3.0MR 高分辨磁敏感加权成像对颅脑弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断价值

目的:探讨3.0TMR高分辨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)序列对颅脑弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)的诊断价值。方法:选择临床诊断为DAI的30例患者行SWI及常规序列扫描,观察患者病灶等,对比SWI与常规MR序列对DAI病灶形态、分布、数目显示的敏感性,并分析与哥拉斯哥昏迷(GCS)评分及预后的相关性。结果:130例DAI患者SWI序列平均病灶个数为22.83个,明显高于T1WI、T2WI、T2flair序列的1.5个、2.13个、4.1个,比较差异有统计学意义(X2=11.44,P<0.05);2SWI序列皮髓质交界区、白质区、基底节、脑干、小脑、胼胝体DAI病灶呈边界清晰、大小不等点状、片状、串珠状、条状、团状不均低信号;3GCS分值越高DAI平均病灶数目越少,两者呈明显负相关(r=-0.715,P<0.05);4痊愈、好转、死亡患者DAI平均病灶数目、脑中线累及率依次增高,比较差异有统计学意义(F=9.29,X2=13.52,P<0.05)。结论:3.0TMR高分辨SWI序列对DTI的敏感性优于常规序列,病灶数目与GCS评分具有相关性,能够较好地预测患者预后情况。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的MRI征象及与GCS计分及预后的关系

目的：探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的磁共振成像（MRI）征象及其与格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分（GCS）计分和预后的关系。方 法：回顾性分析2012 年1 月-2014 年7 月我院收集的30 例DAI 患者的临床病历资料,根据病灶累及部位分析其与GCS 计分和 临床预后的关系。结果：30 例患者共53 个病灶,17例多发病灶,13 例单发病灶;42 个病灶T1WI显示出低信号或者是等信号,11 个病灶T1WI显示为高信号;T2WI显示为高信号,FLAIR 序列以及弥散加权像（DWI）上表现出的信号更高,范围更清晰;病灶形 态呈条索状27 例,斑片状11 例,卵圆形8 例,不规则斑点状7 例;病灶未累及脑中线部位的患者临床预后优于病灶累及脑中线 部位的患者,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.636,P=0.008）,病灶累及脑中线部位的患者GCS 计分情况比未累及组严重,计分更低,差 异有统计学意义（Z=-2.519,P=0.012）。结论：DAI病灶累及脑中线部位的患者GCS计分较低、预后差,MRI检查是诊断DAI 首选 的影像学方法,临床有重要的参考价值。     

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Klebsiella Capsular Polysaccharides

The presence of acetate and pyruvate groups in Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides may be demonstrated and estimated quantitatively by running the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the polysaccharide (as sodium salt) in deuterium oxide at 95 C. Such spectra also permit an assessment to be made of the number of alpha- and beta-linkages in the repeat unit of the polysaccharide structure.     

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal degeneration. Lack of growth cone formation, regeneration, and loss of additional myelinated axonal projections within the spinal cord greatly limits neurological recovery following injury. To assess how central myelinated axons of the spinal cord respond to injury, we developed an ex vivo living spinal cord model utilizing transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein in axons and a focal and highly reproducible laser-induced spinal cord injury to document the fate of axons and myelin (lipophilic fluorescent dye Nile Red) over time using two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy. Dynamic processes such as acute axonal injury, axonal retraction, and myelin degeneration are best studied in real-time. However, the non-focal nature of contusion-based injuries and movement artifacts encountered during in vivo spinal cord imaging make differentiating primary and secondary axonal injury responses using high resolution microscopy challenging. The ex vivo spinal cord model described here mimics several aspects of clinically relevant contusion/compression-induced axonal pathologies including axonal swelling, spheroid formation, axonal transection, and peri-axonal swelling providing a useful model to study these dynamic processes in real-time. Major advantages of this model are excellent spatiotemporal resolution that allows differentiation between the primary insult that directly injures axons and secondary injury mechanisms; controlled infusion of reagents directly to the perfusate bathing the cord; precise alterations of the environmental milieu (e.g., calcium, sodium ions, known contributors to axonal injury, but near impossible to manipulate in vivo); and murine models also offer an advantage as they provide an opportunity to visualize and manipulate genetically identified cell populations and subcellular structures. Here, we describe how to isolate and image the living spinal cord from mice to capture dynamics of acute axonal injury.     

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Rabbit Brain Homogenate

Abstract: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy in conjunction with the inversion-recovery spin-echo pulse sequence was used to obtain spectra from rabbit brain homogenate. The instrumental parameters required for the acquisition of spectra together with the assignment of major peaks are given. The rationale and prospectus for the use of this technique for the study of neurochemistry is outlined.     

