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1.
Summary The process of fertilization and the sperm storage in the female apparatus in Parascaris equorum is described in this paper. The sperm approaches the egg by means of pseudopodia containing bundles of microfilaments. The sperm and egg membranes fuse and the sperm penetrates progressively into the ovum. The egg and sperm plasma membranes and glycocalyces disappear at the point of fusion. At the end of fertilization, they are reformed at the egg's surface, while the egg and sperm chromatin begins to decondense. Spermatozoa are stored in the female apparatus prior to fertilization; here they come into contact with the epithelial cells of the spermatheca, protruding pseudopodia rich in microfilaments into the cellular body. 相似文献
2.
R J Jorgensen 《International journal for parasitology》1975,5(2):199-202
The infective stage of the cattle lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, was able to migrate in agar gel when activated by bile. The number of larvae which penetrated the upper surface of a 2 mm thick agar layer was counted and found to be independent from the agar concentration. Larvae which had migrated out of the agar remained on the surface and did not re-enter. The agar migration process was temperature dependent. Influence of time as well as dependency of agar thickness was investigated. The significance of these findings is discussed. 相似文献
3.
Chromosome organization and the phenomenon of chromatin diminution in the two species Parascaris univalens (2n=2) and P. equorum (2n=4) were cytologically analysed by a variety of staining techniques (Quinacrine, Hoechst 33258, Chromomycin A3 and C-banding). The results show that: (1) the chromosomes of the two species differ markedly in both the location and the type of heterochromatin they contain; (2) in both species there is a strong chromosome polymorphism which, however, ranges within a basic species-specific phenotype; (3) the heterochromatin can be eliminated in presomatic cells during early embryogenesis at two different stages and in both cases the consequence of this process is the generation of somatic cells with a 2n=60 karyotype. Moreover, evidence suggesting the sterility of hybrids between the two species is provided. 相似文献
4.
Identification of ecdysone 25-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside as a new metabolite of ecdysone in the nematode Parascaris equorum.
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The mechanism of inactivation of rodent ornithine decarboxylase by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) was studied using the inhibitor labelled with 14C in both the 1 and the 5 positions. [1-14C]DFMO was a substrate and was decarboxylated by the enzyme yielding 14CO2. A radioactive metabolite derived from [5-14C]DFMO was bound to the enzyme, and the extent of binding paralleled the irreversible inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase. The partition ratio of decarboxylation to binding was approx. 3.3. These results provide support for the postulated mechanism of action of DFMO [Metcalf, Bey, Danzin, Jung, Casera & Vevert (1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2551-2553], in which enzymic decarboxylation of the inhibitor leads to the generation of a conjugated imine, which then alkylates a nucleophilic residue on the enzyme. 相似文献
5.
Neil A. Croll 《International journal for parasitology》1977,7(3):201-204
The role of larval behaviour in successful completion of tissue migration is briefly discussed and it is related to the passive carriage of larvae along the ‘pipes and tubes’ of the host. Larvae of N. brasiliensis were injected into selected portions of the circulatory system and following periods of 5–60 min they were recovered from the blood, liver and lungs. Larvae were also immobilised in 0·4% piperazine, a dosage which permitted recovery in about 60 min. The dispersion of treated larvae was compared with that untreated controls. It was found that larvae were carried very rapidly in the blood stream and that they became lodged in the first capillary bed that they entered. They could not pass through capillary beds without movements (and/or secretions). A decreased number of adults developed after larvae were introduced via a series of routes which required the larvae to pass through an increasing number of ‘hurdles’ to migration. 相似文献
6.
Summary Receptors for Concanavalin A (Con A), were localized on the intestinal epithelium of the nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum. Fixed tissue incubated in 3H-Con A showed labeling of the microvilli surface and basal membrane. Using Con A coupled with peroxidase, the tips of the microvilli of Ascaris suum and the tips and lateral surfaces of Parascaris equorum were stained. The basal membrane of both species was also labeled. No labeling was observed on control tissue incubated without Con A or on tissue incubated with Con A to which -methyl-D-mannoside was added. 相似文献
7.
