硫和6-苄氨基腺嘌呤对水稻幼苗硝酸还原酶活性的影响

缺硫培养6天的水稻幼苗,其叶片和根中的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性明显下降。用1pPm 的6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)处理培养了10天的水稻幼苗根系,24小时后缺硫培养的水稻幼苗叶片和根系的 NR 活性升高,加硫培养的水稻幼苗叶片和根中的 NR 活性下降。用~(35)S示踪发现,6-BA 可降低加硫幼苗对~(35)S 的吸收和转化,但促进缺硫幼苗对~(35)S 的转化。     

Hormonal Regulation of Morphogenesis and Cold-resistance: I. MODIFICATIONS BY ABSCISIC ACID AND BY GIBBERELLIC ACID IN ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) SEEDLINGS.

Seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) cv. Ranger and cv.Hairy Peruvian were grown under conditions of long day and hightemperatures or short day and low temperatures. Under long daysand high temperatures, both varieties developed an elongatedshoot and exhibited relatively low cold-resistance, as measuredby the extent of leakage of cellular substances, after beingexposed to sub-zero temperature. Under short days and low temperatures,Ranger seedlings developed a rosette growth and exhibited animproved response to sub-zero temperature. In contrast, HairyPeruvian seedlings developed an elongated shoot and did notacquire cold-resistance. Hairy Peruvian grown in a nutrientsolution containing abscisic acid, however, developed a rosetteand acquired an improved response to sub-zero temperature, likecv. Ranger under short days and low temperatures. Addition ofgibberellic acid to Ranger seedlings grown under these conditionsnullified the environmental effects, since they developed anelongated shoot and did not acquire cold-resistance. It is concludedthat abscisic acid and gibberellic acid are involved in theinterrelationship between morphogenesis and cold-resistancein the seedlings of the two alfalfa cultivars.     

Hormonal Regulation of Morphogenesis and Cold-resistance: II. EFFECT OF COLD-ACCLIMATION AND OF EXOGENOUS ABSCISIC ACID ON GIBBERELLIC ACID AND ABSCISIC ACID ACTIVITIES IN ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L. SEEDLINGS

The endogenous levels of gibberellin and abscisic acid weredetermined in extracts from seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) ov. Hairy Peruvian and cv. Ranger, growing under long daysand high temperatures (not inducing cold-hardiness), or shortdays and low temperatures (inducing cold-hardiness). Under inductiveconditions only Ranger was coldacclimated, exhibiting a rosettegrowth; non-acclimated seedlings of Ranger and Hairy Peruviandeveloped an elongated shoot. Under non-inductive conditionsgibberellin A₃ (GA₃)-like activity was found in both cultivars.Under inductive conditions GA3-like activity increased in HairyPeruvian and was almost non-existent in Ranger. In spite ofmorphological modification, ABA-like activity was hardly affectedby thermophotoperiod conditions. Addition of ABA to the nutrientsolution of seedlings growing under non-inductive conditionssimulated the effects of short days and of low temperatures.It diminished GA3 content, and affected morphological modificationof the seedlings. It is concluded that the modification of theABA/GA balance, through the decrease of the GA level, monitorsthe capacity of the twoalfalfa cultivars to become cold-acclimatedwhen exposed to low temperatures.     

CHANGES IN MITOTIC ACTIVITY AND CELL SIZE IN THE APICAL MERISTEM OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. DURING THE TRANSITION TO FLOWERING

Cellular changes in the shoot apical meristem of Helianthus annuus L. have been investigated in relation to its progress towards flowering. During the strictly vegetative phase, lasting for 6–7 days from sowing, mitotic divisions were confined to the peripheral zone, while the central mother cells zone proper, together with the distal cells positioned above the mother zone and also the central portion of the tunica, were relatively quiescent. Mitotic activity increased in the distal cells zone on day 8 and reached the level of that in the peripheral zone by day 12. This was accompanied by an enlargement of this zone and the consequent recession of the mother zone away from the central tunica. At the same time there was a substantial increase in the amount of cytoplasm in the cells of the central tunica. Mitotic activity in the central tunica began on day 12 and reached a peak on day 16. This zone then lost its distinct entity and was replaced by a uniform dome-shaped meristematic layer that became apparent by day 16. The cells of the mother zone remained quiescent during the transition period.     