High Resolution Proton NMR Spectroscopy of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

Abstract: Tissue from postmortem multiple sclerosis and normal control brains was extracted with perchloric acid and analysed using proton NMR spectroscopy. The content of N -acetyl-derived groups (the sum of N -acetylaspartate, acetate, and N -acetylaspartylglutamate) was decreased in multiple sclerosis plaques compared with normal control white matter (mean, 4.36 vs. 6.64 µmol/g wet weight). In normal appearing white matter adjacent to plaques a corresponding decrease was seen, with no change in white matter distant from plaques. A decrease in the content of total creatine was observed in multiple sclerosis plaques in comparison with normal control white matter (mean, 4.64 vs. 6.56 µmol/g wet weight), which correlated strongly with the decrease in N -acetyl-derived groups. No changes in other metabolites such as total choline or myo -inositol were seen. The decreases in content of N -acetyl-derived groups are in agreement with observations from in vivo proton NMR spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis patients. The decrease in total creatine is in contrast to most of the observations made in vivo where total creatine is assumed to be unchanged and metabolite levels are often expressed as a total creatine ratio. The use of a total creatine ratio in vivo could lead to an underestimation of reductions in N -acetylaspartate and an apparent increase in other metabolites in the multiple sclerosis lesion.     

Self-Association of Puromycin as studied by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract

The self-association of puromycin has been studied using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentration, temperature and pH dependence studies of the proton chemical shifts of the adenine protons indicate that puromycin in aqueous solution at pD 7.4 self associates predominantly through adenine-adenine interaction. At this pD, the amino group of the aminoacyl segment of puromycin has been demonstrated to exist in a equilibrium blend of protonated and non-protonated forms. At pD 2.6, PM is found to exist predominantly in the monomeric from in which the methyl groups of the 6N-dimethyladenine are found to be non-equivalent due to hindered rotation about the C6-N6 bond.     

The Detailed Conformational Study of a Leukotriene Antagonist,FPL-55712, using High-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract

High-field proton magnetic resonance measurements at 400 MHz and 600 MHz allowed the evaluation of the preferred conformations of a leukotriene antagonist, FPL-55712. The experiments involved an analysis of proton-proton coupling constants, longitudinal relaxation time data and nuclear Overhauser effect experiments. The NMR parameters confirm the conformational features expected from X-ray and microwave data for related substances, such as rotational freedom about C14—C15 and C15—C16, synperiplanar arrangements for C7—C8—O—C14 and C16—O—C17—C18 and segmental motion in the propyl side chains.     

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Primary Cells Derived from Nervous Tissue

Abstract: Cell culture techniques, high-resolution in vitro ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and chromatographic analyses were used to compare the properties of purified cell populations derived from the PNS and cortical neurones. Cell cultures were immunocytochemically characterised with specific antibodies to ensure purity of the individual cultures. Spectra of perchloric acid extracts of cultured Schwann cells, perineural fibroblasts, dorsal root ganglion neurones, and cortical neurones displayed several common features. However, statistically significant differences were found by ¹H NMR spectroscopy in most metabolites among the cell types studied. In addition, cells could be distinguished by the presence or absence of certain amino acids. For example, N -acetylaspartate was present in dorsal root ganglion neurones and cortical neurones, γ-aminobutyric acid was present in large amounts in cortical neurones, and Schwann cell spectra displayed a large signal from glycine. These results extend our earlier findings that different cell types of the CNS exhibit highly characteristic metabolite profiles to now include the major cell types of the PNS. These latter cell types also exhibit characteristic metabolite compositions, such that even Schwann cells and oligodendrocyte type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells—precursors of the myelinating cells of the CNS and PNS, respectively—can be readily distinguished from each other.     

脑内单发环形强化病变的1H磁共振波谱成像研究进展

脑内单发环形强化病变是一类在磁共振增强扫描时呈现环形强化的特征性病变。肿瘤和炎症性病变均可表现为环形强化。临床上高级别胶质瘤、单发脑转移瘤和脑脓肿最常见,且用常规影像学方法常难以鉴别。~1HMRS可检测病变内及周围组织的代谢物浓度,反映病变性质及病理过程,结合影像学征象分析对这三种疾病的鉴别诊断意义重大。     

Application of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in metabolic research

The etiology of metabolic disease in humans is far from understood, and even though potential pathways are identified in animal models and cell studies, it is often difficult to determine their relevance in humans, as the possibilities of tissue sampling are limited. The application of non-invasive imaging techniques can provide essential metabolic information and this mini review focuses on the opportunities of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to add to our understanding of the metabolic processes during health and disease. MRS is a volatile technique that can give us information about the concentrations of endogenous metabolites in a completely non-invasive way. In this mini review we discuss the opportunities that MRS is giving us by describing how the investigation of ectopic fat depots has gained a lot of attention and has really taken off after ¹H-MRS for quantification of lipid content became widely available. We furthermore discuss how other MRS techniques, such as ³¹P-MRS and ¹³C-MRS can add valuable information and especially highlight the strength of MRS to be applied dynamically and therefore monitor metabolic changes during physiological challenges such as exercise or meal tests.     

