺能投射神经元在胃伤害性刺激后的ｃ－ｆｏｓ表达进行了观察。本文发现孤束核和延髓腹外侧区有七种不同的标记细胞：ＨＲＰ、Ｆｏｓ、ＴＨ单标细胞Ｆｏｓ／ＨＲＰ、Ｆｏｓ／ＴＨ、ＨＲＰ／ＴＨ双标细胞和Ｆｏｓ／ＨＲＰ／ＴＨ三标细胞。上述七种标记细胞主要分布在延髓中段和尾段孤束核的内侧亚核和延髓腹外侧区以及两者之间的网状结构。ＨＲＰ标记细胞以注射侧为主,对侧有少量分布。本文结果证明,大鼠孤束核、延髓腹外侧区和网状结构内儿茶酚胺能神经元有些至下丘脑腹内侧核的投射,其中一部分儿茶酚胺能神经元参与了胃伤害性刺激的传导和调控。     

人胎儿下丘脑结节区神经核团内生长抑素神经元的发生──免疫细胞化学研究

本实验收集２２例９周至２８周龄人胎儿,用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法研究了下丘脑结节区神经核团内生长抑素神经元的个体发生。结果表明。生长抑素免疫反应阳性神经元最早见于１６周人胚的弓状校及腹内侧核,以后随胎龄增长数目逐渐增加。在２２周时,腹内侧核内生长抑素免疫反应阳性神经元的数目达到高峰,弓状核内的该神经元在２４周达到高峰。２４周后阳性神经元数目呈递减趋向,免疫反应逐渐减弱。背内侧核及结节核内未见生长抑素免疫反应阳性神经元。生长抑素免疫反应阳性神经元形态多样,体积较小,其突起数目在发育过程中有较大变化。     

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MONOAMINES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN THE HUMAN BRAIN

Abstract— Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA). 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 4-hydroxy, 3-methoxy-phenylethylene glycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in twenty areas of post-mortem brain from ten psychiatrically and neurologically normal patients. There was a marked difference, which did not appear to be related to sex, medication, cause of death or time between death and dissection, in amine and metabolite concentrations between brains. In the cortex, 5-HT, MHPG, HVA. DOPAC and S-HIAA were approximately even in their distribution; NA and DA could not be detected. In sub-cortical areas there were clear differences in the distribution of the three amines accompanied by less marked differences in the distribution of their respective metabolites.     

磷酸化的p44/42MAPK在成年猫端脑和间脑内的分布

为研究丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（p44/42mitogen-activated protein kinase,缩写为p44/42MAPK)在正常动物脑内的功能,用免疫组织化学方法对正常家猫端脑和间脑内,磷酸化p44/42MAPK的分布进行了研究,结果表明在正常猫端脑和间脑内,磷酸化p44/42MAPK的存在范围比较广泛,嗅球,岛叶,梨状皮质,外侧隔区,海马锥体细胞层,下丘脑腹内侧核及弓状核内均有较多的阳性神经元,杏仁核存在中等量的阳性神经元,另外,新皮质Ⅱ层,内侧隔区,齿状回,纹状体,后脑室旁核和外侧缰核,下丘脑室旁核有散在分布的阳性神经元,外侧膝状体和丘脑腹后核有许多胶质细胞呈免疫阳性染色。咱束内有浓密的阳性纤维。本研究结果表明p44/42MAPK存在于与嗅觉,情绪,内分泌和记忆活动等功能有关的脑区和核团,提示其参与这些功能过程,本文还提示p44/42MAPK既与神经细胞,也与神经胶质细胞的信号转导有关。     

THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYTIDINE 5''-MONOPHOSPHO-N-ACETYL-NEURAMINIC ACID SYNTHETASE IN CALF BRAIN

—The enzyme cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase was studied in different parts of the calf brain. Characterization of partial purified enzyme preparations from cortical grey matter and corpus callosum by means of pH optima and K_m values, showed the enzyme of grey and white brain areas to be identical. Unexpectedly the regional differences of the enzyme activities per g wet tissue and per mg protein were very slight. From the presence of the enzyme in pure white brain areas, which are known to be poor in neuronal perikarya, and the fact that the enzyme is localized in the cell nucleus, we concluded that cytidine 5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid is produced in glia cell nuclei and that it is very likely that biosynthesis of sialo-glycoproteins and/or ganglio-sides occurs within glia cells. The enzyme activity per μmol DNA-P is somewhat higher in grey than in white regions, indicating a slightly higher activity per neuronal than per glial nucleus. The regional differences of lipid and protein-bound sialic acid and RNA show a striking similarity and contrast to those of the enzyme. These differences are interpreted in terms of a differential content in neurons and glia cells.     