《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2015,9(7):1230-1238
Carotenoids are important for human health because of their provitamin A function among other biological actions. Their implication on consumer point of view of cattle products have been widely studied, but very little information is available for horse products. The aim of this study was to study the accumulation of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherol by HPLC and HPLC-MS analysis in different horse tissues (plasma, milk, adipose tissue and liver) and compare it with that of cattle. Fat color was also studied. Four groups of animals were studied (15 animals within each group): lactating mares (709.82±23.09 kg) and cows (576.93±31.94 kg) reared outdoors; and foals (556.8±25.9 kg, 14 months old) and calves (474.7±36.2 kg, 14 months old) reared indoors. Both mares and foals were from the Hispano–Breton breed, whereas both cows and calves belonged to the commercial crossbred Limousine–Retinta. Differences in plasma and milk carotenoids (P<0.05, P<0.001) were found between mares and cows. Similar levels of vitamin A accumulation in the plasma and fat were detected in foals and calves (P>0.05). Both species showed different levels of accumulation of retinoids in the liver, with the foal having better accumulation (P<0.01, P<0.001). These results indicate that there are species-specific differences in the accumulation of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol, but further studies are required to establish the mechanism of these differences. 相似文献
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9.
A. G. Matthews 《Animal genetics》1979,10(3):181-184
Evidence is presented to suggest that the acidic prealbumin esterases in horse serum represent a protease-inhibitory protein. The esterase activity may arise from residual enzymic activity of the bound protease. 相似文献
10.
《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2014,8(8):1290-1297
Agroecology opens up new perspectives for the design of sustainable farming systems by using the stimulation of natural processes to reduce the inputs needed for production. In horse farming systems, the challenge is to maximize the proportion of forages in the diet, and to develop alternatives to synthetic chemical drugs for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes. Lactating saddle mares, with high nutritional requirements, are commonly supplemented with concentrates at pasture, although the influence of energy supplementation on voluntary intake, performance and immune response against parasites has not yet been quantified. In a 4-month study, 16 lactating mares experimentally infected with cyathostome larvae either received a daily supplement of barley (60% of energy requirements for lactation) or were non-supplemented. The mares were rotationally grazed on permanent pastures over three vegetation cycles. All the mares met their energy requirements and maintained their body condition score higher than 3. In both treatments, they produced foals with a satisfying growth rate (cycle 1: 1293 g/day; cycle 2: 1029 g/day; cycle 3: 559 g/day) and conformation (according to measurements of height at withers and cannon bone width at 11 months). Parasite egg excretion by mares increased in both groups during the grazing season (from 150 to 2011 epg), independently of whether they were supplemented or not. This suggests that energy supplementation did not improve mare ability to regulate parasite burden. Under unlimited herbage conditions, grass dry matter intake by supplemented mares remained stable around 22.6 g DM/kg LW per day (i.e. 13.5 kg DM/al per day), whereas non-supplemented mares increased voluntary intake from 22.6 to 28.0 g DM/kg LW per day (13.5 to 17.2 kg DM/al per day) between mid-June and the end of August. Hence total digestible dry matter intake and net energy intake did not significantly differ between supplemented and non-supplemented mares during the second and third cycles. In conclusion, supplementing lactating mares at pasture should not be systematic because their adaptive capacities enable to increase herbage intake and ensure foal growth. Further research is needed to determine the herbage allowance threshold below which supplementation is required. 相似文献
11.
The soil actinomycete Rhodococcus equi is a pulmonary pathogen of young horses and AIDS patients. As a facultative intracellular bacterium, R. equi survives and multiplies in macrophages and establishes its specific niche inside the host cell. Recent research into chromosomal virulence factors and into the role of virulence plasmids in infection and host tropism has presented novel aspects of R. equi infection biology and pathogenicity. This review will focus on new findings in R. equi biology, the trafficking of R. equi -containing vacuoles inside host cells, factors involved in virulence and host resistance and on host–pathogen interaction on organismal and cellular levels. 相似文献
12.
C P Ogbourne 《International journal for parasitology》1975,5(4):423-426
Observations are reported on the size and age structure of Stronglyus vulgaris populations recovered from the anterior mesenteric artery and its main branches of horses slaughtered at regular intervals throughout a year. Marked seasonal variations were found in the mean monthly numbers of worms present. During spring/early summer the numbers were relatively low and a large proportion of the arteries had no worms in them at all. Thereafter, the arterial worm burdens quite rapidly increased and the highest levels were reached during the winter months. During summer, small, newly-arrived larvae were quite abundant but by the end of the year well-developed (fifth-stage and late fourth-stage) worms predominated. These observations support the view that S. vulgaris is in Britain an annual species completing its development mainly during the winter months of the year. 相似文献
13.
