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细胞凋亡作为一种生命体的主要细胞死亡方式,在清除多余或受感染细胞中发挥重要作用.尽管在组织或胚胎正常发育过程中,细胞凋亡诱导免痉反应比较温和,但在病毒感染或者对死亡受体(death receptor.DR)进行刺激时凋亡可以触发强烈的天然和获得性免疫反应.凋亡信号途径中的分子与免疫系统有着复杂的相互作用.本文综述了有关凋亡性死亡在诱导炎症,维持免疫系统动态平衡,促进免疫应答以及凋亡信号途径和免疫系统抗病毒机制相互关系等方面的研究成果,分析细胞凋亡所诱发免疫效应的机制. 相似文献
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磷酸化 tau 是阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer's disease , AD) 的特征性病理改变———神经原纤维缠结 (neurofibrillary tangles , NFTs) 的主要组成部分 . 最近的研究显示: NFT 存在 Glu391 和 Asp421 位点被截断的 tau 片段,然而, tau 蛋白的磷酸化是否会影响 caspase-3 的切割作用尚不清楚 . 首先纯化重组 tau 蛋白,然后利用蛋白激酶 A (PKA) 、钙 / 钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ ) 和乳鼠海马组织抽提液对其磷酸化,并用 caspase-3 对不同磷酸化的 tau 蛋白进行切割,比较 caspase-3 对非磷酸化和不同蛋白激酶磷酸化的 tau 蛋白的切割特性 . 结果显示:除切割非磷酸化 tau 蛋白外, caspase-3 在体外可分别切割被 PKA 、 CaMK Ⅱ和乳鼠海马组织抽提液磷酸化的 tau 蛋白 . 这一结果提示:磷酸化修饰的 tau 蛋白仍然是 caspase-3 的底物 . 相似文献
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真核细胞核膜上的核孔复合体 (nuclear pore complex, NPC) 是细胞核内外进行物质交换的主要通道, 分子量较小的化合物可自由通过NPC或采取被动扩散的方式进入细胞核, 而分子量为50 kD以上的蛋白质则只能通过主动转运进入细胞核. 以这种方式进入细胞核的 蛋白质必须在其氨基酸序列上拥有特殊的核定位信号(nuclear localization signal, NLS)以被相应的核转运蛋白(karyopherins) 识别. 核定位信号具有多样性, 包括经典核定位信号(classical NLS,cNLS), 内输蛋白β2识别的核定位信号(又称PY模体-NLS)和其它类型的NLS. 每一类NLS具有相似的特征, 但并不具有完全保守的氨基酸组成. 不同的NLS, 往往对应着各不相同的核输入机制. 而对同一蛋白质来说, 也可能同时拥有几个功能性的NLS. 研究核定位信号一方面可以帮助揭示新的大分子物质核转运机制, 另一方面也有助于发现一些蛋白质的新功能. 本文对常见NLS的分类进行了总结, 并介绍了两种常用的NLS预测软件及鉴定NLS的一般策略. 相似文献
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核定位信号筛选系统的构建 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
建立了一酵母克隆系统用于克隆含核定位信号 (NLS)的蛋白质的基因 .用表达转录因子GAL4 DNA结合域 - p53(GAL4- DBD- p53)融合蛋白的质粒转化酵母 HF7c,使 GAL4- DBD- p53可结合于报告基因的启动子但因无转录激活域而不能激活转录 .构建一酵母穿梭载体 ,可表达无NLS的 GAL4转录激活域 -大 T抗原 (GAL4- AD- LT)融合蛋白 .融合蛋白基因的下游插入一多克隆位点 .将 c DNA文库插入多克隆位点后 ,如果 c DNA片段可编码 NLS,则 GAL4- AD- LT分子可进入细胞核 ,并通过 LT与 p53的相互作用而使 GAL4- AD结合于启动子和激活报告基因的转录 .构建了这一克隆系统的各质粒 ,并用绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)验证了其对核内蛋白和胞浆蛋白的甄别能力 .这一系统将有助于从 c DNA文库中筛选编码带有 NLS的蛋白质的基因 相似文献
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目的:研究黄芩汤对糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)大鼠肾组织核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)/胱天蛋白酶-1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,Caspase-1)细胞焦亡通路的影响。方法: 将SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、厄贝沙坦组(27 mg/kg)和黄芩汤低、高剂量组(5 g/kg和20 g/kg),高脂饲料喂养6周联合一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(35 mg/kg)诱导DN大鼠模型,每组9只。灌胃给药6周后检测大鼠血清空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triacylglycerol,TG)、尿蛋白(urine protein,UP)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、白介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)和IL-18水平;HE染色和Masson染色观察大鼠肾脏病理变化;Western blot和免疫组化检测肾脏NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路相关蛋白及阳性细胞表达。结果: 与空白组比较,模型组大鼠FBG、TC、TG、UP、BUN、Scr、IL-1β和IL-18水平明显升高(P<0.01);肾脏出现肾小球体积增大及基底膜增厚,肾小管管腔扩张,炎性浸润及纤维化明显等病理变化;肾脏组织NF-κB的磷酸化水平,以及NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)、Caspase-1、IL-1β和消皮素D(gasdermin D,GSDMD)的蛋白质表达明显升高(P<0.01);肾脏组织NLRP3和GSDMD阳性细胞表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,黄芩汤组大鼠上述血糖、血脂、肾功能及炎性因子水平均得到明显改善(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾脏肾小球及肾小管结构趋于正常,炎性浸润及纤维化程度得到改善;肾脏组织NF-κB的磷酸化水平,以及NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β和GSDMD的蛋白质表达水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾脏组织NLRP3和GSDMD阳性细胞表达明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论: 黄芩汤对DN大鼠具有确切的疗效,机制可能与抑制NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1细胞焦亡通路有关。 相似文献
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JNK是一类MAPK蛋白,介导细胞的信号转导,通过启动细胞中的胱天蛋白酶家族蛋白激酶,诱导细胞凋亡。本文主要就JNK信号转导在细胞凋亡中的作用及其机制进行阐述。 相似文献
