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以时空替代的方法,将针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林的次生林与成熟林等3个处于同一空间下的群落作为次生演替进程中的3个阶段,研究云南普洱地区次生演替过程中的木本植物幼苗更新特征,分析了次生演替过程中木本植物幼苗的物种组成、密度、高度级及与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:在8个共144 m2的幼苗样地中调查木本植物幼苗101种2014株,其中乔木幼苗是主要组成。随着次生演替的进行,木本植物幼苗、乔木与藤本幼苗密度逐渐增加,灌木幼苗密度无显著变化;藤本植物幼苗的物种丰富度随着次生演替进行而增加,乔木与灌木幼苗则无显著变化,成熟季风常绿阔叶林中木本植物幼苗Shannon-Wiener指数要显著小于针阔混交林与次生季风常绿阔叶林。次生与成熟季风常绿阔叶林木本植物幼苗多度随高度级增加而减少,针阔混交林则呈现偏峰曲线,幼苗密度均集中分布在高度20 cm以内,3个群落演替阶段木本植物幼苗物种丰富度随高度级增加呈现偏锋曲线。相似性系数反映出乔木和藤本幼苗的更新来源与群落的物种组成存在着紧密的联系。乔木幼苗密度分布与样地坡度之间存在着显著的负相关,灌木幼苗密度与土壤pH值之间存在着显著正相关。 相似文献
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蒙古栎和紫椴幼苗对光环境转变的光合作用响应 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
比较研究了从温室5%光强转到10%、30%和100%光强处理下,蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗的光合能力和叶绿素荧光的响应,揭示了两个树种对光环境变化的不同适应情况及其光保护机制。结果表明,光强转换后两种幼苗都发生了严重光抑制,蒙古栎幼苗的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)在光强转变后第3天降到最低(0.52),紫椴幼苗在光强转变后第1天就降到了最低(0.67),蒙古栎降低幅度明显高于紫椴。之后随着光适应时间的延长逐渐恢复到原有水平,说明短时期的光抑制没有对两种幼苗的光合机构造成光损伤;从不同光照条件来看,无论是最大净光合速率(Pmax),还是实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ),2种幼苗均为30%光强下的值高于10%和100%光强,说明过低或过高的光强都不利于幼苗的生长发育,只有适当的中光才利于幼苗的生长发育;与30%光强相比,蒙古栎幼苗100%光强下Pmax、Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、NPQ的变化幅度远大于紫椴幼苗,表明高光强对蒙古栎幼苗的影响要大于紫椴;100%光强下,2种幼苗均通过大量增加非光化学淬灭(NPQ)、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素之比(Car/Chl)耗散过剩光能,降低单位鲜重叶绿素含量(Chl)以减少光能吸收,避免了光合机构光破坏。 相似文献
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为了更好地理解濒危植物闽楠幼苗天然更新与微环境的关系,以广西富川县蚌贝村闽楠天然林胸径5.0 cm以下的更新个体为研究对象。基于0.64 hm2固定监测样地调查数据,采用Pearson相关系数、冗余分析等方法对幼苗更新密度与样地微环境因子关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)闽楠小幼苗更新个体数最多,随龄级增加更新密度呈下降趋势;幼苗向幼树转化率低,小幼苗向中幼苗转化率是闽楠更新成功的关键阶段;(2)闽楠幼苗更新密度与样地灌木层高度、最近母树距离、灌木层覆盖度极显著正相关,与样地光照、草本层覆盖度显著负相关; (3)灌木层高度、最近母树的距离、灌木层覆盖度、叶面积指数、光照、草本层覆盖度、凋落物厚度、土壤盐分是影响闽楠幼苗更新的主要微环境因子,光照和草本层覆盖度是闽楠幼苗更新的限制因子。因此,降低光照强度、减少草本层的覆盖度、增大灌木层的覆盖度等有利于闽楠种群更新发展。 相似文献
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上官瑶瑶;苏世平;顾雪丹;张正中;赵祜;李毅;魏星宇 《植物生态学报》2025,(5):788-800
为更好地理解红砂幼苗生长和发育的调控机制,为荒漠植物的培育与恢复提供一定的参考,该研究以一年生红砂(Reaumuria songarica)幼苗为材料,使用LED灯作为光源,设置了3种光周期和6种光质配比进行交叉培养。通过测定红砂幼苗的株高、分枝数、生物量以及光合色素含量来评估其生长情况,探究光周期和光质配比对其生长的影响。结果表明:适当的光周期和光质配比对红砂幼苗的生长和发育具有重要作用。增加光照时间可以促进红砂生长。在红蓝光比为3:1光质配比下,日光照时间14、16 h相较于12 h,株高增长率分别增加了20.20%和88.47%。在红蓝光比为1:3光质配比下,日光照时间为14、16 h,一级枝的数量比光照12 h分别增加了6.67%和66.67%,地下生物量分别增加了259.85%和551.82%。高比例红光和高比例蓝光处理会促进红砂幼苗生长,但株高增长率和一级分枝数的变化趋势相反。在红蓝光比为4:1的光质配比下,株高增长率随光周期呈增加趋势,而一级分枝数则呈下降趋势;而在红蓝光比为1:4的光质配比下,株高增长率和一级分枝数量的变化趋势则相反。综合应用主成分分析法和隶属函数法,显示12 h光周期、红蓝光比例为4:1和12 h光周期、红蓝光比例为1:4处理下红砂幼苗的生长状况较好。 相似文献
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热带森林是地球上生物多样性最高和生态功能最为强大的植被类型之一,在维护全球生态平衡中起着至关重要的作用,同时也为人类社会提供着多种多样的物质资源和生态系统服务。然而热带森林是目前生物多样性消失最快和生态功能退化最为严重的生态系统之一,如何有效地保护现存的热带森林不再进一步退化,以及如何使已经退化的生态系统尽快得到恢复是生态学工作者面临的重要议题。不同方式、规模和强度的干扰对热带林的破坏程度及其以后的恢复过程产生的影响不同。除少数大型自然干扰事件外,采伐、刀耕火种、农业开发用地等人为干扰是造成当前热带森林植被大面积退化的主要原因。多种干扰交互作用、杂草与外来物种入侵、退化植被和土壤状况、残存植被组分及土壤种子库、退化植被周围的景观格局以及全球气候变化等因素都能够影响热带森林植被恢复的速度和方向。基于功能群的研究思想将可能为物种丰富的热带森林植被恢复的研究提供一个全新途径。 相似文献
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哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林及不同类型次生植被的幼苗更新特征 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用空间代替时间的方法,对云南哀牢山徐家坝地区湿性常绿阔叶林及不同类型次生植被中木本植物幼苗的种类组成、数量及更新方式等进行了调查.结果表明:在所有调查样地中,共记录到木本植物幼苗46种,其中乔木31种、灌木15种.荒草地、滇山杨林、栎类萌生林、原生林4种不同植被类型的幼苗密度分别是(421.9±59.5)、(34.4±8.1)、(31.6±7.2)、(18.5±6.6)株·25 m-2.随着演替的进行,灌木的比例逐渐减小,乔木的比例则逐渐增加.在森林恢复演替过程中,处于演替初期的荒草地灌木萌生更新占优势,到了演替后期则以乔木萌生幼苗更新为主.随着群落演替进程的增加,幼苗密度逐渐减少,幼苗生活型和木本植物的幼苗更新方式均发生变化. 相似文献