京尼平苷酸通过稳定微管促进脊髓损伤后轴突生长

脊髓损伤（spinal cord injury, SCI）是中枢神经系统最严重的创伤之一,其可造成患者感觉和运动功能障碍,并且引发一系列严重的并发症。促进轴突再生是修复脊髓损伤后功能恢复的关键因素。京尼平苷酸（geniposidic acid, GA）具有神经保护作用,但其在脊髓损伤后轴突生长的作用及机制方面尚未见报道。本研究通过提取原代神经元,并建立糖氧剥夺模型(oxygen glucose deprivation, OGD)。通过RT-PCR、Western印迹、免疫荧光等方法,探讨GA对神经元轴突的促进作用及其机制。结果发现,GA可以显著促进神经元轴突生长,并呈剂量依赖性。与OGD组神经元轴突长度（22±5.788 μm）相比,给予10 μmol/L的GA可使神经元轴突长度显著增加（68±17.73 μm）。同时,轴突生长相关蛋白（GAP43,MAP2）的基因和蛋白质水平都显著上升。不仅如此,我们发现,GA促进轴突生长与稳定神经元轴突微管相关,可使A/T的比值增加约1.5倍。同时,通过建立大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型评价GA在体内的效果,与对照组相比,每天腹腔注射GA（10 mg/kg）的大鼠在术后28 d的BBB评分（11.8分）和斜板试验（41.7°）均显著增高。上述结果表明,GA可能通过稳定微管从而促进轴突再生,最终促进脊髓损伤后运动功能的恢复。因此,GA 可能成为治疗脊髓损伤的有前景的候选药物。     

Restoring Cellular Energetics Promotes Axonal Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury

1. Download : Download high-res image (201KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Metabolic Imaging of Human Kidney Triglyceride Content: Reproducibility of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Objective

To assess the feasibility of renal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantification of triglyceride content and to compare spectral quality and reproducibility without and with respiratory motion compensation in vivo.

Materials and Methods

The Institutional Review Board of our institution approved the study protocol, and written informed consent was obtained. After technical optimization, a total of 20 healthy volunteers underwent renal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the renal cortex both without and with respiratory motion compensation and volume tracking. After the first session the subjects were repositioned and the protocol was repeated to assess reproducibility. Spectral quality (linewidth of the water signal) and triglyceride content were quantified. Bland-Altman analyses and a test by Pitman were performed.

Results

Linewidth changed from 11.5±0.4 Hz to 10.7±0.4 Hz (all data pooled, p<0.05), without and with respiratory motion compensation respectively. Mean % triglyceride content in the first and second session without respiratory motion compensation were respectively 0.58±0.12% and 0.51±0.14% (P = NS). Mean % triglyceride content in the first and second session with respiratory motion compensation were respectively 0.44±0.10% and 0.43±0.10% (P = NS between sessions and P = NS compared to measurements with respiratory motion compensation). Bland-Altman analyses showed narrower limits of agreement and a significant difference in the correlated variances (correlation of −0.59, P<0.05).

Conclusion

Metabolic imaging of the human kidney using renal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a feasible tool to assess cortical triglyceride content in humans in vivo and the use of respiratory motion compensation significantly improves spectral quality and reproducibility. Therefore, respiratory motion compensation seems a necessity for metabolic imaging of renal triglyceride content in vivo.     

质子磁共振波谱分析在脑挫裂伤中的研究及应用前景

脑挫裂伤(brain contusion and laceration,BCL)是最常见的颅脑损伤之一,由于伤情不一,临床上对其早期全面诊断及预后判断较困难.质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H-MRS)是新兴无创性检测脑生化代谢的技术,能从分子水平反映脑挫裂伤组织的病理生理变化.本文综述了脑挫裂伤的发生机制、病理学特点及1H-MRS在这一领域的研究和应用.     