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目的:对BRD7的核定位信号进行预测、结构分析和功能鉴定,并考察其对BRD7亚细胞定位的影响。方法:通过生物信息学对BRD7的核定位信号进行预测和结构分析,然后利用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)介导的直接荧光和间接免疫荧光定位方法分别对核定位信号的功能进行鉴定,并考察其对BRD7亚细胞定位的影响。结果:BRD7的65~96位氨基酸残基具有潜在核定位信号(NLS)的结构特征,该核定位信号包含3簇碱性氨基酸残基,可视为由2个紧密相邻、部分重叠的双向核靶序列NLS1和NLS2组成;并发现NLS及其构成上的NLS1和NLS2均具有介导异源蛋白GFP胞核定位的功能,从而证实BRD7的65~96位残基为BRD7功能性核定位信号所在区域,且单簇碱性氨基酸残基的缺失不足以破坏其核定位信号的功能;同时发现野生型BRD7呈胞核分布,而核定位信号缺失型BRD7主要呈胞浆分布。结论:BRD7的65~96位氨基酸残基为BRD7功能性核定位信号所在区域,在BRD7胞核分布模式中发挥了十分重要的作用。 相似文献
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Pan1 is an actin patch-associated protein involved in endocytosis. Our studies revealed that in oleate-grown cells Pan1 is located in the nucleus as well as in patches. One of three putative nuclear localization signals (NLS) of Pan1, NLS2, directed beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) to the nucleus. However, GFP-Pan1(886-1219), containing NLS2, was found in the cytoplasm indicating that it may contain a nuclear export signal (NES). A putative Pan1 NES, overlapping with NLS3, re-addressed NLS(H2B)-NES/NLS3-beta-gal from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Inactivation of the NES allowed NLS3 to be effective. Thus, Pan1 contains functional NLSs and a NES and appears to shuttle in certain circumstances. 相似文献
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Phospholipase C (PLC)delta1 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of MDCK cells and PC12 cells with ionomycin causes nuclear accumulation of ectopically expressed and endogenous PLCdelta1, respectively, suggesting that signals that increase [Ca2+]i trigger nuclear translocation. To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in this translocation, we have examined whether PLCdelta1 binds with importins. PLCdelta1 interacted with importin beta1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner in vitro even in the absence of importin alpha. A PLCdelta1 mutant E341A, which lacks Ca2+-binding to the catalytic core, did not show this interaction at any physiological Ca2+ concentration and did not translocate into the nucleus after ionomycin treatment when expressed in MDCK cells. These results suggested that the nuclear import of PLCdelta1 is mediated by its Ca2+-dependent interaction with importin beta1. 相似文献
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Molecules can enter the nucleus by passive diffusion or active transport mechanisms, depending on their size. Small molecules up to size of 50-60 kDa or less than 10 nm in diameter can diffuse passively through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), while most proteins are transported by energy driven transport mechanisms. Active transport of viral proteins is mediated by nuclear localization signals (NLS), which were first identified in Simian Virus 40 large T antigen and had subsequently been identified in a large number of viral proteins. Usually they contain short stretches of lysine or arginine residues. These signals are recognized by the importin super-family (importin α and β) proteins that mediate the transport across the nuclear envelope through Ran-GTP. In contrast, only one class of the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) on viral proteins is known at present. Chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) protein mediates nuclear export of hundreds of viral proteins through the recognition of the leucine-rich NES. 相似文献
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核因子kappaB(NF-κB)是一组重要的转录调节因子,当细胞处于静息状态时,它与抑制蛋白IκB结合以非活性的形式存在于胞浆中.当细胞受到多种外界信号刺激,NF-κB、IκB分别在核定位信号(NLS)的介导下经核孔复合物(NPC)转运入核.在核内,NF-κB与IκB再次结合成复合物,在核转出信号(NES)介导下,经CRM1依赖的途迳出核.该过程是能量依赖的主动转运过程,涉及小分子Ran蛋白及多种可溶性因子. 相似文献