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Question: What changes occur as a consequence of the massive flowering and senescence of the dominant understory species of bamboo, Chusquea culeou (E. Desvaux)? In this study, we documented some of the ecological consequences of this rare event that occurred in 2001, the previous flowering having occurred more than 60 years ago. Location: Nothofagus temperate forest, Patagonia, Argentina. Methods: We assessed changes in environmental variables and bamboo biomass post‐flowering in an old‐growth southern beech forest. In addition, we monitored the demography of emergent Ch. culeou seedling and Nothofagus nervosa saplings, comparing non‐flowered (live understory) and flowered (senescent understory) patches within the forest matrix. Results: Bamboo flowering dramatically increased light availability in the forest understory but, surprisingly, other environmental changes were not observed. Bamboo seedlings emerged in both patch types, and experienced gradual but modest mortality through time. Bamboo dieback promoted higher survivorship and an increment in biomass, height, number of leaves and buds in the saplings of Nothofagus nervosa. Conclusion: The high density of bamboo seedlings 5 years after the flowering event and the independence of emergence from environmental variables suggest that understory regeneration is a gradual process that is not strongly regulated by initial seedling density or resource limitation. In contrast, microenvironmental conditions created after the flowering event significantly increased Nothofagus sapling growth and survival. These results suggest that overstory forest regeneration could be enhanced in this temperate forest in the first years after this infrequent bamboo flowering event. 相似文献
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亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中凋落物动态分析 总被引:30,自引:2,他引:30
从森林凋落物入手,采用空间代替时间的方法对不同恢复阶段的10龄、30龄、40龄、50龄及60龄的亚高山人工云杉林的生态学过程进行了研究,并以原始林为对照,比较了人工恢复与自然演替不同恢复途径下森林凋落物动态特征的差异.结果表明,人工林恢复过程中,森林地表枯枝落叶层贮量、养分贮量及最大持水量总体上呈现先减少后增加,在恢复后的50年达到最大,并逐渐趋于平缓或略微减少的变化趋势.60龄人工林枯枝落叶层贮量、养分贮量及最大持水量比原始林存在较大差距,分别为70.21×10^3、4.73×10^3和89.98×10^3kg·hm^-2,仅占原始林枯枝落叶层各特征的48,40%、46.79%和46.99%.人工林和次生林恢复约40年后,森林凋落节律、年凋落量及养分归还量相似;但凋落物组分含量、地表枯枝落叶层贮量及结构、养分贮量及最大持水量差异较大,说明人工林生态功能的恢复滞后于次生林,生物多样性的不同是导致这种差异的主要原因之一. 相似文献
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Restoration of areas used for intensive even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) plantations often involves felling and subsequent spontaneous vegetation succession. However, the accumulated litter layer may hamper vegetation development, and thereby postpone recovery or even change the outcome.We studied effects of the litter layer on vegetation establishment during two seasons following a clear-cut of Norway spruce in Denmark. We experimentally assessed the response of multiple vegetation properties to litter removal, with and without wildlife exclusion by fencing, and in combination with sowing of trees, while fencing. Burning was tested as an alternative way to remove the litter layer.Vegetation establishment was poor, when the litter layer was intact, and cover developed slowly remaining below 10% after two years, irrespective of fencing. In contrast, litter removal and fencing together gave significantly faster recovery and reached nearly 60% mean cover. Vegetation cover was driven by few dominant species, especially the sedge Carex pilulifera. Species richness was similar in all treatments, but increased with sowing of trees. Fencing resulted in taller birch seedlings independently of litter removal, but enhanced by seedling density. Litter removal seemed to favor species with lighter seeds, lower specific leaf area (SLA) and lower Ellenberg N value, i.e. associated with relative infertile conditions. Disturbing the litter by burning seemed to have an effect comparable to mechanical removal, and could be a management alternative.Our results showed that a persistent litter layer after spruce plantation removal may hamper the initial vegetation establishment. Actively removing litter may serve as an additional restoration intervention to overcome this legacy. However, as grazing can keep this potential in check, wildlife exclusion may be necessary as well. To speed up recovery and diversify vegetation structure after spruce plantation removal, we suggest patchy disturbance of the litter, essentially combined with wildlife exclusion. 相似文献