TRANS-SULPHURATION IN PRIMATE BRAIN: REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CYSTATHIONINE SYNTHASE, CYSTATHIONINE AND TAURINE IN THE BRAIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

—The regional distributions of cystathionine synthase, cystathionine and taurine in the brain of the Rhesus monkey were determined at various stages of foetal and postnatal development. Activity of cystathionine synthase was highest in cerebellum, cortical grey areas and globus pallidus, and lowest in subcortical white matter and corpus callosum. There was no marked change in activity in any area during development from the first-trimester foetus to the juvenile animal. In the brain of the juvenile monkey concentrations of cystathionine were highest in subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, and globus pallidus, and lowest in cortical grey matter. There was a sharp increase in concentration between late foetal life and the first 2 weeks of postnatal life and a subsequent more gradual increase during the next 2 years. Concentrations of taurine were highest in lateral cerebellum and neostriatum and lowest in brain stem areas and spinal cord. During the first 6 months of postnatal life, there was a marked decrease in concentration as the brain matured. The regional distribution of cystathionine in brain suggests that this compound may be synthesized in the perikaryon of the nerve cell and transported down axons into white matter. The changes during development suggest the further possibility that cystathionine may have some relationship to myelin and/or myelination.     

移植视网膜NOS阳性神经元的发育

目的 观察不同年龄组段大鼠正常视网膜及移植视网膜内NOS阳性神经元的发育情况及其定位分布。方法 实验分正常视网膜发育组和移植视网膜发育组,应用还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）组织化学方法显示。结果 1、NOS阳性神经元最早出现于生后第五天（P5）,P18时阳性神经元数目达到最高峰,2、移植视网膜具有正常视网膜的各层结构和相似的生长规律,NOS阳性神经元在生后第4天移植视网膜（TP4）中出现,TP12数量达到高峰值,TP22后降至正常成年鼠水平。结论 根据NOS阳性神经元的定位,分布,推测其为无长突细胞,移位无长突细胞及节细胞。     

TRANS-SULPHURATION IN PRIMATE BRAIN: REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF METHIONINE-ACTIVATING ENZYME IN THE BRAIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

—The regional distribution of methionine-activating enzyme (ATP:l-methionine S-adenosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.13) in the brain of the Rhesus monkey was determined at various stages of development. Activity of the methionine-activating enzyme was highest in pituitary gland, cerebellum and occipital grey matter, and lowest in areas rich in white matter: spinal cord, subcortical white matter, corpus callosum and optic chiasm. There was no marked change in activity in any area during development from the first-trimester foetus to the juvenile animal. During the same period of development, activity of the methionine-activating enzyme in the liver increased approximately four-fold. The findings are discussed in relation to those transmethylating enzymes and/or methylated products which have been studied in mammalian brain. The presence of high activity of the methionine-activating enzyme in cerebellum and occipital grey matter suggests that previously unrecognized methylating processes may be important in the metabolism of these areas of brain.     

THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS, GANGLIOSIDES AND SIALIDASE IN BOVINE BRAIN

Abstract— Sialoglycoproteins and gangliosides were characterized in various bovine brain regions by determining the amount of sialic acid. Expressed per g dry weight, the gangliosidic sialic acid ranged from 11·20 to 1·93 μmol and the glycoprotein sialic acid from 8·93 to 1·84 μmol in grey and white matter respectively (values not corrected for incomplete release and breakdown during hydrolysis). Both the sialoglycoproteins and the gangliosides occur in highest concentration in areas predominating in neuronal cell bodies (cerebral grey, cerebellar grey, caudate nucleus). The lowest concentrations are found in those areas, consisting largely of myelinated fibre tracts and glial cells (pons, medulla, corpus callosum, cerebral white). Relative to the gangliosides the sialoglycoproteins are somewhat more concentrated in white matter.
The sialidase activity was investigated with endogenous substrate as well as with additional gangliosides or sialoglycopeptides. In all conditions the activity was much greater in grey matter than in white matter. The regional sialidase distribution more or less parallels the distribution of sialic acid in the various regions. At high substrate level the sialoglycopeptides inhibit the sialidase activity. There are indications that gangliosides are a far better substrate for brain sialidase than glycoproteins or glycopeptides. The possible significance of this phenomenon is discussed.     

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROTRANSMISSION BY MONOAMINES, ACETYLCHOLINE AND GABA IN THE HUMAN BRAIN

Abstract— The activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH). DOPA decarboxylase (DDC). dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH). monoamine oxidase (MAO), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), l -glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the concentrations of DNA and RNA were measured in 13–20 areas of post-mortem brain tissue from neurologically and psychiatrically normal individuals. Emphasis has been put on regional distribution rather than establishing normal values and detailed comparisons have been made with previously published work on the normal human brain. Despite expressing all results relative to an internal reference point there was substantial inter-brain variability. There was no apparent relation between age, sex, medication, cause of death or time lag between death and dissection and any of the enzyme activities. Enzyme activities were fairly evenly distributed throughout cerebral cortex whereas clear differences existed along the rostro-caudal axis of the brain. It is hoped that this paper, with its companion paper on amine and metabolite concentrations, will be useful as a reference work for investigators of the chemical pathology of the human brain.