RAPD技术在志贺菌及沙门菌鉴别中的应用

河南农业大学牧医工程学院杨霞、陈陆、许兰菊等五位科学工作者以鸡鲍氏志贺菌,鸡白痢沙门菌和痢疾志贺菌为对象,分别提取基因组DNA,利用6条随机引物以随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对其基因组DNA进行了分析,其结果：4条随机引物能较好地在这3种菌中检测到多态性分子标记,共扩增出了59个DNA片段,其中3个菌株共有的谱带7条,而显示多态性的片段有52条,占88．1％。     

RAPD在双歧杆菌菌种鉴定及分型研究中的应用

采用近年来兴起的一种新的分子生物学分型技术ＲＡＰＤ即ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ对２０株４种不不双歧杆菌进行了基因指纹图谱的构建,其结果不同双歧杆菌种间存在同源性和多态性。本研究结果表明ＲＡＰＤ技术可用于双歧杆菌菌种鉴定及分型。     

大鼠RAPD标记的观察

采用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术,分析ＳＤ和Ｗｉｓｔａｒ二种大鼠的基因多态性,探讨用ＲＡＰＤ标记鉴别二种大鼠及其血标本实验中的认证,结果表明,二种大鼠表现出了各自不同的多态性ＲＡＰＤ标记,作为大鼠的分子标记,可在基因水平区别二种大鼠,故认为是一种大鼠研究的分子依据。     

用RAPD分子标记鉴别黑木耳菌种的研究

运用RAPD技术,选用20个寡核苷酸引物对我所供应的8个黑木耳生产菌株进行了分子鉴别。结果表明:在选用的20个随机引物中,有10个引物能对8个供试黑木耳菌株扩增出清晰、稳定的DNA谱带。用NTSYS软件进行聚类分析,在相似水平为0．70阈值时,可将供试的8个黑木耳菌株归为3个组群。     

微生态制剂的菌种及其管理

微生态制剂的菌种及其管理中国药品生物制品检定所北京１０００５０袁佩娜随着微生态学理论深入发展,微生态制剂也即应运而生。这类制剂多为利用人体正常生理性细菌,在体外经过人工繁殖等生物工程技术方法制备而成;包括有活菌制剂,灭活死菌制剂,菌体成份提取物的代谢...     

RAPD标记构建水稻分子连锁图

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）,在一个水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）的双单倍体（ＤＨ）群体中发展分子标记,仅用５２ 个ＲＡＰＤ标记建成了一个水稻ＲＡＰＤ分子连锁图。该图覆盖基因组的总长度为８９８．４ ｃＭ （ｃｅｎｔｉｍ ｏｒｇａｎ）,标记间的平均间距为１７．３ ｃＭ,它能与用同一群体构成的ＲＦＬＰ图谱互相补充     

常见4种微生态制剂菌种产淀粉酶的比较

目的 探索常见4种微生态制剂菌种地衣芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌和纳豆芽胞杆菌产生淀粉酶的能力,以筛选和研制动物微生态制剂和饲料添加剂的使用菌种。方法 将各菌种接于淀粉酶试验培养基,培养后滴加稀碘溶液,观察透明圈,判定产酶能力。结果 地衣芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌和纳豆芽胞杆菌都能产生淀粉酶,以蜡样芽胞杆菌产生的淀粉酶较多。结论 4种常见芽胞杆菌产淀粉酶能力依次为：蜡样芽胞杆菌＞纳豆芽胞杆菌＞枯草芽胞杆菌＞地衣芽胞杆菌。     

西瓜种质资源遗传亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对国内外32份西瓜主栽品种与其骨干亲本及野生类型的遗传亲缘关系进行了研究。从720个随机引物（10bp)中筛选出15个能产生稳定多态性的引物用于RAPD反应,共扩增出104条DNA带,其中多态性DNA条带43条,占41．35％,平均每个引物扩增的DNA条带的数目为7．0条。聚类分析将供试材料分为6个类群：1个东亚生态型类群、1个美国生态型类群、2个中间生态型类群和2个非洲野生型类群,与传统的西瓜生态型分类基本吻合。每个生态型类群都有其特有的扩增（缺失）条带,同时分析了同一生态型中各个品种之间的亲缘关系及其品种的特异条带。本实验结果不仅从分子水平验证了西瓜是遗传基础狭窄的作用,而且在分子水平对西瓜传统分类与地理生态型分类进行了分析。     