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The concept of ecological memory provides a new perspective for research on forest succession by including historical factors and the initial state of ecological processes. However, there are still significant gaps between the concept and its application. We selected nine proxy indicators (plant species, soil seed banks, soil microbes, soil animals, birds, soil age, soil pollen, soil mineral distribution, and light environment) and developed a method to quantify ecological memory and succession in a subtropical forest succession in South China. Taking the climax-monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest as the reference ecosystem, we found that ecological memory increased nonlinearly and accumulated following a specific assembly rule during succession. Memory concerning major soil microbes and soil animals, which improve the soil substrate, mainly accumulated from the initial to the early successional stage. Memory concerning the number of bird species and the availability of light, which ensure a source of regenerative seeds and the survival of understory seedlings, mainly accumulated from the early to middle successional stages. Memory concerning vegetation and soil seed banks mainly accumulated late in succession, guaranteeing that the ecosystem would reach the regional climax stage. Prospective memory was greater than retrospective memory in every successional stage except the late stage, which indicated that all stages but the late stage were undergoing progressive succession. Our study demonstrates that the concept of ecological memory and the proposed evaluation framework are useful for guiding research on succession and restoration, and especially for assessing how “far” a restored ecosystem is from a reference ecosystem or how far a restored ecosystem has deviated from its natural succession trajectory. 相似文献
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为了阐明秦岭巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)种群的结构特征和动态规律,对位于秦岭中段南坡佛坪保护区内不同海拔分布的巴山冷杉种群的年龄结构、生命表以及存活曲线等进行了研究。结果表明: 在海拔2350、2500和2700 m,巴山冷杉种群都表现为衰退型,种群个体主要聚集在中龄级,幼龄级的个体都极度缺乏。在各海拔巴山冷杉种群生命表中,死亡量(dx)、死亡率(qx)和消失率(Kx)都为负值,反映了种群幼龄个体的缺乏程度。随着海拔的升高,幼龄级个体数量增加而大龄级个体数量减少。巴山冷杉种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,巴山冷杉种群个体存活量最多的年龄级和出现最大死亡率的年龄级都随着海拔的降低而依次后推。随着海拔的升高,巴山冷杉种群的分布格局由随机分布类型过渡为聚集分布类型。 相似文献
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溴氰菊酯连续暴露对罗非鱼血清乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以罗非鱼为受试生物,研究了不同水温(23℃~27 ℃)对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响,并在此基础上研究了不同浓度(1.0、2.0、3.0、5.0和10.0 μg·L-1)溴氰菊酯暴露下,罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的动态变化.水温分别为23℃和27℃时,乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性分别为(2.75±0.21)和(2.73±0.26)U·ml-1,活性波动范围分别为-12.0%~13.1%和-11.0%~14.2%.水温为(25±1)℃,染毒10 d时,2.0μg·L-1以上浓度的溴氰菊酯对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶具有明显的抑制作用;染毒20 d时,2.0μg·L-1以上浓度的溴氰菊酯对其抑制率均超过40%;染毒25 d时,5.0 μg·L-1的溴氰菊酯对其抑制率达到最大,为62.3%.实验结果表明:水温在23℃~27℃的波动不会对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性产生显著影响;水温为(25±1)℃时,高浓度溴氰菊酯(≥2.0 μg·L-1)会对罗非鱼血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性产生抑制作用,而且抑制率随染毒时间的延长呈增加趋势. 相似文献
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Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) is a simple, low‐cost forest restoration method that can effectively convert deforested lands of degraded vegetation to more productive forests. The method aims to accelerate, rather than replace, natural successional processes by removing or reducing barriers to natural forest regeneration such as soil degradation, competition with weedy species, and recurring disturbances (e.g., fire, grazing, and wood harvesting). Compared to conventional reforestation methods involving planting of tree seedlings, ANR offers significant cost advantages because it reduces or eliminates the costs associated with propagating, raising, and planting seedlings. It is most effectively utilized at the landscape level in restoring the protective functions of forests such as watershed protection and soil conservation. ANR techniques are flexible and allow for the integration of various values such as timber production, biodiversity recovery, and cultivation of crops, fruit trees, and non‐timber forest products in the restored forest. This paper describes the steps of applying ANR and conditions under which it will be most effective. It also discusses ANR’s comparative advantages as well as some of its constraints. 相似文献