在生长、功能和萎退各期,大鼠乳腺磷酸酶的研究

前言虽然乳腺在生长、功能和萎退过程中形态上的变化是很大的(姚曾序、顾国彦,1957),可是和形态变化相伴随的化学和生物化学变化却研究得少。关于碱性磷酸酶(以下简称 AKP)方面,Kay(1925),Folley 和 Kay(1935)最早证明牛、羊和豚鼠乳腺含有相当量的这种酶。以后 Folley 和 Greenbaum(1947)进一步用生化方法研究了大鼠在怀     

THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE INJECTIONS ON CATECHOLAMINE LEVELS AND TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN RAT BRAIN REGIONS

Daily injections of 100 μg/kg of d -lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for 14 days produced a significant decrease in the dopamine level in rat brain corpus striatum which was still apparent 15 days after the last LSD treatment. Further LSD injections did not change the amount of dopamine depletion. In cerebral cortex, 14 days of LSD injections produced a significant decrease in the norepinephrine level and a significant increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The elevated tyrosine hydroxylase activity was still present 15 days after the final LSD injection but only in those animals receiving daily vehicle injections during this period. Pre-treatment of rats with daily saline injections for 2 weeks before the 2 week period of LSD treatment prevented both the reduced norepinephrine content and elevated tyrosine hydroxylase activity usually found 24 h after the last LSD injection.     

RNA Synthesis in Phaseolus Chloroplasts: I. RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN CHLOROPLAST PREPARATIONS FROM PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. LEAVES AND SOLUBILIZATION OF THE RNA POLYMERASE

Chloroplast preparations from the young primary leaves of Phaseolusvulgaris L. cv. Canadian Wonder carry out the DNA-dependentincorporation of UTP into RNA at rates between 8 and 14 pmolUTP µg^–1 chlorophyll h^–1. It is estimatedthat 90% of the activity was localized in the chloroplasts.The incorporation proceeded for between 20 and 30 min at 35°C. The maximum rates of RNA synthesis were attained atpH 8.3, in the presence of 15 mM MgCl₂. Chloroplasts were alsoactive, to a lesser extent, with 1.5 mM MnCl₂. The simultaneouspresence of MnCl₂ and MgCl₂ resulted in inhibition of activity.Nuclear material prepared from young P. vulgaris leaves incorporatedUTP at a rate of about 12 pmol UTP µg^–1 DNA h^–1.On a chloroplast (Tritonsoluble) DNA basis chloroplast activitywas over 40-fold that of nuclei. Methods of solubilizing chloroplastRNA polymerase were explored. Yields of over 75% were achieved,but methods suitable for one species were not always successfulwhen applied to another. The highest yields of the P. vulgarisenzyme were obtained using EDTA and KCl. All methods resultedin solubilization of DNA. RNA synthesis by the soluble P. vulgarisenzyme proceeded for more than 40 min at 35 °C.     

Cd2+、Hg2+对菱幼苗生长及其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋处理菱幼苗,研究重金属离子对菱生长、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的影响,比较Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对同一植物的毒性差异。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋各处理浓度均抑制菱幼苗生长,使叶绿素含量下降,但Ｃｄ２＋的抑制作用比Ｈｇ２＋的作用明显。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性有不同的影响效果：Ｃｄ２＋处理最初诱导ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高,但随浓度加大时间延长酶活性急剧下降;Ｈｇ２＋处理的酶活性变化相对平缓,其中５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＨｇ２＋处理的ＰＯＤ活性持续上升。实验结果表明,在相同处理时间和浓度条件下,Ｃｄ２＋比Ｈｇ２＋对菱的毒性要大。依据实验结果,作者探讨了重金属对植物的毒害机制     

Auxin-Promoted Transport of Metabolites in Stems of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: EFFECTS REMOTE FROM THE SITE OF HORMONE APPLICATION

Phloem transport in stems of Phaseolus vulgaris was found tobe sensitive to treatment with the auxin transport inhibitor,2,3,5-triidobenzoic acid (TIBA). The response was dependenton the concentration of TIBA applied. A concentration of TIBA(0?5% in lanolin) which did not interfere with normal phloemtransport proved inhibitory to both basipetal transport of IAAand the acropetal component of IAA-promoted metabolite transport.In contrast, both acropetal IAA transport and basipetal IAA-promotedmetabolite transport were unaffected by TIBA treatment. Theinhibitory effect of TIBA on acropetal IAA-promoted transportwas overcome by providing IAA below the point of TIBA application.Both acropetal and basipetal IAA-promoted transport in stemsegments were unaccompanied by any corresponding changes inthe accumulation of [¹⁴C]sucrose by the segments.     