枇杷栽培种的随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)研究

运用RAPD(Random Amplified Polylnorphic DNA)分析技术,对江苏省常绿果树研究中心16个枇杷(E．japonic Thunb Lindl)品种的基因组DNA进行了分析,从50个随机引物中筛选出19个引物,可从各个品种的基因组DNA扩增出谱带,总数为233个,其中多态性DNA片段176个,公共性DNA片段57个,表明这些枇杷品种间存在着丰富的遗传多样性。根据DNA片段的电泳结果,计算出品种间遗传相似系数及遗传距离,应用UPG—MA方法建立了品种遗传关系的系统树,将16个品种分成5类。从随机引物中筛选出2个随机引物能从各个品种的基因组DNA扩增出DNA片段,在16个枇杷品种中2个引物扩增出19个DNA片段,其中3个为公共,16个为多态性或单态性DNA片段。这些结果可为枇杷品种鉴定、分类、亲缘关系确立及品种选育中杂交组合亲本选配提供一定的依据。     

云南大围山自然保护区木霉菌多样性与RAPD分析

描述了从云南省大围山自然保护区土壤样品中分离鉴定的 6个木霉集合种 (speciesaggregates) :康氏木霉(Trichoderma .koningiiOud) ,哈茨木霉 (T .harzianumRifai) ,绿色木霉 (T .viridePersexS .F .Gray) ,长枝木霉(T .longibrachiatumRifai) ,桔绿木霉 (T .citrinovirideBissett) ,钩状木霉 (T .hamatum (Bon)Bain)。对 6种木霉分别进行拮抗活性测定和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD) ;其结果 ,6种木霉对 4种植物病原菌均有不同程度的拮抗性 ;6种木霉DNA扩增谱带差异明显 ,遗传相似性聚类分析结果按一定遗传距离可分 6群 ;与形态分类结果一致 ,可作为木霉分类鉴定的依据。     

RAPD应用于遗传多样性和系统学研究中的问题

在研究银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａ ａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ）的遗传多样性时,对ＲＡＰＤ 产物的影响因素进行了大量的实验探索,结果表明：逐级纯化的ＤＮＡ 模板的ＲＡＰＤ结果一致, 因而模板制备过程中的很多纯化步骤是不必要的; ＲＮＡ 对扩增产物无影响; 模板浓度在一个相当大的范围内不影响扩增结果; 从干叶和鲜叶中提取的ＤＮＡ 可获得一致的扩增产物; 从而证明ＲＡＰＤ 产物具有很好的重复性。进而讨论了ＲＡＰＤ产物分析及数据分析中的一些问题。通过对升麻属（Ｃｉｍ ｉｃｉｆｕｇａ） ５ 种、类叶升麻（Ａｃｔａｅａ ａｓｉａｔｉｃａ）及松潘乌头（Ａｃｏｎｉｔｕｍ ｓｕｎｇｐａｎｅｎｓｅ）的ＲＡＰＤ 结果分析,认为ＲＡＰＤ 方法可用于种间乃至近缘属间的系统学研究, 但有一定的局限性     

Competition as a source of errors in RAPD analysis

We have used artificial 11 DNA mixtures of all pairwise combinations of four doubled haploid Brassica napus lines to test the ability of RAPDs to function as reliable dominant genetic markers. In situations where a specific RAPD band is present in one homozygous line but absent in the other, the band is expected in the artificial heterozygote, i.e. in the 11 DNA mixture. In 84 of all 613 heterozygous situations analysed, the expected band failed to amplify in the RAPD reaction. Thus, RAPD markers will lead to an erroneous genetic interpretation in 14% of all cases. In contrast, the formation of non-parental heteroduplex bands was found at a frequency of only 0.2%. Analysis of 1 1 mixtures using (1) a different set of optimized reaction conditions and (2) a material with low genomic complexity (Bacillus cereus) gave identical results. Serial dilutions of one genome into another, in steps of 10%, showed that all of the polymorphic bands decreased in intensity as a linear function of their respective proportion in the mixture. In dilutions with water no differences in band intensity were detected. Thus, competition occurs in the amplification of all RAPD fragments and is a major source of genotyping errors in RAPD analysis.     

Identification of cultivars and validation of genetic relationships in Mangifera indica L. using RAPD markers

Twenty-five accessions of mango were examined for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers with 80 10-mer random primers. Of the 80 primers screened, 33 did not amplify, 19 were monomorphic, and 28 gave reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns. Eleven primers were selected from the 28 for the study. The number of bands generated was primer- and genotype-dependent, and ranged from 1 to 10. No primer gave unique banding patterns for each of the 25 accessions; however, ten different combinations of 2 primer banding patterns produced unique fingerprints for each accession. A maternal half-sib (MHS) family was included among the 25 accessions to see if genetic relationships could be detected. RAPD data were used to generate simple matching coefficients, which were analyzed phenetically and by means of principal coordinate analysis (PCA). The MHS clustered together in both the phenetic and the PCA while the randomly selected accessions were scattered with no apparent pattern. The uses of RAPD analysis for Mangifera germ plasm classification and clonal identification are discussed.     