《Anthrozo?s》2013,26(3):255-272
AbstractHorses are used worldwide for a range of activities. Their usefulness and welfare in these pursuits are strongly influenced by their trainability, which may in turn be influenced by learning ability. Handling and riding horses can expose both handler and horse to a considerable risk of injury. This risk can be reduced by employing correct handling procedures that can facilitate learning in horses. As with all training, efficacy is influenced by consistency and timing. To determine the optimum timing of reinforcement, 16 unweaned naïve foals, that had previously undergone minimal human–animal interaction (i.e., not had a headcollar previously applied), of warmblood (WB; n = 6), thoroughbred (TB; n = 5) or warmblood x thoroughbred (WB x TB; n = 6) breeding were randomly assigned to three treatment groups for testing on ten training days at approximately 14-day intervals. Pressure applied to a headcollar via a lead rope was used as the stimulus for each foal to walk forward, and this was repeated until the foal had walked a distance of 8 m. The effects of three different latencies of negative reinforcement were evaluated by releasing the pressure either immediately: as the first foreleg step commenced (Treatment 1); when the second step of the forelegs was completed (Treatment 2) or when the fourth step of the forelegs was completed (Treatment 3). Each foal's rate of learning was measured by the proportion of correct responses relative to the total number of responses performed. Behavioral responses exhibited (rears, strikes, head shakes, falls, sideways movement and hops) and the steps taken over the distance were also recorded.Initially, the foals undergoing Treatment 1 appeared to learn more quickly than those foals undergoing Treatments 2 and 3, suggesting that Treatment 1 was associated with the greatest compliance and the quickest learning. However, the foals undergoing Treatment 3 ultimately achieved significantly (p < 0.001) more correct responses, suggesting that the longer delay of reinforcement (i.e., the longer duration of aversive stimulus) may enhance learning via the negative reinforcement inherent in lead training in foals. While some conflict behaviors were shown in all treatment groups, most were exhibited on training day 2. This was reflected in the analysis of composite behaviors performed, with training days 1 and 2 being different (p < 0.001) from training day 3, and training days 1–3 being different (p < 0.001) from training days 4–10. These changes indicate that learning occurred in all treatment groups.The foals used in this study were sired by five different stallions. While the foals sired by stallion 2 (WB) performed significantly (p < 0.001) more correct responses, those foals sired by WB stallions were significantly (p < 0.001) less likely to perform correct responses when compared with those foals of TB or WB x TB breeding. Colts were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to perform correct responses than were fillies. 相似文献
14.
Chemokines are vertebrate‐specific, structurally related proteins that function primarily in controlling cell movements by activating specific 7‐transmembrane receptors. Chemokines play critical roles in a large number of biological processes and are also involved in a range of pathological conditions. For these reasons, chemokines are at the focus of studies in developmental biology and of clinically oriented research aimed at controlling cancer, inflammation, and immunological diseases. The small size of the zebrafish embryos, their rapid external development, and optical properties as well as the large number of eggs and the fast expansion in genetic tools available make this model an extremely useful one for studying the function of chemokines and chemokine receptors in an in vivo setting. Here, we review the findings relevant to the role that chemokines play in the context of directed single‐cell migration, primarily in neutrophils and germ cells, and compare it to the collective cell migration of the zebrafish lateral line. We present the current knowledge concerning the formation of the chemokine gradient, its interpretation within the cell, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular response to chemokine signals during directed migration. 相似文献
15.
Paul Prociv 《International journal for parasitology》1989,19(8):891-896
When eggs of T. pteropodis were fed in large doses to juveniles of a definitive host, Pteropus poliocephalus, larvae hatched throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The majority penetrated the mucosa of the distal half of the intestine, to reach the liver via the portal circulation. A few entered the lymphatics to eventually reach the liver by passing through the lungs and migrating tracheally or continuing in the systemic circulation. Patent infections did not develop. Eggs inoculated subcutaneously also hatched and larvae again reached the liver, travelling via the circulation through the lungs and often other tissues; again, some underwent tracheal migration. Infective larvae of T. canis, identical in size with T. pteropodis, passed through the liver and lungs and dispersed mainly to skeletal muscles, but with time gradually accumulated in the brain. These findings indicate that Toxocara larval distribution is not primarily influenced by larval dimensions but reflects goal-directed behaviour. 相似文献
16.