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Pedro H. S. Brancalion Daniella Schweizer Ulysse Gaudare Julia R. Mangueira Fernando Lamonato Fabiano T. Farah André G. Nave Ricardo R. Rodrigues 《Biotropica》2016,48(6):856-867
Forest restoration requires strategies such as passive restoration to balance financial investments and ecological outcomes. However, the ecological outcomes of passive restoration are traditionally regarded as uncertain. We evaluated technical and legal strategies for balancing economic costs and ecological outcomes of passive versus active restoration in agricultural landscapes. We focused in the case of Brazil, where we assessed the factors driving the proportion of land allocated to passive and active restoration in 42 programs covering 698,398 hectares of farms in the Atlantic Forest, Atlantic Forest/cerrado ecotone and Amazon; the ecological outcomes of passive and active restoration in 2955 monitoring plots placed in six restoration programs; and the legal framework developed by some Brazilian states to balance the different restoration approaches and comply with legal commitments. Active restoration had the highest proportion of land allocated to it (78.4%), followed by passive (14.2%) and mixed restoration (7.4%). Passive restoration was higher in the Amazon, in silviculture, and when remaining forest cover was over 50 percent. Overall, both restoration approaches showed high levels of variation in the ecological outcomes; nevertheless, passively restored areas had a smaller percentage canopy cover, lower species density, and less shrubs and trees (dbh > 5 cm). The studied legal frameworks considered land abandonment for up to 4 years before deciding on a restoration approach, to favor the use of passive restoration. A better understanding of the biophysical and socioeconomic features of areas targeted for restoration is needed to take a better advantage of their natural regeneration potential. 相似文献
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The first few years of tropical forest restoration can be expensive, especially when applied to expansive areas. In light of this, passive restoration has been recommended as a considerably cheaper or even free alternative. There are, however, both direct and indirect costs associated with passive restoration. First, the longer recovery time that is typically required in passive restoration can be perceived as project failure, especially when compared with nearby active restoration efforts. In the worst‐case scenario, this can lead to the premature termination of a project by a landowner who would like to see more rapid or visible results. Second, passive restoration may be viewed as land abandonment, and in developing nations where land tenure is not always strictly enforced this may invite unanticipated uses, such as ranchers who may unintentionally or intentionally allow livestock to take advantage of the “unused” forage grass, thus setting back recovery efforts. Lastly, passive restoration does have direct financial costs, including material costs for establishing fences and repairing them, and labor costs for site vigilance. These upfront investments may need to be made repeatedly in passive restoration efforts, and for a longer time period than for an active restoration project. Both the direct and indirect costs should be considered prior to choosing passive restoration as a strategy in a particular restoration project. 相似文献