pH降低和尼古丁对家兔颈动脉体化学感受器活动的影响

在29只家兔的颈动脉体-窦神经标本,记录了55个窦神经中化学感受性传入单位的电活动。结果如下：（1）灌流液pH降低时,所有单位的放电均增加,频率由0．86±0．21增至1．75±040imp／s（P＜0.001）。（2）在灌洗液中加入尼古丁（1,3,6,10和15μg/ml）后,10个单位的自发放电频率,由0．60±0.21分别增加到0．96±0．21,1．19±0.30,1．24±0．29,1．48±0．41和1．82±0．39imp／s,呈明显的剂量依赖性肝（r=0．94,P＜O．001）。简箭毒可阻断尼古丁的作用,但对自发放电无显著影响。（3）当以酸性Locke氏溶液灌流标本时,19个单位的放电频率由0.95±0．34增至1.84±0．55imp／s;在酸性灌流液中加入尼古丁后,放电频率由0.96±0．25增至1．53±0．24imp／s;与单纯酸刺激时相比,放电频率增加幅度减小（P＜0．05）。（4）17个自发放电频率为1.08±0．33imp／s的单位,换以酸性Locke氏液灌流后,放电频率增加到1．64±0．43imp／s;加筒箭毒后,由对照的1.01±0.34增至1．70±0．43imp／s;灌流液pH降低时筒箭毒对化学感受性单位放电频率的变化无显著影响。上述结果提示：（1）ACh在颈动脉体化学感受性功能方面可能仅起调质的作用。（2）pH降低时颈动脉体化学感受性功能活动增强与N-型胆碱能受体     

构树形成层活动周期中过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的变化

同工酶分析表明：在构树（Ｂｒｏｕｓｓｏｎｅｔｉａ ｐａｐｙｒｉｆｅｒａ （Ｌ．） Ｖｅｎｔ．）形成层活动周期中, 形成层区域和木质部中过氧化物酶酶带变化最大,参与ＩＡＡ 浓度调节的酶带在晚材形成前出现,当其它生长停止、韧皮部仍在分化时又消失,完全休眠后, 所有酶带又都出现。在周皮、形成层区域和木质部中,酯酶同工酶酶带变化明显与形成层活动有关,有些酶带只在木栓细胞和／或木质部细胞分化时出现     

Ontogenetic Changes in Root Nodule Subpopulations of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): I. NITROGENASE ACTIVITY AND RESPIRATION DURING POD-FILLING

Nitrogenase activity is commonly measured on a whole plant basis,or only on parts of the root system. In the present paper, activityin different root nodule subpopulations was followed throughoutreproductive growth, in order to characterize the pod-fillingdecline in nitrogenase activity. Inoculated common bean plantswere grown to maturity under controlled environment conditions.Nitrogenase activity (H₂ evolution in air) and nodule respiration(CO₂ evolution) were measured in three separate zones of theroot system with a non-destructive, open flow, gas-exchangesystem. Nitrogenase activity in the top zone drastically declinedat the initiation of pod-filling, whereas nitrogenase activityin the mid zone was stable during the same period. Hence, thepod-filling decline was limited to a certain nodule subpopulationand not of a systemic type. Nodule respiration showed a similar,but less pronounced pattern. The sharp decline in nitrogenaseactivity was not paralleled in nitrogenase specific activity.Nitrogenase activity is not likely to be limited by the availabilityof oxygen or carbohydrates at the onset of pod-filling becausespecific nodule respiration did not change significantly atthis time. In the top zone, nitrogenase specific activity declinedgradually throughout the measurements, whereas in the mid-partof the root system specific activity peaked and gradually declined2-4 weeks later. The dissimilarities between specific and totalnitrogenase activity were explained by differences in nodulegrowth rates. The data suggest that the oldest nodule populationloses activity at the onset of pod-filling. At the same time,nodules grow and nitrogenase activity increases in younger distalparts of the root system. Estimating total nitrogen fixationin this symbiosis by partial sampling of nodulated root systemsis likely to be very misleading. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, respiration, pod-filling decline, Phaseolus vulgaris, ontogeny     

DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE COTYLEDONS OF LUPINUS LUTEUS L. DURING AND AFTER GERMINATION

Cotyledons of Lupinus luteus were sampled from 1 to 21 days after sowing and processed for light microscopy and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Length, width, and surface area of the cotyledons increased gradually until day 10. The thickness of the cotyledons increased from day 7 to day 12 and decreased thereafter. Morphometric analyses showed that the increase in length, width, and thickness of the cotyledon was due to cell expansion, and the decrease in thickness of the cotyledon was due to the decrease in the length of abaxial cells and in the total number of cells. Mesophyll development accompanied schizogenous and lysigenous air space formation. There were two structurally distinct types of protein bodies. Protein bodies in five to six layers of cells on the abaxial side did not contain globoids, while globoids were prominent in protein bodies in the center and adaxial side. Storage protein mobilization occurred first in the abaxial side of the cotyledon and proceeded toward the adaxial side. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that proteins ranged from 97 to 14 kD. High molecular weight α- and ß-conglutinins were more abundant in the abaxial region, whereas γ-conglutinin occurred in both abaxial and adaxial regions. In addition, there were five minor bands between 97 and 43 kD unique to abaxial region and five minor bands between 43 and 14 kD unique to adaxial region in the nonreduced protein profiles. The α- and ß-conglutinins began to decrease after imbibition and disappeared by day 7 after sowing. At this stage the subunits of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and four new minor bands appeared.     

CHANGES OF APPARENT IONIC MOBILITIES IN PROTOPLASM : IV. INFLUENCE OF GUAIACOL ON THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN NITELLA

In Nitella, as in Halicystis, guaiacol increases the mobility of Na⁺ in the outer protoplasmic surface but leaves the mobility of K⁺ unaffected. This differs from the situation in Valonia where the mobility of Na⁺ is increased and that of K⁺ is decreased. The partition coefficient of Na⁺ in the outer protoplasmic surface is increased and that of K⁺ left unchanged. Recovery after the action current is delayed in the presence of guaiacol and the action curves are "square topped."     

PHOTOCONTROL OF THE ORIENTATION OF CELL DIVISION IN ADIANTUM. I. EFFECTS OF THE DARK AND RED PERIODS IN THE APICAL CELL OF GAMETOPHYTES

When protonemata of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. which had been grown filamentously under continuous red light were transferred to continuous white light, the apical cell divided transversely twice, but the 3rd division was longitudinal. An intervening period of darkness lasting from 0 to 90 hr either between the 1st and the 2nd cell division or between the 2nd and the 3rd one did not affect the number of protonemata in which the 3rd cell division was longitudinal. The insertion of red light instead of darkness greatly decreased the percentage of 1st longitudinal divisions occurring at the 3rd division, and increased the number of transverse divisions. Fifty percent reduction of induction of 1st longitudinal division was caused by ca. 50 hr exposure to red light between 1st and 2nd division and by ca. 20 hr between 2nd and 3rd division, and total loss was induced by an exposure of ca. 100 hr or longer to red light in the former and by ca. 40 hr longer in the latter. Thus, by using an appropriate intervening dark period or exposure to red light, the orientation and timing of cell division could be controlled in apical cell of the fern protonemata.     

Physiological Studies on Germination of Phaseolus mungo Seeds: I. DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATION AND CHANGES IN THE CONTENTS OF CONSTITUENTS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF GERMINATION

Changes in respiration rate and in the contents of various constituentsduring the early period of germination of Phaseolus mungo seedswere studied. The course of the respiration developed in threephases. A sharp rise was observed in the first phase (Phasea), followed by the second phase (Phase b) of fairly constantrespiration rate. The respiration rate increases again in thethird phase (Phase c). The O² uptake in Phases a and b was notinhibited by iodoacetate and fluoroacetate, while that in Phasec was inhibited. The contents of aspartic and glutamic acidsand amides were very high. A decrease of aspartic acid contentwas notable during the first few hours of germination. Citricand malic acids were the major organic acid constituents. Citricacid content in the seeds decreased, while that of malic acidremained unchanged. The leaching of malic acid into the soakingmedium was remarkable during the first 6 h of imbibition