RAPD技术的特点及其在昆虫分类中的应用

随机扩增的多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,是近年来发展起来的一项DNA分子水平上 的大分子多态检测手段。由于它具有简捷、灵敏、对材料要求不高,取材少、成本低等优点, 备受人们青睐,在遗传学、分子进化、生物分类等领域被广泛地运用。在昆虫分类的过程中, 由于昆虫的种类繁多,形态、生态差异很大,许多在其它领域被广泛运用的分子生物学技术不能在昆虫分类中充分发挥作用。同时在昆虫分类中出现的一些问题却又需要用涉及遗传本质的分子生物学技术进行探讨和研究。本文就RAPD技术的特点及其在解决昆虫分类中的问题时的优势作一简介。     

癌组织中的遗传不稳定性的RAPD分析(简报)

肿瘤仍然是导致人类死亡的重要原因,由于缺乏深刻了解癌症的发生机制,尽管在过去25年中肿瘤的诊断和治疗都取得很大的进展,但肿瘤病人的存活率并没有显著的提高。目前有很多癌基因和抑癌基因如P16、P53、P73、ras、DCC和RB等     

WHBE 兔、日本大耳白兔和新西兰兔遗传多样性的 RAPD 分析

目的：应用随机引物扩增多态性DNA技术（ random amplified polymorphic DNA , RAPD）对大耳白黑眼兔（ white hair black eyes rabbit , WHBE rabbit ）、日本大耳白兔（ Japanese white rabbit , JW rabbit ）和新西兰兔（New Zealand white rabbit, NZW rabbit）3个实验兔品系进行遗传分析。方法选用90只实验兔的皮肤组织样品提取基因组DNA,用60个随机引物对实验兔基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,根据电泳结果筛选出多态性较高的引物进行RAPD-PCR分析,再利用Popgene 3．2统计软件对3个品系的扩增条带进行遗传分析,获得实验数据。结果分析结果表明：（1）60个随机引物中筛选出25个多态性较高的引物,3个品系实验兔共检测到493个扩增片段,长度在100～1800 bp之间,筛选的25个引物中,其中16个引物既可扩增出3个品系共同的DNA条带,也可扩增出WHBE兔特有的特征条带;（2） WHBE兔位点数为234个,其中多态位点数166个,多态位点比为70．94％,JW兔位点数为228个,其中多态位点数122个,多态位点比为53．51％,NZW兔位点数为231个,其中多态位点数94个,多态位点比为40．69％;（3）三个群体的Shannon多样性指数分别为0．3385,0．2222和0．1905;（4） JW兔和NZW兔的遗传相似系数最高,为0．8443,其次为WHBE兔和JW兔的遗传相似系数,为0．8204,WHBE兔和NZW兔的遗传相似系数最低,为0．7862。结论结果表明WHBE兔与JW兔和NZW兔之间有遗传的相似性,也存在着遗传差异,应用RAPD技术可以很好地检测实验兔不同品系之间以及同一品系不同个体之间的亲缘关系。     

Detection of section-specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in Lilium

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were utilized for the identification of Lilium species and inter-specific hybrids. The optimum annealing temperature of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the RAPD assay in Lilium was 54 °C, which is relatively higher than the temperature used for other genera reported by previous researchers. Among 76 primers used to amplify genomic DNA by PCR, 18 primers (24%) generated polymorphic DNA fragments in Lilium species and hybrids. Cultivars were also identified by RAPD markers. Some amplified fragments were unique to species of each section and to hybrids derived from these species; that is, they were the section-specific DNA markers. Sections, Sinomartagon, Leucolirion b, Leucolirion a and Archelirion could be identified by 6 section-specific markers amplified with five primers. Seven inter-section hybrids showed the section-specific bands of both parental sections, indicating that these markers would be useful for identifying the parental sections of inter-section hybrids.     

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in hop, Humulus lupulus: level of genetic variability and segregation in F1 progeny

The level of genetic variation in 24 hop genotypes was studied using the recently developed technique for producing random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Of the 60 primers screened, eight produced polymorphic RAPD bands, 38 produced bands that were monomorphic for all genotypes and 19 did not produce any amplification product. It appeared that the level of polymorphism among the genotypes was generally low. Three of the primers, A11, A17 and C9, were used to determine the stability and segregation of RAPD markers in five families with a total of 182 F₁ progeny. The segregation ratios of these markers in the f₁ progeny suggested that they were inherited in a Mendelian manner. RAPD markers were stable and may be useful for the construction of linkage maps in hop.     

利用RAPD标记和单株树大配子体构建马尾松的分子标记连锁图谱

利用300个随机的寡核苷酸引物和马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)种子的胚乳(大配子体)产生的随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记,进行马尾松标记连锁图谱的构建。经筛选共获得64个稳定的RAPD标记,利用多点连锁分析,其中的48个标记分属于13个不同的连锁群(连锁对),该图谱覆盖的基因组总长度约为692.5cM(centimorgan),标记间平均距离约为14.7cM,它为马尾松连锁图谱的构建提供了一个连锁框架。