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Alan C. ZHENG 《Virologica Sinica》2010,(2)
Molecules can enter the nucleus by passive diffusion or active transport mechanisms, depending on their size. Small molecules up to size of 50-60 kDa or less than 10 nm in diameter can diffuse passively through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), while most proteins are transported by energy driven transport mechanisms. Active transport of viral proteins is mediated by nuclear localization signals (NLS), which were first identified in Simian Virus 40 large T antigen and had subsequently been identified in a lar... 相似文献
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Kanno Y Miyama Y Takane Y Nakahama T Inouye Y 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2007,364(4):1026-1031
Two members of the ‘AhR family’ (a family which is part of the bHLH-PAS superfamily), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and AhR repressor (AhRR), originated from a common ancestor and form a regulatory circuit in xenobiotic signal transduction. AhRR is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein, harboring both a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a nuclear export signal (NES). Because NLS is dominant over NES, AhRR resides predominantly in the nuclear compartment. The NES of AhRR resembles that of AhR in sensitivity to leptomycin B, whereas the NLS of AhRR is monopartite and is, therefore, distinguished from the reported bipartite NLS of AhR. The NLS deletion mutant of GFP-AhRR was transported into the nuclear compartment in the presence of AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt), suggesting the assembly of an AhRR/Arnt heterodimer complex in the cytoplasmic compartment and Arnt-dependent nuclear translocation of this complex. 相似文献
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在帕金森病中,alpha-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein)累积与聚集所产生的细胞毒性是发病的重要原因。本文目的是探求不同亚细胞定位的α-突触核蛋白对于细胞的毒性影响。分别在α-突触核蛋白前插入核输出序列(nuclear export sequence,NES)或核定位序列(nuclear localization sequence,NLS),使其特定地表达在细胞质或细胞核中。构建成功的质粒分别在神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞中表达,通过免疫荧光与Western印迹法检测蛋白质的表达情况。结果显示,NES-α-synuclein特异性地在细胞质中表达,NLS-α-synuclein特异性地在细胞核中表达。乳酸脱氢酶法检测结果表明,相较于WT-α-synuclein组,NES-α-synuclein组的乳酸脱氢酶的释放量减少26. 54%,NLS-α-synuclein组的乳酸脱氢酶释放量增加12. 85%。CCK8法检测细胞活性结果表明,相较于WT-α-synuclein组,NES-α-synuclein组的细胞活力提高35. 51%,NLS-α-synuclein组的细胞活力减少7. 93%。上述结果提示,胞质内表达α-synuclein对于细胞的毒性更小,而细胞核内表达的α-synuclein对细胞有更强的毒性作用。这些发现为研究帕金森病的分子机制提供了新的研究思路。 相似文献
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In this study, 107 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 protein sequences were obtained from available databases, and the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of these HPV L1 proteins were analyzed and predicted by bioinformatic analysis. Out of the 107 types, the NLSs of 39 types were predicted by PredictNLS software (35 types of bipartite NLSs and 4 types of monopartite NLSs). The NLSs of the remaining HPV types were predicted according to the characteristics and the homology of the already predicted NLSs as well as the general rule of NLSs. According to the result, the NLSs of 107 types of HPV L1 proteins were classified into 15 categories. The different types of HPV L1 proteins in the same NLS category could share the similar or the same nucleocytoplasmic transport pathway. They might be used as the same target to prevent and treat different types of HPV infection. The results also showed that bioinformatic technology could be used to analyze and predict NLSs of proteins. 相似文献