肌肉注射人神经生长因子基因逆轴突传递修复神经损伤的研究进展

神经生长因子(NGF)促进中枢及外周神经系统神经元细胞存活、分化、轴突再生等重要作用已得到临床的广泛证实。目前临床上主要以局部或肌肉注射NGF蛋白的方式对神经系统的损伤进行治疗。但NGF半衰期短、局部应用副作用大、费用昂贵、难以透过血脑屏障等缺点而限制临床应用。长期以来,科研工作者致力于寻求一种理想的途径或方法以克服这一缺陷。随着基因工程技术的飞速发展,研究人员发现通过骨骼肌肌肉注射途径,以非病毒载体介导外源的NGF基因体内表达并逆轴突传递到神经损伤部位,有望解决这一难题。本文将就NGF及受体的基本结构和特性、逆轴突传递的机制、非病毒载体结合骨骼肌肌肉注射的基因治疗等方面进行总结和阐述。     

Glucose Metabolism in the Developing Cerebral Cortex as Detected by 1H{13C} Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Ex Vivo

Abstract: Metabolism of [1-¹³C]glucose was monitored in superfused cerebral cortex slice preparations from 1-, 2-, and 5-week-old rats using ¹H-observed/¹³C-edited (¹H{¹³C}) NMR spectroscopy. The rate of label incorporation into glutamate C-4 did not differ among the three age groups: 0.52–0.67% of total ¹H NMR-detected glutamate/min. This was rather unexpected, as oxygen uptake proceeded at 1.1 ± 0.1, 1.9 ± 0.1, and 2.0 ± 0.1 µmol/min/g wet weight in brain slices prepared from 1-, 2-, and 5-week-old animals, respectively. Steady-state glutamate C-4 fractional enrichments in the slice preparations were ∼23% in all age groups. In the acid extracts of slices glutamate C-4 enrichments were smaller, however, in 1- and 2-week-old (17.8 ± 1.7 and 16.8 ± 0.8%, respectively) than in 5-week-old rats (22.7 ± 0.7%) after 75 min of incubation with 5 m M [1-¹³C]glucose. We add a new assignment to the ¹H{¹³C} NMR spectroscopy, as acetate C-2 was detected in slice preparations from 5-week-old animals. In the acid extracts of slice preparations acetate C-2 was labeled by ∼30% in 5-week-old rats but by 15% in both 1- and 2-week-old animals, showing that the turnover rate was increased in 5-week-old animals. In the extracts 3–4% of the C-6 of N -acetyl-aspartate (NAA; CH₃ of the acetyl group) contained label as determined by both NMR and mass spectrometry, which indicated that there was no significant labeling to other carbons in NAA. NAA accumulated label from [1-¹³C]glucose but not from [2-¹³C]acetate, and the rate of label incorporation increased by threefold on cerebral maturation.     

Intravital Imaging of Axonal Interactions with Microglia and Macrophages in a Mouse Dorsal Column Crush Injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury causes an inflammatory reaction involving blood-derived macrophages and central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia. Intra-vital two-photon microscopy enables the study of macrophages and microglia in the spinal cord lesion in the living animal. This can be performed in adult animals with a traumatic injury to the dorsal column. Here, we describe methods for distinguishing macrophages from microglia in the CNS using an irradiation bone marrow chimera to obtain animals in which only macrophages or microglia are labeled with a genetically encoded green fluorescent protein. We also describe a injury model that crushes the dorsal column of the spinal cord, thereby producing a simple, easily accessible, rectangular lesion that is easily visualized in an animal through a laminectomy. Furthermore, we will outline procedures to sequentially image the animals at the anatomical site of injury for the study of cellular interactions during the first few days to weeks after injury.     

High-Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Rabbit Brain: Regional Metabolite Levels and Postmortem Changes

The changes in 16 cerebral metabolites produced by cardiac arrest and subsequent room temperature autolysis were studied using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biopsies of rabbit cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, and cerebellum were quantitatively analyzed for acetate, alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, creatine, glutamate, glycine, inositol, lactate, N-acetylaspartate, phosphocreatine, succinate, taurine, and threonine. Of these, N-acetylaspartate and the total creatine pool are the best candidates for use as concentration reference standards linking in vitro to in vivo 1H nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Both changed little immediately after death, and they varied in a distinctive way among cortex, white matter, and cerebellum.     

Axonal degeneration and regeneration: a mechanistic tug-of-war

Axonal degeneration is a common hallmark of both nerve injury and many neurodegenerative conditions, including motor neuron disease, glaucoma, and Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. Degeneration of the axonal compartment is distinct from neuronal cell death, and often precedes or is associated with the appearance of the symptoms of the disease. A complementary process is the regeneration of the axon, which is commonly observed following nerve injury in many invertebrate neurons and in a number of vertebrate neurons of the PNS. Important discoveries, together with innovative imaging techniques, are now paving the way towards a better understanding of the dynamics and molecular mechanisms underlying these two processes. In this study, I will discuss these recent findings, focusing on the balance between axonal degeneration and regeneration.