It was shown in several cell types that the dual lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitor eicosatetraynoic acid but not the cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid suppressed luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Since lipoxygenase is known to generate chemiluminescence in vitro, these observations were interpreted as evidence for a direct contribution of the lipoxygenase pathway to light emission in intact cells. We have investigated a possible contribution of the lipoxygenase to the chemiluminescence of horse eosinophils by directly comparing the formation of the byproduct chemiluminescence with the formation of stable end-products of the lipoxygenase pathway, leukotrienes and HETEs. Azide as well as eicosatetraynoic acid almost completely inhibited chemiluminescence stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187 but had less effect on the formation of leukotrienes. The tumour-promoting ester, phorbol myristate acetate, stimulated chemiluminescence in an azide- and eicosatetraynoic acid-sensitive manner and failed to evoke the production of leukotrienes. Azide, but also eicosatetraynoic acid inhibited the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence generated by isolated eosinophil peroxidase in the presence of H2O2. Our results argue against a direct role of the lipoxygenase pathway in the generation of light in horse eosinophilic leukocytes but do not exclude that product(s) of this pathway may be involved in stimulus-response coupling. 相似文献
17.
Wild horses (Equus caballus) are a non‐native species occupying over 2800 km2 of the nationally significant Australian Alps National Parks. We estimated key demographic parameters (fecundity, adult and juvenile survival and annual finite population growth rate) over 3 years and related these to horse body condition and available food for three populations under natural conditions, and found a trend consistent with food limitation. The populations were independent, with different site characteristics and occupied areas, identified by land managers, as areas of concern about possible conservation impacts. Annual fecundity and juvenile survival varied across sites averaging between 0.21 and 0.31 female young per adult female, and 0.83 and 0.90 per annum, respectively, and annual adult survival was consistent across sites averaging 0.91 per annum. One population was increasing (λ = 1.09 year?1; 95% CI 1.04–1.14) and two populations were stable (λ ~ 1.0 year?1). Mean body condition of horses was positively correlated with mean pasture biomass rank. Across the three populations, fecundity, recruitment, body condition and annual finite population growth rate were lowest when mean pasture biomass rank was lowest and conversely highest when pasture rank was highest. We conclude that food limitation appears to be operating across these three sites. We used our results to assess the sensitivity of annual finite rate of increase (λ) to changes in key demographic parameters and found that λ was most sensitive to a change in adult survival, with the second most sensitive parameter being fecundity. Thus, if the aim of management is to reduce the size of the wild horse population then targeting adult survival is most important, followed by fecundity. Finally, we estimated the linear, negative, numerical response for wild horses between annual λ and horses per unit pasture biomass. 相似文献
18.
19.
Gastric evacuation experiments were performed on horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus. Discrete meals of different sizes of krill Meganyctiphanes norvegicus, mysids Neomysis integer , brown shrimp Crangon crangon , and herring Clupea harengus were fed to test the effect of prey type on the gastric evacuation. A general evacuation model without meal size as a variable was fitted to the data on dry weights by means of non-linear regression. With the exception of mysid evacuation the estimated parameters for curvature, predator weight effect, and temperature effect of the general evacuation model were very similar for all other food types and also confirmed the results obtained with smelt Osmerus eperlanus. In contrast the evacuation of mysids showed a strong exponential curvature, rather the effect of prey size than of prey type. The prey specific evacuation constants of the model revealed a linear relationship to the energy content. A general consumption model for field estimates is presented that can be used for prey types that have not yet been tested in the experiments, provided the energy content is known. 相似文献
20.
Shiue YL Bickel LA Caetano AR Millon LV Clark RS Eggleston ML Michelmore R Bailey E Guérin G Godard S Mickelson JR Valberg SJ Murray JD Bowling AT 《Animal genetics》1999,30(1):1-10
To generate a domestic horse genome map we integrated synteny information for markers screened on a somatic cell hybrid (SCH) panel with published information for markers physically assigned to chromosomes. The mouse-horse SCH panel was established by fusing pSV2neo transformed primary horse fibroblasts to either RAG or LMTk mouse cells, followed by G418 antibiotic selection. For each of the 108 cell lines of the panel, we defined the presence or absence of 240 genetic markers by PCR, including 58 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and 182 microsatellites. Thirty-three syntenic groups were defined, comprised of two to 26 markers with correlation coefficient (r) values ranging from 0.70 to 1.0. Based on significant correlation values with physically mapped microsatellite (type II) or gene (type I) markers, 22 syntenic groups were assigned to horse chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, X and Y). The other 11 syntenic groups were provisionally assigned to the remaining chromosomes based on information provided by heterologous species painting probes and work in progress with type I markers. 相似文献